[
{
"title": "Gibson Desert",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibson_Desert&diff=26753018",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibson_Desert&diff=26753018",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n[[Image:GibsonDesert.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gibson Desert]]
\nThe '''Gibson desert''' is a [[Western Australia|West Australia]]n [[desert]] named after [[Alfred Gibson]] who perished while attempting to cross it during an [[expedition]] in [[1874]]. The name was bestowed by explorer [[Ernest Giles]], who narrowly survived the same expedition.
\n
\nThe Gibson Desert Nature reserve is popular for four wheel drivers accessible from the famous Gun Barrel Highway.
\n[[Image:http://www.gregology.net/photos/2004-12%20Greg%20and%20Stu%20in%20the%20out%20back/slides/MVC-684F.JPG]]
\n
\n[[Image:http://www.gregology.net/photos/2004-12%20Greg%20and%20Stu%20in%20the%20out%20back/slides/MVC-672F.JPG]]
\n
\n[[Category:Deserts of Australia]]
\n[[Category:Geography of Western Australia]]
\n{{WesternAustralia-geo-stub}}
\n
\n[[de:Gibsonwüste]]
\n[[ja:ギブソン砂漠]]
\n[[pl:Pustynia Gibsona]]
",
"pubDate": "2005-10-29T00:38:17+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gibson_Desert"
},
{
"title": "Gibson Desert",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibson_Desert&diff=26753036",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibson_Desert&diff=26753036",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n[[Image:GibsonDesert.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gibson Desert]]
\nThe '''Gibson desert''' is a [[Western Australia|West Australia]]n [[desert]] named after [[Alfred Gibson]] who perished while attempting to cross it during an [[expedition]] in [[1874]]. The name was bestowed by explorer [[Ernest Giles]], who narrowly survived the same expedition.
\n
\nThe Gibson Desert Nature reserve is popular for four wheel drivers accessible from the famous Gun Barrel Highway.
\n
\n[[Image:http://www.gregology.net/photos/2004-12%20Greg%20and%20Stu%20in%20the%20out%20back/slides/MVC-684F.JPG]]
\n
\n[[Image:http://www.gregology.net/photos/2004-12%20Greg%20and%20Stu%20in%20the%20out%20back/slides/MVC-672F.JPG]]
\n
\n[[Category:Deserts of Australia]]
\n[[Category:Geography of Western Australia]]
\n{{WesternAustralia-geo-stub}}
\n
\n[[de:Gibsonwüste]]
\n[[ja:ギブソン砂漠]]
\n[[pl:Pustynia Gibsona]]
",
"pubDate": "2005-10-29T00:38:40+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gibson_Desert"
},
{
"title": "Strategic bombing civilian casualties",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326846797",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326846797",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with 'B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti, Romania, during [[Operation Tidal...'
\n
\n[[Image:070802-F-1234S-006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |coauthors=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>]]
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]]
\n* [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II]]
\n* [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
\n* [[The Blitz]]
\n* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n===Notes===
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T01:36:07+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties"
},
{
"title": "Strategic bombing civilian casualties",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326852354",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326852354",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n[[Image:070802-F-1234S-006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |coauthors=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>]]
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! City
\n! Date
\n! Low estimates
\n! High estimates
\n! Attacking force
\n! Notes
\n|-
\n| Dresden
\n| 13/02/1945 to 15/02/1945
\n| 25,000
\n| 35,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref name = "Bergander Dresden">Bergander, Götz. ''Dresden im Luftkrieg: Vorgeschichte-Zerstörung-Folgen''.</ref><ref name=EvansFalsification>Evans, Richard J. [http://www.holocaustdenialontrial.org/evidence/evans005.asp#5.2d The Bombing of Dresden in 1945: Falsification of statistics].</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hamburg
\n| July 1943
\n| 50,000
\n| 50,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref>{{cite journal |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |authorlink=Freeman Dyson |title=Part I: A Failure of Intelligence |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/17724/page5/ |journal=Technology Review |accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hiroshima
\n| 06/08/1945
\n| 90,000
\n| 140,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| First atomic bomb used in war<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/fire.html |title= Firebombing Japan |publisher= darkchilde@bookmice.net |accessdate= 2008-04-16}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Nagasaki
\n| 09/08/1945
\n| 73,884
\n| 80,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Plutonium bomb <ref> Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) report to the National Academies of Science, 2007 </ref>
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]]
\n* [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II]]
\n* [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
\n* [[The Blitz]]
\n* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n===Notes===
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:14:48+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties"
},
{
"title": "Talk:Strategic bombing civilian casualties",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326852703",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326852703",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with 'This page shouldn't redirect to strategic bombing because it is regarding civilian casualties not the practice itself. ~~~~'
\n
\nThis page shouldn't redirect to strategic bombing because it is regarding civilian casualties not the practice itself. [[User:Gregology|Gregology]] ([[User talk:Gregology|talk]]) 02:17, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:17:19+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties"
},
{
"title": "Strategic bombing during World War II",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II&diff=326852964",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II&diff=326852964",
"description": "Gregology: /* See also */
\n
\n{{For|a list of notable strategic bombings in the [[European Theatre of World War II]]|List of air operations during the Battle of Europe}}
\n[[Image:070802-F-1234S-006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |coauthors=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>]]
\n'''Strategic bombing during World War II''' is a term which refers to all aerial bombardment of a strategic nature, which took place between 1939 and 1945, involving any nations engaged in [[World War II]]. This includes the bombing of military forces, railways, harbors, cities (civilian areas), and industrial areas.
\n
\nIn 1939, many cities, including the Polish capital, [[Warsaw]], fell victim to an indiscriminate and unrestricted [[Bombing of Warsaw in World War II|aerial bombardment campaign]] by the German [[Luftwaffe]].<ref>Levine 1992, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=LZ99c7ZlxxQC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=bombing+of+poland&source=bl&ots=MWYnVPUYV5&sig=jvqXwmmXzimwb2bxpv6KzQExxIs&hl=en&ei=a8QmSv7rG6G-NOiXyYQF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8 p. 21]</ref> As the war continued to expand, bombing by both [[Axis powers|Axis]] and [[Allies|Allied]] powers increased significantly. While military and industrial were targeted, extensive bombing was also used as a psychological weapon intended to break an enemy's will to fight. In 1940–1941, this characterized Germany's [[The Blitz|Blitz campaign]] against the [[United Kingdom]], which failed.<ref name="Murray 1983, p. 52"/>
\n
\nFrom 1942 onward, the intensity of the British bombing campaign increased steadily and became [[Area bombing directive|less restrictive]], increasingly targeting civilian areas in addition to industrial and military targets.<ref>Hastings 1979</ref><ref name="Garrett 1993">Garrett 1993{{pn}}</ref> U.S. air forces significantly reinforced these efforts beginning in 1943. By 1944, the Western Allies had utilized their bomber fleet to devastating effect on targets inside Germany, with Allied bomb tonnage dropped on Germany far surpassing that dropped on the United Kingdom by the ''Luftwaffe''.<ref>Boog 2001, p. 408.</ref> In spite of the enormously greater effort, [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] had a limited effect on German industrial production, and had no more success in breaking Germany's will to fight than the ''Luftwaffe'' had against the UK.<ref name="Garrett 1993"/>
\n
\nIn the Pacific theatre, U.S. strategic bombing of the Japanese Empire began in earnest in October 1944.<ref>Pimlott, John. ''B-19 Superfortress'' (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1980), p.40.<!--better than nothing...--></ref> Earlier, small-scale attacks out of China had been hampered by the need to deliver supplies over the [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] foothills (known as [[The Hump|"The Hump"]]), as well as by enormous Chinese graft.{{Definition|date=September 2009}}. Missions out of [[Saipan]] escalated into widespread fire-bombing, which culminated in the 1945 [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].
\n
\n== Legal considerations ==
\n{{Main|Aerial bombardment and international law}}
\nThe [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions]], which address the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea, were adopted before the rise of air power. Despite repeated diplomatic attempts to update [[international humanitarian law]] to include aerial warfare, it was not updated before the outbreak of World War II. The absence of specific international humanitarian law did not mean aerial warfare was not covered under the [[laws of war]], but rather that there was no general agreement of how to interpret those laws.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gómez|first=Javier Guisández|date=20 June 1998|title=The Law of Air Warfare|journal=[[International Review of the Red Cross]]|volume=nº 323|pages=347–63|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList200/42F64C9A4212EA07C1256B66005C0BF1}}</ref>
\n
\n== Europe ==
\n===Policy at the start of the war===
\nWhen the war began on 1 September 1939, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], President of the [[Neutrality (international relations)|then-neutral]] United States, issued an appeal to the major belligerents to confine their air raids to [[military]] targets.<ref>President Franklin D. Roosevelt [http://www.dannen.com/decision/int-law.html#E Appeal against aerial bombardment of civilian populations], 1 September 1939</ref> The French, the British agreed to abide by the request which included the provision "that these same [[rules of war]]fare will be scrupulously observed by all of their opponents".<ref>Taylor (2005), Chapter "Call Me Meier", p. 105</ref> Germany also agreed to abide by Roosevelt's request and explained their bombing of Warsaw as within the agreement because it was a fortified city—Germany did not have a policy of targeting enemy civilians as part of their doctrine prior to World War II.<ref>Nelson (2006), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCKlXd2H2ykC&pg=PA104&dq=Roosevelt+Hitler+bombing+1939+Warsaw&as_brr=3 p. 104.]</ref><ref>Corum, 1995., p. 7</ref> The United Kingdom's policy was set out on 31 August 1939: If Germany initiated unrestricted air action the United Kingdom "should attack objectives vital to Germany's war effort, and in particular her oil resources". If Germany confined attacks to purely military targets the RAF should "launch an attack on the German fleet at Wilhelmshaven" and "Attack warships at sea when found within range".<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?queryType=1&resultcount=1&Edoc_Id=7960846 Cabinet Office Records CAB 66/1/19] [[The National Archives]]</ref> The government communicated to their French allies the intention "not to initiate air action which might involve the risk of civilian casualties"<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?queryType=1&resultcount=1&Edoc_Id=7965267 Cabinet Office Records CAB 65/1/1] The National Archives</ref> While it was acknowledged bombing Germany would cause civilian casualties, the British government renounced deliberate bombing of civilian property, outside combat zones, as a military tactic.<ref>A.C. Grayling (Bloomsbury 2006), p. 24.</ref> On 15 May, the day after the [[Rotterdam Blitz]], the British government met and authorised "Bomber Command to carry out attacks on suitable military objectives, (including marshalling yards and oil refineries) in the Ruhr as well as elsewhere in Germany".<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?queryType=1&resultcount=1&Edoc_Id=7965861 Cabinet Office Records CAB 65/13/9] The National Archives</ref>
\n
\n=== First bombings ===
\n====Poland====
\n{{Main|Invasion of Poland (1939)|l1=Invasion of Poland|Bombing of Warsaw in World War II|l2=Bombing of Warsaw|}}
\n[[Image:German plane bombing Warsaw 1939.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A German [[Heinkel He 111]] bombing [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|Warsaw in 1939]]]]
\n[[Image:Warsaw siege3.jpg|thumb|right|Survivor of [[Bombing of Warsaw in World War II|bombing of Warsaw]] in the ruins of his home.]]
\n[[Image:Zniszczenia1939 0.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wieluń]], first Polish city destroyed by [[Luftwaffe]] bombing on 1 September 1939. German bombers destroyed 75% of all the buildings including a clearly marked hospital and the historic Gothic church killing approximately 1,200 civilians.<ref name="Grab"/>]]
\nFrom the beginning of the war the German [[Luftwaffe]] engaged in massive air raids against most Polish cities<ref name="playground">Norman Davies. (1982). ''God's Playground: A History of Poland'', Columbia University Press, [http://books.google.com/books?id=WzLADjIiGHUC&pg=PA437&dq=Poland+strafing+refugees p 437.]</ref><ref name="moral">Bruno Coppieters, N. Fotion, eds. (2002) ''Moral constraints on war: principles and cases'', Lexington Books, [http://books.google.com/books?id=7pOfmghKXOUC&pg=PA74&dq=World+war+two+targeting+hospitals+Poland p 74.]</ref> bombing civilian infrastructures<ref name="moral"/><ref>Bob Golan, Jacob Howland, Bette Howland, (2005). ''A long way home'', University Press of America, [http://books.google.com/books?id=KOXohD-W8l4C&pg=PA11&dq=Poland+bombing+civilian+buildings p 11.]</ref>, hospitals<ref name="Grab">Sylwia Słomińska, [http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html "Wieluń, 1 września 1939 r."], Z dziejów dawnego Wielunia "History of old Wielun", site by Dr Tadeusz Grabarczyk, Historical Institute at University of Lodz, </ref><ref name="moral"/>, schools<ref>{{citation |last1= Laqueur |first1=Walter |last2=Baumel |first2=Judith Tydor |title=The Holocaust encyclopedia |year=2001 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn=9780300084320}}{{pn}}</ref> as well as civilian population<ref>Antony Polonsky, Norman Davies. (1991). ''Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939-46'', Macmillan in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London [http://books.google.com/books?id=eMNtAAAAMAAJ&q=Bombing+Poland+hospitals&dq=Bombing+Poland+hospitals&pgis=1 p 110.]</ref><ref name="Zawadzki">Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, (2001). ''A concise history of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2001, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA225&dq=Germans+bombing+Poland p 225.]</ref> including refugees.<ref name="playground"/><ref>George Topas, (1990). ''The iron furnace: a Holocaust survivor's story'', University Press of Kentucky, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vgzeKvRV194C&pg=PA23&dq=Poland+bombing+refugees p 23.]</ref><ref>Hempel, Andrew. (2000). ''Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History'' ISBN 9780781807586 [http://books.google.com/books?id=9SmbqqQfp1gC&pg=PA14&dq=Poland+bombing+refugees p 14.]</ref><ref>Hooton 1994, p. 183.</ref> Notably, the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' bombed cities like [[Bombing of Warsaw in World War II|Warsaw]], [[Bombing of Wieluń|Wieluń]] and [[Bombing of Frampol|Frampol]].
\n
\nThe directives issued to the [[Luftwaffe]] for the Polish Campaign were to prevent the Polish Air Force to influence the ground battles, or to perform attacks on German territory.<ref name="Speidel, p. 18">Speidel, p. 18</ref> In addition, it was to support the advance of the German ground forces through direct tactical and indirect air support with attacks against Polish mobilization centres and thus delay an orderly Polish strategic concentration of forces and to deny mobility for Polish reinforcements through destruction of strategic Polish rail routes.<ref name="Speidel, p. 18"/> Preparations were made for a concentrated attack (Operation Wasserkante) by all bomber forces against targets in Warsaw.<ref name="Speidel, p. 18"/> The bombing of rail network, crossroads and troop concentrations played havoc on Polish mobilisation, while attacks upon civilian and military targets in towns and cities disrupted command and control by wrecking the antiquated Polish signal network:<ref>Hooton 1994, p. 182.</ref> Shortly after, in a period of a few days, ''Luftwaffe'' numerical and technological superiority took its toll on the Polish Air Force.
\n
\nPolish Air Force bases across Poland, including Warsaw's PZL aircraft factory, were also the subject of Luftwaffe bombing from September 1, 1939.<ref>Hooton 1994, p. 181.</ref> Subsequent attacks on Warsaw targeted civilian facilities and historical buildings, water works, hospitals, market places, schools all bridges on the Vistula river, communications centers around the city and munitions dumps. On the 13 of September, following orders of the ''ObdL'' to launch an attack on Warsaw's Jewish Quarters, justified as being for unspecified crimes committed against German soldiers but probably in response to a recent defeat by Polish ground troops,<ref>Hooton 1994, p. 186.</ref> and intended as a terror attack,<ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 187">Hooton 1994, p. 187.</ref> 183 bomber sorties were flown with 50:50 load of high explosives and incendiaries, reporting to have set the Jewish Quarter ablaze. On 22 September [[Wolfram von Richthofen]] requested: "Urgently request exploitation of last opportunity for large-scale experiment as devastation terror raid ... Every effort will be made to eradicate Warsaw completely". His request was rejected.<ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 187"/> However, Hitler issued an order to prevent civilians from leaving the city and to continue with the bombing, which he thought would make the Poles surrender faster.<ref name="Enc">Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, (2004). ''Encyclopedia of World War II: a political, social and military history'', ABC-CLIO, [http://books.google.com/books?id=U0xblxV_pLgC&pg=RA3-PA1613&dq=terror+bombing+warsaw p 1613.]</ref>
\n
\n[[Image:Frampol bombing.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Before (left) and after (right) the Luftwaffe [[Bombing of Frampol]]. It was almost totally destroyed.<ref>Daniel Blatman, Rachel Grossbaum-Pasternak, Abraham Kleban, Shmuel Levin, Wila Orbach, Abraham Wein. (1999). [http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol7_00406.html ''Pinkas Hakehillot: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Poland''] (English translation) Volume VII, Yad Vashem, pp 406-407.</ref>]]
\nOn 14 September the French Air [[attaché]] in Warsaw reported to Paris that "the German Air Force acted in accordance to the international laws of war [...] and bombed only targets of military nature. Therefore, there is no reason for French retorsions."<ref>Poeppel-von Preußen-von Hase, 2000. p. 248.</ref> That day - the Jewish New Year - the Germans concentrated again on the Warsaw's Jewish population, bombing the Jewish quarter and targeting [[synagogue]]s.<ref name="Enc"/> Three days later Warsaw was surrounded by the [[Wehrmacht]], and hundreds of thousands of leaflets were dropped on the city, instructing the citizens to evacuate the city pending a possible bomber attack.<ref>Smith&Creek, 2004. p. 63</ref> On 25 September the Luftwaffe flew 1,150 sorties and dropped 560 tonnes of high explosive and 72 tonnes of incendiaries.<ref name="Enc"/><ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 92">Hooton 1994, p. 92.</ref> To conserve the strength of the bomber units for the upcoming western campaign, the modern [[He 111]] bombers were replaced by [[Ju 52]] transports using "worse than primitive methods" for the bombing.<ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 92"/><ref name="Smith&Creek, 2004. pp. 63-64">Smith&Creek, 2004. pp. 63-64</ref><ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 188">Hooton 1994, p. 188.</ref><ref name="Poeppel-von Preußen-von Hase 2000. p. 249">Poeppel-von Preußen-von Hase, 2000. p. 249.</ref><ref name="wgreen">[http://www.richmond.edu/~wgreen/ECDwarsaw.html Electronic Encyclopaedia of Civil Defense and Emergency Management]</ref> Due to prevailing strong winds they achieved poor accuracy, even causing some casualties to besieging German troops.<ref name="Smith&Creek, 2004. pp. 63-64"/><ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 188"/> As result of the aerial and artillery bombardment, intense street fighting between German infantry and armor units and Polish infantry and artillery, 10 percent of the buildings in the city were destroyed, and 40,000 civilians killed.<ref name="Hooton 1994, p. 92"/><ref name="Smith&Creek, 2004. pp. 63-64"/><ref name="wgreen"/>
\n
\n==== The Western Front, 1939 to June 1940 ====
\n
\nFollowing the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declaration of war by the Western Allies, in Hitler's ''OKW Direktive Nr 2'' and ''Luftwaffe Direktive Nr 2'' made no mention of strategic bomber raids, while attacks upon enemy naval forces were permitted only if the enemy bombed Germany, with the exception in the German Bight, noting that "The guiding principle must be not to provoke the initiation of aerial warfare on the part of Germany"; by contrast, Göring's directive permitted restricted attacks upon warships anywhere, as well as upon troop transports at sea.<ref>Hooton 1994, p. 190.</ref>
\n
\nThe UK and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. On the Western Front, the early months of the conflict were characterised by [[propaganda]] warfare: bomber forces of both sides carried out a series of [[leaflet]] raids during the winter months of 1939/40.<ref>Smith&Creek, 2004. p. 64</ref> The British [[Royal Air Force]] bombed German [[warship]]s at sea and in harbour, attacks on land targets and German warships in port were banned due to the risk of civilian casualties<ref>Middlebrook, Martin (1985). ''The Bomber Command War Diaries''. London: Penguin Books. P. 19 ISBN 0 670 80137 2</ref> Germany carried out strikes on the British naval bases at [[Rosyth]] and [[Scapa Flow]] on 16 and 17 October.<ref name="Richards V1 p67"> Richards 1953, p.67.</ref> Further attacks on Scapa Flow, on 16 March 1940, caused the first British civilian deaths from German bombing on land, which prompted another British attack, against the German seaplane base at [[Hörnum]].<ref name="Richards v1 p68"> Richards 1953, p.68.</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885838,00.html Raid on Sylt - TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
\n
\nOn 10 May 1940, Germany invaded [[Battle of Belgium (1940)|Belgium]], the [[Battle of the Netherlands|Netherlands]] and [[Luxemburg]], intending to drive through the [[Ardennes]] into France and [[blitzkrieg|strike a quick blow]] that would end the war. As the [[Battle of France]] commenced on 10 May 1940, three German bombers from [[KG 51]] mistakenly bombing the German city of [[Freiburg]] instead of the French airfield of Dole-Taveux, having lost their way over the [[Black Forest]]. German propaganda was quick to announce it as an Allied 'terror attack', and it was not until 1956 when the mistake was brought to light by researchers.<ref name="Poeppel-von Preußen-von Hase 2000. p. 249"/> While Allied light and medium bombers attempted to delay the German invasion by striking at troop columns and bridges, the British War Cabinet gave permission for limited bombing raids against German communications targets such as roads and railways west of the River [[Rhine]].<ref name="Richards V1 p114-5"> Richards 1953, pp.114—115.</ref> The first British bombs fell on a German city, [[Mönchengladbach]], on the night of 11/12 May 1940, while Bomber Command was attempting to hit roads and railroads near the Dutch-German border; four people were killed.<ref name="Hinchliffe, 2000. p. 43">Hinchliffe, 2000. p. 43</ref><ref>[http://kriegsende.ard.de/pages_std_lib/0,3275,OID1093298_REF1093298,00.html 60 Jahre Kriegsende - Bombenkrieg<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Targets in [[Gelsenkirchen]] were attacked first on the 14/15 May.<ref name="Jane's, 1989. p. 34">Jane's, 1989. p. 34</ref>
\n
\n;Rotterdam Blitz
\n{{Main|Rotterdam Blitz}}
\n
\nThe Germans used the threat of bombing Rotterdam to try to get the Dutch to come to terms and surrender. After a second ultimatum had been issued by the Germans, it appeared that their effort had failed, and on 14 May 1940, [[Luftwaffe]] bombers were ordered to [[Rotterdam Blitz|bomb Rotterdam]] in an effort to force the capitulation of the besieged city.<ref>Rutherford, Ward, ''Blitzkrieg 1940'', G.P.Putnam's Sons, NY, 1980, p.52.</ref> The controversial bombing targeted the center of the besieged city, instead of providing direct tactical support for the hard-pressed German 22nd infantry division (under Lt. Gen. [[Hans Graf von Sponeck|Sponeck]], which had airlanded on May 10) in combat with Dutch forces northwest of the city, and in the eastern part of the city at the Meuse river bridge.<ref>Piekalkiewicz, Janusz, ''The Air War, 1939-1945'', Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK, 1985, p.74.</ref>
\n
\nAs negotiations for the surrender were in progress, with a Dutch plenipotentiary and other negotiators delayed on their way over to German lines, an unsuccessful attempt was made to call off the assault.<ref>[http://www.dradio.de/dlr/sendungen/merkmal/347464/ DeutschlandRadio Berlin - MerkMal - Der Bombenkrieg in Europa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
\n
\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 141-1114, Rotterdam, Luftaufnahme von Bränden.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Rotterdam's burning city centre after the German bombing.]]
\n
\nNevertheless, 57 [[Heinkel He 111]]s (out of 100) did drop 97 tons of bombs, and in the resulting fire {{convert|1.1|sqmi|km2}} of the city center was devastated, including 21 churches and 4 hospitals, and killing between 800-1000 civilians, wounding over 1,000, and making 78,000 homeless.<ref>Hooton Vol 2 2007, p. 52.</ref><ref>Hinchliffe, 2000. p. 42</ref> Nearly twenty-five thousand homes, 2,320 stores, 775 warehouses and 62 schools were destroyed.<ref>''Van Nul to Nu Deel 3-De vaderlandse geschiedenis van 1815 tot 1940'' Page 42, Square 2- by Thom Roep and Co Loerakker ISBN 90 5425 098 4 </ref>
\n
\nInternational news agencies vastly exaggerated the events, portraying Rotterdam as a city mercilessly destroyed by terror bombing without regard to civilian life, with 30,000 dead lying under the ruins.<ref name="Hinchliffe, 2000. p. 43"/> Neither claim was true: the bombing was against well-defined targets, in direct support of advancing German Army's operations.<ref name="Hinchliffe, 2000. p. 43"/> The Germans had threatened to bomb [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] in the same fashion, the threat of a second such bombing was sufficient to force the surrender of the Netherlands to Nazi Germany.<ref>Maass, Walter B., ''The Netherlands at War: 1940-1945'', Abelard-Schuman, NY, 1970, pp. 38-40.</ref><ref>Kennett, Lee, ''A History of Strategic Bombing'', Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, 1982, p.112.</ref><ref>[[Walter J. Boyne|Boyne, Walter J.]], ''Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air'', Simon & Schuster, NY, 1994, p.61.</ref>
\n
\n{{section|Allied bombing of Germany}}<!--This section heading is used for a redirect called "Allied bombing of Germany" don't remove it unless the redirect is an article or redirects to a different article or section heading-->
\nFollowing the attack on Rotterdam, [[RAF Bomber Command]] was authorized to attack German targets east of the Rhine on May 15, 1940; the Air Ministry authorized [[Air Marshal]] Charles Portal to attack targets in the [[Ruhr]], including [[oil]] plants and other civilian [[Industry|industrial]] targets which aided the German war effort, such as [[blast furnace]]s (which at night were self-illuminating).<ref>Hastings 1979, p. 6</ref><ref>Taylor 2005, Chapter "Call Me Meier", p. 111.</ref> The first attack took place on the night of 15/16 May, with 96 bombers setting off to attack targets east of the Rhine, 78 of which were against oil targets. Of these, only 24 claimed to have found their targets.<ref name="Richards V1 p124"> Richards 1953, p.124.</ref> Bomber Command's strategic bombing campaign on Germany has thus begun.<ref>Hinchliffe, 2000. p. 44</ref> On the night of May 17/18, [[RAF Bomber Command]] bombed oil installations in [[Hamburg]] and [[Bremen]]: the H.E. and 400 incendiaries dropped caused six large, one moderately large and 29 small fires, 47 people were killed and 127 were wounded; .<ref>Hinchliffe, 2000. pp. 44-45</ref><ref name=HA-als>[http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2003/07/21/188453.html "Als die ersten Bomben fielen"] ''Hamburger Abendblatt''</ref> Railway yards at Cologne were attacked on the same night.<ref name=HA-als/> During May, [[Essen]], [[Duisburg]], [[Dusseldorf]] and [[Hanover]] were similarly attacked for the first time by Bomber Command, while in June attacks were made on [[Dortmund]], [[Mannheim]], [[Frankfurt]] and [[Bochum]].<ref name="Jane's, 1989. p. 34"/> As at the time Bomber Command lacked the necessary navigational and bombing technical background, the accuracy of the bombings during the night attacks was abysmal, and the bombs usually being scattered over a large area, causing an uproar in Germany. Days after Germany bombed Paris, on the night of 7/8 June 1940 a single [[French Navy]] [[Farman F.223]] bomber attacked [[Berlin]].<ref name="Greenv8 p19"> Green 1967, p.19.</ref>
\n
\n====The Battle of Britain and the Blitz====
\n{{Main|Battle of Britain|The Blitz}}
\n
\nOn 22 June 1940, at the end of the [[Battle of France]], France signed an armistice with Germany. However, the UK was determined to keep fighting. On 1/2 July, the British attacked German warships [[German warship Scharnhorst (1936)|Scharnhorst]]<ref>[http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1940_4.cfm British Military Aviation in 1940 - Part 4<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|Prinz Eugen]] <ref>[http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4007-20JUL01.htm Naval Events, 1-14 July 1940<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> in port of [[Kiel]] <ref>[http://www.aleph99.org/etusci/ks/t2a7.htm Grenzlanduniversität<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the next day, 16 RAF bombers attacked German train facilities in [[Hamm]].<ref>[http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Chronik/1940.htm 1940<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Finally, on July 10, the [[Luftwaffe]] launched a strategic bombing campaign against the United Kingdom. Thus began the first phase of what came to be known as the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref>[http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/britain/airbattle.html Great Air Battles: The Battle of Britain<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The battle began with probing attacks on British coastal shipping, during which Hitler called for the British to accept peace, but the British refused to negotiate.<ref>[http://www.scguard.com/museum/ww23940.html SC Military Museum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>Quester, George "Bargaining and Bombing During World War II in Europe," World Politics, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Apr., 1963), pp. 421, 425. Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press</ref>
\n
\n[[Hitler]]'s No. 17 Directive, issued 1 August 1940 on the conduct of war against England specifically forbade the ''Luftwaffe'' from conducting terror raids on its own initiative, and reserved the right of ordering terror attacks as means of reprisal for the [[Führer]] himself,<ref>Wood and Dempster, 2003. p. 122.</ref> despite the raids conducted by [[RAF Bomber Command]] against industries located in German cities since May 1940. This was echoed in [[Hermann Göring]]'s general order issued on 30 June, 1940 on the air war against the island fortress:
\n
\n{{quote|The war against England is to be restricted to destructive attacks against industry and air force targets which have weak defensive forces. ... The most thorough study of the target concerned, that is vital points of the target, is a pre-requisite for success. It is also stressed that every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary loss of life amongst the civilian population.|Hermann Göring <ref>Wood and Dempster, 2003. p. 117.</ref>}}
\n
\nOn August 8 1940, the Germans switched to raids on RAF fighter bases.<ref>Royal Air Force, [http://www.raf.mod.uk/Bob1940/phase2.html "Phase 2 - Pressure grows"] ''The Battle of Britain''</ref> To reduce losses, the Luftwaffe also began to use increasing numbers of bombers at night.<ref name="John Ray">John Ray, ''The Night Blitz'', chapter "Choosing London", pages 101–102.</ref> By the last week of August, over half the missions were flown under the cover of dark. Despite Hitler's orders not to attack London, the city had already been bombed on 15 August, resulting in 60 deaths. {{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} There were further minor{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} attacks on London at night in August, on the 18/19, 22/23, 24/25, 25/26 and 28/29<ref>Overy 2002, pp. 91-92</ref>. The raid of 22/23 August, the first Luftwaffe raid on central London, was described as 'extensive' by British observers.<ref>Overy 2002, p. 91.</ref>
\nOn August 24, fate took a turn, and several off-course German bombers accidentally bombed residential areas of London.<ref>Quester,George "Bargaining and Bombing During World War II in Europe," World Politics, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Apr., 1963), pp. 426. Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press</ref><ref>[http://www.opednews.com/articles/genera_sherwood_060919_how_the_united_state.htm OpEdNews » How The United States Came to Bomb Civilians<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.wairarapa.co.nz/times-age/weekly/2001/wings.html Wings Over Wairarapa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/area_bombing_02.shtml BBC - History - British Bombing Strategy in World War Two<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The next day, the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] bombed Berlin for the first time, targeting Tempelhof airfield and the Siemens factories in Siemenstadt<ref name="Richard Overy">Richard Overy ''The Battle'' Chapter "The Battle" pages 82-83</ref>, but were seen as indiscriminate bombings by the Germans due to their inaccuracy, and infuriated Hitler;<ref>[http://www.wfg-gk.de/geschichte7c.html Der alliierte Luftkrieg - TEIL IV<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{citeweb |title=Luftkieg |url=http://www.nikolaiviertel-berlin.de/pages/geschichte/luftkrieg.php |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/learning/resources/WWII%20Resource%20Pack.pdf |title=World War II Resource Pack|date= |work=RAF Museum Cosford Learning Resources|accessdate=2009-04-18}}</ref> he ordered that the 'night piracy of the British' be countered by a concentrated night offensive against the island, and especially London.<ref name="Smith 2004. p. 122">Smith&Creek, 2004. Volume II. p. 122</ref> In a public speech in Berlin on 4 September 1940, Hitler announced that:
\n
\n{{quote|The other night the English had bombed Berlin. So be it. But this is a game at which two can play. When the British Air Force drops 2000 or 3000 or 4000 kg of bombs, then we will drop 150 000, 180 000, 230 000, 300 000, 400 000 kg on a single night. When they declare they will attack our cities in great measure, we will eradicate their cities. The hour will come when one of us will break - and it will not be [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist]] Germany!|Adolf Hitler <ref>Schmidt-Klingenberg, Michael. [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegelspecial/0,1518,290080-3,00.html "Wir werden sie ausradieren"] Spiegel Online</ref>}}
\n
\n[[Image:NA-306-NT-3163V.jpg|thumb|"Children in the east end of London, made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home". September 1940 (National Archives)]]
\n[[File:Stpaulsblitz.jpg|thumb|[[St Paul's Cathedral]] surrounded by fire on the night of December 29 1940]]
\n
\nThe ''Luftwaffe'', which Hitler had prohibited from bombing civilian areas in the UK, was now ordered to bomb British cities. [[The Blitz]] was underway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Bombing/AP27.htm |title=The Role of Bombing in World War II}}</ref> Göring - at [[Kesselring]]'s urging and with Hitler's support- turned to a massive assault on the British capital.<ref name="Murray 1983, p. 52">Murray 1983, p. 52.</ref> On 7 September, 318 bombers from the whole [[KG 53]] supported by eight other ''Kampfgruppen'', flew almost continuous sorties against London, the dock area which was already in flames from earlier daylight attacks.<ref name="Smith 2004. p. 122"/> The attack of 7 September 1940 did not entirely step over the line into a clear terror bombing effort since its primary target was the London docks, but there was clearly an assumed hope of terrorizing the London population.<ref name="Murray 1983, p. 52"/> Another 250 bomber sorties were flown in the night. By the morning of the 8 September, 430 Londoners had been killed. The Luftwaffe issued a press notice announcing they had dropped more than 1,000,000 kilograms of bombs on London in 24 hours. Many other British cities were hit in the nine month Blitz, including [[Birmingham Blitz|Birmingham]], [[Liverpool Blitz|Liverpool]], [[Southampton Blitz|Southampton]], [[Manchester Blitz|Manchester]], [[Bristol Blitz|Bristol]], [[Belfast Blitz|Belfast]], [[Cardiff Blitz|Cardiff]], [[Clydebank Blitz|Clydebank]], [[Hull Blitz|Kingston upon Hull]] and [[Coventry Blitz|Coventry]]. Sir Basil Collier, author of 'The Defence of the United Kingdom', the HMSO's official history, wrote:
\n
\n{{quote|Although the plan adopted by the Luftwaffe early September had mentioned attacks on the population of large cities, detailed records of the raids made during the autumn and the winter of 1940-41 does not suggest that indiscriminate bombing of the civilians was intended. The points of aim selected were largely factories and docks. Other objectives specifically allotted to bomber-crews included the [[City of London]] and the governmental quarter rounds [[Whitehall]].| [[Sir Basil Collier]] <ref>Collier, 1957. p. 261</ref>}}
\n
\nOver the year, an escalating [[battle of the beams|war of electronic technology]] developed: before the war, German scientists developed a series of radio navigation aids to help their navigators find targets in the dark and through overcast, while the British raced to develop countermeasures (most notably airborne [[radar]], as well as highly effective deceptive beacons and jammers).{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
\n
\nDespite causing a great deal of damage and disrupting the daily lives of the civilian population, the bombing of the United Kingdom failed to have an impact. British [[air defense]]s became more formidable, and attacks tapered off as Germany concentrated its attacks on the Soviet Union.
\n
\n===Germany later in the war===
\n{{Main|Operation Steinbock|Vergeltungswaffe|l2=Vergeltungswaffen}}
\n[[File:London V2 Frissell2.jpg|left|thumb|Aftermath of [[V-2]] bombing at [[Battersea]], London, 27 January 1945.]]
\nThe period of uneasy calm came to an end in April 1942 when, following [[Bombing of Lübeck in World War II|a destructive RAF attack]] on the [[Hanseatic]] medieval city of [[Lübeck]], Adolf Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to retaliate, leading to the so-called [[Baedeker Blitz]]:<ref name="Price, 2005. p. 195">Price, 2005. p. 195.</ref>
\n{{quote|The Führer has ordered that the air war against England be given a more aggressive stamp. Accordingly, when targets are being selected, preference is to be given to those where attacks are likely to have the greatest possible effect on civillian life. Besides raids on ports and industry, terror attacks or retaliatory nature are to be carried out against towns other than London. Minelaying is to be scaled down in favour of these attacks.|Signal from the Führer's headquarters to the Luftwaffe High Command, 14 April 1942.<ref name="Price, 2005. p. 195"/><ref>{{ cite web | author= Jakub Skalický| title=Hitlerův rozkaz k zahájení "baedekerových" náletů | url=http://www.fronta.cz/dokument/hitleruv-rozkaz-k-zahajeni-baedekerovych-naletu {{cs icon}}{{de icon}}| work= | publisher= www.fronta.cz| date=October 14 2007 | accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref>}}
\n
\nIn January 1944, renewed attempt to strike a blow on British morale took the form of the unsuccessful [[Operation Steinbock]], called 'the Baby blitz' by the British, due to small scale of the attack. Due to the numerical and qualitative inferiority of German conventional bombing forces at time, and inability of fighter forces to escort bombers safely through enemy dominated airspace, the most effective means of strategic attack by Germany became area [[terror bombing]] by means of [[Vergeltungswaffe|vengeance weapons]] - [[V-1 flying bomb]] and [[V-2]] ballistic missile. From June 13 and September 8 1944 respectively, these were used to conduct campaigns of area terror bombing chiefly against [[London]] and cities of southern England, although their targets also included [[Paris]], [[Liège]], [[Lille]] and [[Antwerp]].
\n
\nThe British and US directed part of the strategic bombing to the eradication of these threats in what was later known as [[Operation Crossbow]]. The development of the V2 was hit preemptively in the British [[Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II|Peenemunde Raid (Operation Hydra)]] of August 1943.
\n
\nBritish historian, [[Frederick Taylor (historian)|Frederick Taylor]] asserts that "All sides bombed each other's cities during the war. Half a million [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] citizens, for example, died from German bombing during the invasion and occupation of Russia. That's roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids."<ref>Charles Hawley. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,341239,00.html "Dresden Bombing Is To Be Regretted Enormously"], [[Der Spiegel]] online, 11 February 2005</ref>
\n
\n{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}
\n
\n=== The British later in the war===
\n{{Refimprove|section|date=August 2009}}
\n{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 1em" align="right"
\n|+Conventional bombing damage to German cities in WWII<ref>Arthur Travers Harris, ''Despatch on war operations, 23rd February, 1942, to 8th May, 1945'', Volume 3 of Cass series --studies in air power, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 071464692X, 9780714646923 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jzzl8wUn52cC&pg=PA35&dq=Berlin+33,+Cologne+61,+Dortmund+54,+Dresden+59,+Dusseldorf+65&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false p. 35]</ref><br>* denotes population over 500,000
\n! City
\n! percent<br>destroyed
\n|-
\n| [[Berlin]]*||33
\n|-
\n| [[Cologne]]*||61
\n|-
\n| [[Dortmund]]*||54
\n|-
\n| [[Dresden]]*||59
\n|-
\n| [[Dusseldorf]]*||64
\n|-
\n| [[Essen]]*||50
\n|-
\n| [[Frankfurt]]*||52
\n|-
\n| [[Hamburg]]*||75
\n|-
\n| [[Leipzig]]*||20
\n|-
\n| [[Munich]]*||42
\n|-
\n| [[Bochum]]||83
\n|-
\n| [[Bremen]]||60
\n|-
\n| [[Chemnitz]]||41
\n|-
\n| [[Dessau]]||61
\n|-
\n| [[Duisburg]]||48
\n|-
\n| [[Hagen]]||67
\n|-
\n| [[Hannover]]||60
\n|-
\n| [[Kassel]]||69
\n|-
\n| [[Kiel]]||50
\n|-
\n| [[Magdeburg]]||41
\n|-
\n| [[Mannheim]]||64
\n|-
\n| [[Nurnburg]]||51
\n|-
\n| [[Stettin]]||53
\n|-
\n| [[Stuttgart]]||46
\n|-
\n|}
\n
\n[[File:Lancaster over Hamburg.jpg|thumb|left|An [[Avro Lancaster]] over [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Hamburg]].]]
\nOn 14 February, 1942, [[Directive No. 22]] was issued to Bomber Command. Bombing was to be "focused on the morale of the enemy civil population and in particular of the industrial workers." Factories were no longer targets.<ref>Levine 1992, p. 36.</ref>
\n
\nThe effects of strategic bombing were very poorly understood at the time and grossly overrated. Particularly in the first two years of the campaign, few understood just how little damage was caused and how rapidly the Germans were able to replace lost production—despite the obvious lessons to be learned from the United Kingdom's own survival of the blitz.
\n
\nMid-way through the air war, it slowly began to be realized the campaign was having very little effect. Despite an ever-increasing tonnage of bombs dispatched, the inaccuracy of delivery was such any bomb falling within ''five miles'' of the target was deemed a "hit" for statistical purposes, and even by this standard, as the [[Butt Report]] made clear many bombs missed.<ref>Nelson, Hank (2003). ''[http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/nelson.asp A different war: Australians in Bomber Command]'' a paper presented at the 2003 History Conference - Air War Europe</ref> Indeed sometimes in post raid assessment the Germans could not decide which town (not the installation in the town) had been the intended target because the scattering of bomb craters was so wide.
\n
\n[[File:Hamburg after the 1943 bombing.jpg|thumb|left|Burnt-out blocks of flats in [[Hamburg]] in 1944 or 1945.]]
\nThese problems were dealt with in two ways: first the precision targeting of vital facilities (ball-bearing production in particular) was abandoned in favour of "[[area bombing]]" – This change of policy was agreed by the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] in 1941 and in early 1942 a new [[Area bombing directive|directive]] was issued and Air Marshal [[Arthur Travers Harris|Arthur Harris]] (commonly known as [[List of military figures by nickname|"Bomber" Harris]]) was appointed to carry out the task – second as the campaign developed, improvements in the accuracy of the RAF raids were joined by better crew training, electronic aids, and new tactics such as the creation of a "[[Pathfinder (RAF)|pathfinder]]" force to mark targets for the main force.<ref>Levine 1992, p. 48.</ref>
\n
\n"Bomber" Harris, who ran the bombing campaign, said "for want of a rapier, a bludgeon was used". He felt that as much as it would be far more desirable to deliver effective pin-point attacks, as the capacity to do so simply did not exist, and since it was war, it was necessary to attack with whatever was at hand. He accepted area bombing knowing it would kill civilians.
\n
\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-025-19A, Braunschweig, Kinderleichen nach Luftangriff.jpg|thumb|left|An elderly lady in front of the bodies of school children in [[Braunschweig]], Germany, after a bombing raid]]
\n
\nDuring the first few months of the area bombing campaign, an internal debate within the British government about the most effective use of the nation's limited resources in waging war on Germany continued. Should the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) be scaled back to allow more resources to go to the [[British Army]] and [[Royal Navy]] or should the [[Strategic Bombing During World War II|strategic bombing]] option be followed and expanded? An influential paper was presented to support the bombing campaign by Professor [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell]], the British government's leading scientific adviser, justifying the use of area bombing to "[[dehousing|dehouse]]" the German workforce as the most effective way of reducing their morale and affecting enemy war production.<ref>Levine 1992, p. 39.</ref>
\n
\nMr. Justice Singleton, a High Court Judge, was asked by the Cabinet to look into the competing points of view. In his report, that was delivered on 20 May 1942, he concluded that "If Russia can hold Germany on land I doubt whether Germany will stand 12 or 18 months’ continuous, intensified and increased bombing, affecting, as it must, her war production, her power of resistance, her industries and her will to resist (by which I mean morale)".<ref>Longmate 1983,p.133</ref><ref>Copp 1996.</ref><ref>[http://www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Issues/Singletn.php Issues : Singleton - World War Two]</ref> In the end, thanks in part to the dehousing paper, it was this view which prevailed and Bomber Command would remain an important component of the British war effort up to the end of World War II. A very large proportion of the industrial production of the United Kingdom was harnessed to the task of creating a vast fleet of heavy bombers—so much so other vital areas of war production were under-resourced. Until 1944, the effect on German production was remarkably small and raised doubts whether it was wise to divert so much effort – the response being there was no where else the effort could have been applied to greater effect.
\n
\nThe disruption of the German transportation system was extensive. Despite German efforts to minimize loss of industrial productivity through dispersal of production facilities, as well as the extensive use of [[slave labour]], the Nazi regime experienced a decline in the ability to supply [[materiel]]. Furthermore, the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' had been significantly weakened in the course of their defensive efforts so that by mid 1944, the Allies experienced day-time air dominance for the balance of the war, which would be critical to the Allied success in the [[Operation Overlord|Normandy Campaign]] and subsequent operations to the end of the war.
\n
\n=== US bombing in Europe ===
\n[[File:Ussb-1.svg|thumb|400px|right|Summary of AAF and RAF bombing <ref>US Strategic Bombing Survey: Statistical Appendix to Overall report (European War) (Feb 1947) table 1</ref>.]]
\nIn mid 1942, the [[United States Army Air Forces]] arrived in the UK and carried out a few raids across the English Channel against Germany. In January 1943, at the [[Casablanca Conference]], it was agreed that RAF Bomber Command operations against Germany would be reinforced by the USAAF in a Combined Operations Offensive plan called [[Operation Pointblank]]. Chief of the British Air Staff [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force|MRAF]] [[Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford|Sir Charles Portal]] was put in charge of the "strategic direction" of both British and American bomber operations. The text of the [[Casablanca directive]] read: "Your primary object will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened.",<ref>Harris, Arthur Travers, ed Cox, Sebastian (1995). ''Despatch on War Operations: 23rd February, 1942, to 8th May, 1945'', Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-4692-X. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jzzl8wUn52cC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=S.46368&source=web&ots=CZivLuIVkQ&sig=JQbIrT0zoON5wZ6eKD5zhOeVN2k&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA196,M1 p.196]</ref> At the beginning of the combined strategic bombing offensive on 4 March, 1943 669 RAF and 303 USAAF heavy bombers were available.
\n
\nIn Europe, the American [[Eighth Air Force]] conducted its raids in daylight and their heavy bombers carried smaller payloads than British aircraft in part because of their heavier (as needed) defensive armament. USAAF leaders firmly held to the claim of "precision" bombing of military targets for much of the war, and energetically refuted claims that they were simply bombing cities. In reality, the day bombing was "precision bombing" only in the sense that most bombs fell somewhere near a specific designated target such as a railway yard. Conventionally, the air forces designated as "the target area" a circle having a radius of 1000 feet around the aiming point of attack. While accuracy improved during the war, Survey studies show that, in the over-all, only about 20% of the bombs aimed at precision targets fell within this target area. .<ref> United States Strategic Bombing Survey </ref> In the fall of 1944, only seven per cent of all bombs dropped by the Eighth Air Force hit within 1,000 feet of their aim point.
\n
\nNevertheless, the sheer tonnage of explosive delivered by day and by night was eventually sufficient to cause widespread damage, and, more importantly from a military point of view, forced Germany to divert resources to counter it. This was to be the real significance of the Allied strategic bombing campaign—resource allocation.
\n
\nU.S. operations began with 'Pointblank' attacks, designed to eliminate key features of the German economy. These attacks manifested themselves in the infamous Schweinfurt raids. Formations of unescorted bombers were no match for German fighters, which inflicted a deadly toll. In despair, the Eighth halted air operations over Germany until a long-range fighter could be found; it proved to be the [[P-51 Mustang]], which had the range to fly to Berlin and back.
\n
\n[[File:8th AF Bombing Marienburg.JPEG|thumb|left|A raid by the [[8th Air Force]] on the [[Focke Wulf]] factory at [[Marienburg]], [[Germany]] (1943).]]
\n
\nWith the arrival of the brand-new [[Fifteenth Air Force]], based in Italy, command of the U.S. Air Forces in Europe was consolidated into the [[United States Strategic Air Forces]] (USSTAF). With the addition of the Mustang to its strength, the [[Combined Bomber Offensive]] was resumed. Planners targeted the ''Luftwaffe'' in an operation known as '[[Big Week]]' (20 - 25 February 1944) and succeeded brilliantly - losses were so heavy German planners were forced into a hasty dispersal of industry and the day fighter arm never fully recovered.
\n
\nOn 27 March, 1944, the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] issued orders granting control of all the Allied air forces in Europe, including strategic bombers, to General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the Supreme Allied Commander, who delegated command to his deputy in [[SHAEF]] Air Chief Marshal [[Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder|Arthur Tedder]]. There was resistance to this order from some senior figures, including [[Winston Churchill]], Harris, and [[Carl Spaatz]], but after some debate, control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944. When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April, Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. While they continued some strategic bombing, the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the [[Normandy Invasion]]. It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the [[USSTAF]].<ref name="NL309-312">Norman Longmate, ''The Bombers:The RAF Offensive against Germany 1939-1945'', pp.309-312</ref>
\n
\nThe twin campaigns—the USAAF by day, the RAF by night—built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas, notably [[Ruhr area|the Ruhr]], followed by attacks directly on cities such as [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Hamburg]], [[bombing of Kassel in World War II|Kassel]], [[Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II|Pforzheim]], [[Mainz]] and the often-criticized [[bombing of Dresden in World War II|bombing of Dresden]].
\n
\n=== Effectiveness===
\nStrategic bombing has been criticized on practical grounds because it does not always work predictably. The radical changes it forces on a targeted population can backfire, including the counterproductive result of freeing inessential labourers to fill worker shortages in war industries.<ref>J.K Galbraith, "The Affluent Society", chapter 12 "The Illusion of National Security". Book first published 1958. Galbraith was a director of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey.</ref>
\n
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-668-7167-21, Reichsgebiet, Leitstand der 4. Flakdivision.jpg|thumb|right|German soldier plots coordinates on a map in the Duisburg-Wolfsburg anti-aircraft division]]
\nMuch of the doubt about the effectiveness of the bomber war comes from the oft-stated fact that German industrial production increased throughout the war. While this is true, it fails to note production also increased in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, [[Canada]] and [[Australia]]. And, in all of those countries, the rate of production increased much more rapidly than in Germany. Until late in the war, industry had not been geared for war and German factory workers only worked a single shift. Simply by going to three shifts, production could have been tripled with no change to the infrastructure. However, attacks on the infrastructure were taking place. The attacks on Germany's canals and railroads made transportation of [[materiel]] difficult.
\n
\nThe attack on oil production, [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] and tank farms was, however, extremely successful and made a very large contribution to the general collapse of Germany in 1945. In the event, the bombing of oil facilities became [[Albert Speer]]'s main concern; however, this occurred sufficiently late in the war that Germany would soon be defeated in any case. Nevertheless, it is fair to say the oil bombing campaign materially shortened the war, thereby saving many lives.
\n
\nGerman insiders credit the Allied bombing offensive with severely handicapping them. Speer repeatedly said (both during and after the war) it caused crucial production problems. Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], head of the [[U-Boat]] arm, noted in his memoirs that failure to get the revolutionary [[German Type XXI submarine|Type XXI]] [[U-boat]]s (which could have completely altered the balance of power in the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)|Battle of the Atlantic]]) into service was entirely the result of the bombing. The [[Strategic Bombing Survey (Europe)|United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Europe)]], however, concluded the delays in deploying the new submarines cannot be attributed to air attack.
\n
\n=== Effect on morale===
\n[[File:Die Festung Europa hat kein Dach.JPG|thumb|right|Propaganda leaflet dropped by the [[RAF]] after a bombing raid on [[Essen]].]]
\n
\nAlthough designed to "break the enemy's will", the opposite often happened. The British did not crumble under the German [[The Blitz|Blitz]] and other [[strategic bombing|air raid]]s early in the war. British workers continued to work throughout the war and food and other basic supplies were available throughout.
\n
\nIn Germany, apparently morale did not effectively break down in the face of the bombing campaign, which was far more extensive and comprehensive in effect, scope and duration than that endured by the United Kingdom.
\n
\n=== Allied bombing statistics 1939–45 ===
\n{|class="wikitable"
\n| valign="top" |
\n
\n{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
\n|+ RAF Bombing Sorties & Losses 1939–45 <ref name = "Humble">{{cite book |last=Humble |first=Richard |title=War In The Air 1939–1945 |year=1975 |location=London |publisher=Salamander |oclc=4248555}}</ref>
\n!
\n!Sorties
\n!Losses
\n|-
\n! Night
\n|297,663
\n|7,449
\n|-
\n! Day
\n| 66,851
\n| 876
\n|}
\n| valign="top" |
\n
\n{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
\n|+RAF & USAAF Bomb Tonnages on Germany 1939–45 <ref name = "Humble"/>{{Clarify|are these the same units or a mixture of long and short tons?|date=March 2009}}
\n! Year
\n!RAF Bomber<br />Command (tons)
\n!US 8th Air<br />Force (tons)
\n|-
\n! 1939
\n| 31
\n| —
\n|-
\n! 1940
\n| 13,033
\n| —
\n|-
\n! 1941
\n| 31,504
\n| —
\n|-
\n! 1942
\n| 45,561
\n| 1,561
\n|-
\n! 1943
\n| 157,457
\n| 44,165
\n|-
\n! 1944
\n| 525,518
\n| 389,119
\n|-
\n! 1945
\n| 191,540
\n| 188,573
\n|-
\n! Total
\n| 964,644
\n| 623,418
\n|}
\n| valign="top" |
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|+ Bombing Effort, <br />entire European Theatre <ref>[http://www.ussbs.com/stats-ovr-all_rpt-eur-ussbs-excerpts.pdf ''The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Statistical Appendix (European War), Feb 1947'']</ref>
\n! !! Tons !! Percent
\n|-
\n! 8th Air Force (including fighters)
\n| align="right" | 692,918 ||
\n|-
\n! 9th Air Force
\n| align="right" | 225,799 ||
\n|-
\n! 12th Air Force
\n| align="right" | 207,367 ||
\n|-
\n! 15th Air Force (including fighters)
\n| align="right" | 312,173 ||
\n|-
\n! 1st Tactical Air Force
\n| align="right" | 25,166 ||
\n|-
\n! Total USAAF
\n| align="right" | '''1,463,423''' || align="right" | 52.8
\n|-
\n! Bomber Command
\n| align="right" | 1,066,141 ||
\n|-
\n! Fighter Command
\n| align="right" | 3,910 ||
\n|-
\n! 2nd Tactical Air Force
\n| align="right" | 69,138 ||
\n|-
\n! Mediterranean Command
\n| align="right" | 167,928 ||
\n|-
\n! Total RAF
\n| align="right" | '''1,307,117''' || align="right" | 47.2
\n|-
\n! Grand Total
\n| align="right" | '''2,770,540''' || align="right" | 100.0
\n|-
\n|}
\n|}
\n
\n== Asia ==
\n[[Image:Casualties of a mass panic - Chungking, China.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chinese casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese aerial [[bombing of Chongqing]].]]
\nWithin Asia the majority of strategic bombing was carried out by the Japanese and the US. The British commonwealth planned that once the war in Europe was complete, a strategic bombing force of up to 1,000 heavy bombers ([[Tiger Force (air)|"Tiger force"]]) would be sent to the Far East. This was never realised before the end of the Pacific War.
\n=== Japanese bombing ===
\nJapanese strategic bombing was independently conducted by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] and the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]]. Bombing efforts mostly targeted large Chinese cities such as [[Shanghai]], [[Wuhan]] and [[Bombing of Chongqing|Chonging]], with around 5,000 raids from February 1938 to August 1943 in the later case.
\n
\nThe bombing of [[Nanjing]] and [[Guangzhou|Canton]], which began on 22 and 23 September 1937, called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the [[League of Nations]]. Lord Cranborne, the British Under-Secretary of State For Foreign Affairs, expressed his indignation in his own declaration.
\n{{quote|Words cannot express the feelings of profound horror with which the news of these raids had been received by the whole civilized world. They are often directed against places far from the actual area of hostilities. The military objective, where it exists, seems to take a completely second place. The main object seems to be to inspire terror by the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians...|Lord Cranborne <ref>The Illustrated London News, Marching to War 1933-1939, Doubleday, 1989, p.135</ref>}}
\n
\nThere were also air raids on [[Philippines]] and northern [[Australia]] ([[Bombing of Darwin (February 1942)|Bombing of Darwin]], 19 February, 1942). The [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] used tactical bombing against enemy airfields and military positions, as at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]. The [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] also attacked enemy ships and military installations.
\n
\n{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 1em" align="right"
\n|+Conventional bombing damage to Japanese cities in WWII<ref name=autogenerated1>Caidin, Martin. ''A Torch to the Enemy: The Fire Raid on Tokyo'', Bantam War Books, 1960. ISBN 0-553-29926-3 pp.??</ref>
\n! City
\n! % area<br />destroyed
\n|-
\n| [[Yokohama]]
\n| 58
\n|-
\n| [[Tokyo]]
\n| 51
\n|-
\n| [[Toyama, Toyama|Toyama]]
\n| 99
\n|-
\n| [[Nagoya]]
\n| 40
\n|-
\n| [[Osaka]]
\n| 35.1
\n|-
\n| [[Nishinomiya]]
\n| 11.9
\n|-
\n| [[Shimonoseki]]
\n| 37.6
\n|-
\n| [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]]
\n| 41.9
\n|-
\n| [[Kobe]]
\n| 55.7
\n|-
\n| [[Omuta]]
\n| 35.8
\n|-
\n| [[Wakayama]]
\n| 50
\n|-
\n| [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]
\n| 36.2
\n|-
\n| [[Okayama]]
\n| 68.9
\n|-
\n| [[Yahata, Fukuoka|Yahata]]
\n| 21.2
\n|-
\n| [[Kagoshima]]
\n| 63.4
\n|-
\n| [[Amagasaki]]
\n| 18.9
\n|-
\n| [[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]]
\n| 41.4
\n|-
\n| [[Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū|Moji]]
\n| 23.3
\n|-
\n| [[Miyakonojō]]
\n| 26.5
\n|-
\n| [[Nobeoka]]
\n| 25.2
\n|-
\n| [[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]]
\n| 26.1
\n|-
\n| [[Ube, Yamaguchi|Ube]]
\n| 20.7
\n|-
\n| [[Saga, Saga|Saga]]
\n| 44.2
\n|-
\n| [[Imabari]]
\n| 63.9
\n|-
\n| [[Matsuyama]]
\n| 64
\n|-
\n| [[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]]
\n| 86
\n|-
\n| [[Tokushima]]
\n| 85.2
\n|-
\n| [[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai]]
\n| 48.2
\n|-
\n| [[Hachioji]]
\n| 65
\n|-
\n| [[Kumamoto]]
\n| 31.2
\n|-
\n| [[Isesaki]]
\n| 56.7
\n|-
\n| [[Takamatsu]]
\n| 67.5
\n|-
\n| [[Akashi]]
\n| 50.2
\n|-
\n| [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]]
\n| 80.9
\n|-
\n| [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]]
\n| 30
\n|-
\n| [[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]]
\n| 32.2
\n|-
\n| [[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]]
\n| 28.2
\n|-
\n| [[Hiratsuka]]
\n| 48.4
\n|-
\n| [[Tokuyama]]
\n| 48.3
\n|-
\n| [[Yokkaichi, Mie|Yokkaichi]]
\n| 33.6
\n|-
\n| [[Ise, Mie|Ujiyamada]]
\n| 41.3
\n|-
\n| [[Ōgaki, Gifu|Ōgaki]]
\n| 39.5
\n|-
\n| [[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]]
\n| 63.6
\n|-
\n| [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]]
\n| 66.1
\n|-
\n| [[Himeji]]
\n| 49.4
\n|-
\n| [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]
\n| 24.1
\n|-
\n| [[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]]
\n| 55.2
\n|-
\n| [[Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka|Shimizu]]
\n| 42
\n|-
\n| [[Omura]]
\n| 33.1
\n|-
\n| [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]
\n| 41
\n|-
\n| [[Ichinomiya]]
\n| 56.3
\n|-
\n| [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]
\n| 69.3
\n|-
\n| [[Tsu, Mie|Tsu]]
\n| 69.3
\n|-
\n| [[Kuwana]]
\n| 75
\n|-
\n| [[Toyohashi]]
\n| 61.9
\n|-
\n| [[Numazu]]
\n| 42.3
\n|-
\n| [[Choshi]]
\n| 44.2
\n|-
\n| [[Kofu]]
\n| 78.6
\n|-
\n| [[Utsunomiya]]
\n| 43.7
\n|-
\n| [[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]]
\n| 68.9
\n|-
\n| [[Sendai]]
\n| 21.9
\n|-
\n| [[Tsuruga]]
\n| 65.1
\n|-
\n| [[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]]
\n| 64.9
\n|-
\n| [[Hitachi, Ibaraki|Hitachi]]
\n| 72
\n|-
\n| [[Kumagaya]]
\n| 55.1
\n|-
\n| [[Hamamatsu]]
\n| 60.3
\n|-
\n| [[Maebashi]]
\n| 64.2
\n|}
\n
\n=== United States strategic bombing of Japan ===
\nThe United States strategic bombing of Japan took place between 1942 and 1945. In the last seven months of the campaign, a change to firebombing tactics resulted in great destruction of 67 Japanese cities, as many as 500,000 Japanese deaths and some 5 million more made homeless. [[Emperor Hirohito]]'s viewing of the destroyed areas of Tokyo in March 1945, is said to have been the beginning of his personal involvement in the peace process, culminating in [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's surrender]] five months later.<ref>Bradley, F. J. ''No Strategic Targets Left''. "Contribution of Major Fire Raids Toward Ending WWII", Turner Publishing Company, limited edition. ISBN 1-56311-483-6. p. 38.</ref>
\n
\n==== Conventional bombing ====
\n{{Refimprove|section|date=August 2009}}
\n[[File:Firebombing of Tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|Tokyo burns during a [[Firebombing|firebomb]] attack 26 May 1945.]]
\n
\nThe first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island was the [[Doolittle Raid]] of 18 April, 1942 when sixteen [[B-25 Mitchell]]s were launched from the [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|USS ''Hornet'']] (CV-8) to attack targets including [[Yokohama]] and [[Tokyo]] and then fly on to airfields in [[China]]. The raids were military pin-pricks, but a significant [[propaganda]] victory. Launched prematurely, none of the attacking aircraft reached the designated post mission airfields, either crashing or ditching (except for one aircraft, which landed in the [[Soviet Union]], where the crew was interned). Two crews were captured by the Japanese.
\n
\nThe key development for the bombing of Japan was the [[B-29 Superfortress]], which had an operational range of 1,500 miles (2,400 km); almost 90% of the bombs dropped on the home islands of Japan were delivered by this type of bomber (147,000 tons). The first raid by B-29s on Japan from China was on 15 June, 1944. The planes took off from [[Chengdu]], over 1,500 miles away. This first raid was also not particularly damaging to Japan. Only forty-seven of the sixty-eight B–29s that took off hit the target area; four aborted with mechanical problems, four crashed, six jettisoned their bombs because of mechanical difficulties, and others bombed secondary targets or targets of opportunity. Only one B–29 was lost to enemy aircraft. The first raid from the east was on 24 November, 1944 when 88 aircraft bombed Tokyo. The bombs were dropped from around 30,000 feet (10,000 m) and it is estimated that only around 10% of the bombs hit designated targets.
\n
\nThe initial raids were carried out by the [[Twentieth Air Force]] operating out of mainland China in [[Operation Matterhorn]] under [[XX Bomber Command]]. Initially the Twentieth Air Force was under the command of [[Hap Arnold]], and later [[Curtis LeMay]]. This was never a satisfactory arrangement because not only were the Chinese airbases difficult to supply via - materiel being sent over "[[the Hump]]" from [[India]], but the B-29s operating from them could only reach Japan if they traded some of their bomb load for extra fuel in tanks in the bomb-bays. When Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]]'s [[island-hopping]] campaign captured islands close enough to Japan to be within the range of B-29s, the Twentieth Air Force was assigned to [[XXI Bomber Command]] which organized a much more effective bombing campaign of the Japanese home islands. Based in the [[Marianas]] ([[Guam]] and [[Tinian]] in particular) the B-29s were now able to carry their full bomb loads and were supplied by cargo ships and tankers.
\n
\n[[File:JapaneseCityDestroyedAreas.png|left|thumb|Conventional bombs from [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]] destroyed over 40% of the urban area in Japan's six greatest industrial cities.]]
\nUnlike all other forces in theater, the [[Bomber Command]]s did not report to the commanders of the theaters but directly to the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. In March 1945, they were placed under the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific which was commanded by General [[Carl Spaatz]].
\n
\nAs in Europe, the [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) tried daylight [[precision bombing]]. However, it proved to be impossible due to the weather around Japan, as bombs dropped from a great height were tossed about by high winds. General LeMay, commander of XXI Bomber Command, instead switched to mass firebombing night attacks from altitudes of around 7,000 feet (2,100 m) on the major [[conurbation]]s of [[Tokyo]], [[Nagoya]], [[Osaka]], and [[Kobe]]. Despite limited early success, particularly against Nagoya, LeMay was determined to use such bombing tactics against the vulnerable Japanese cities. Attacks on strategic targets also continued in lower-level daylight raids.
\n
\nThe first successful [[firebombing]] raid was [[Bombing of Kobe in World War II|on Kobe]] on 3 February 1945, and following its relative success the [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] continued the tactic. Nearly half of the principal factories of the city were damaged, and production was reduced by more than half at one of the port's two shipyards.
\n
\nMuch of the armor and defensive weaponry of the bombers was removed to allow increased bomb loads; Japanese [[air defense]] in terms of night-fighters and [[anti-aircraft gun]]s was so feeble it was hardly a risk. [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|The first raid of this type on Tokyo]] was on the night of 23–24 February when 174 B-29s destroyed around one square mile (3 km²) of the city. Following on that success 334 B-29s raided on the night of 9–10 March, dropping around 1,700 tons of bombs. Around 16 square miles (41 km²) of the city was destroyed and over 100,000 people are estimated to have died in the [[fire storm]]. The destruction and damage was at its worst in the city sections east of the Imperial Palace. It was the most destructive conventional raid in all of history. The city was made primarily of wood and paper, and Japanese firefighting methods were not up to the challenge. The fires burned out of control, boiling canal water and causing entire blocks of buildings to spontaneously combust from the heat. The effects of the Tokyo firebombing proved the fears expressed by Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto|Yamamoto]] in 1939: "Japanese cities, being made of wood and paper, would burn very easily. The Army talks big, but if war came and there were large-scale air raids, there's no telling what would happen."<ref name="Spector">Spector, Ronald (1985). "Eagle Against the Sun." New York: Vintage Books. p. 503.</ref>
\n
\nIn the following two weeks, there were almost 1,600 further [[sortie]]s against the four cities, destroying 31 square miles (80 km²) in total at a cost of 22 aircraft. By June, over forty percent of the urban area of Japan's largest six cities (Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Osaka, [[Yokohama]], and [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]) was devastated. LeMay's fleet of nearly 600 bombers destroyed tens of smaller cities and manufacturing centers in the following weeks and months.
\n
\nLeaflets were dropped over cities before they were bombed, warning the people and urging them to escape the city. Though many, even within the Air Force, viewed this as a form of [[psychological warfare]], a significant element in the decision to produce and drop them was the desire to assuage American anxieties about the extent of the destruction created by this new war tactic. Warning leaflets were also dropped on cities that were not to be bombed to create uncertainty and absenteeism.
\n
\nA year after the war, the [[United States Army Air Forces]]'s [[Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific War)]] reported that they had underestimated the power of strategic bombing combined with naval blockade and previous military defeats to bring Japan to unconditional surrender without invasion. By July 1945, only a fraction of the planned strategic bombing force had been deployed yet there were few targets left worth the effort. In hindsight, it would have been more effective to use land-based and carrier-based air power to strike against merchant shipping and begin aerial mining at a much earlier date so as to link up with the effective [[Pacific War#Submarine warfare|Allied submarine anti-shipping campaign]] and completely isolate the island nation. This would have accelerated the strangulation of Japan and ended the war sooner.<ref>[http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). 1 July 1946]</ref> A postwar [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] survey agreed, finding that naval mines dropped by B-29s had accounted for 60% of all Japanese shipping losses in the last six months of the war.<ref name=autogenerated2>Hallion, Dr. Richard P. [https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/EARS/Hallionpapers/decisiveairpower1950.htm ''Decisive Air Power Prior to 1950''] Air Force History and Museums Program.</ref> In October 1945, Prince [[Fumimaro Konoe]] said that the sinking of Japanese vessels by U.S. aircraft combined with the B-29 aerial mining campaign were just as effective as B-29 attacks on industry alone<ref>Major John S. Chilstrom, School of Advanced Airpower Studies. ''Mines Away! The Significance of U.S. Army Air Forces Minelaying in World War II''. Diane Publishing, 1992.</ref>, though he admitted that "the thing that brought about the determination to make peace was the prolonged bombing by the B-29s." Prime Minister Baron [[Kantarō Suzuki]] reported to U.S. military authorities that it "seemed to me unavoidable that in the long run Japan would be almost destroyed by air attack so that merely on the basis of the B-29s alone I was convinced that Japan should sue for peace."<ref name=autogenerated2 />
\n
\n==== Nuclear bombing ====
\n{{Main|Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki}}
\n[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|left|thumbnail|The [[mushroom cloud]] of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan]], 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the [[hypocenter]].]]
\n
\nAfter six months of intense [[Strategic bombing during World War II#United States strategic bombing of Japan|firebombing of 67 other Japanese cities]] the United States under President [[Harry Truman]] conducted [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear attacks]] on the [[Empire of Japan]].
\n
\nOn 6 August, 1945, the "[[Little Boy]]" enriched uranium [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] was dropped on the city of [[Hiroshima]], followed on 9 August by the detonation of the "[[Fat Man]]" plutonium core nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]. To date these are the only uses of nuclear weapons in warfare.
\n
\n<!--NOTE: This table uses a lot of space to state two number that could be identified in a short phrase.-->
\n{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 1em" align="right"
\n|+Nuclear bombing damage to Japanese cities in WWII<ref name=autogenerated1 />
\n! Japanese city
\n! % area<br />destroyed
\n|-
\n| Hiroshima
\n| 90
\n|-
\n| Nagasaki
\n| 45
\n|}
\n
\nAs many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki may have died from the bombings by the end of 1945,<ref name="rerf-deaths">{{cite web |url = http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa1.html |title = Frequently Asked Questions #1 |publisher= [[Radiation Effects Research Foundation]] | accessdate = 2007-09-18}}</ref> roughly half of the residential populations on the days of the bombings. Thousands more have been subsequently killed from injuries or illness [[Radiation poisoning|due to radiation]].<ref name="DOE-HIRO">{{cite web | url = http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm | title = The Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima | first= David |last= Rezelman |coauthors= F.G. Gosling and Terrence R. Fehner | date= |year= 2000 |month= | work= [http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/index.htm The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History] | publisher= [[U.S. Department of Energy]] |quote= | accessdate = 2007-09-18 }} page on Hiroshima casualties.</ref> In both cities, the overwhelming majority of the dead were civilians.<ref>{{cite book | author= |title=The Spirit of Hiroshima: An Introduction to the Atomic Bomb Tragedy | publisher= Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum | year=1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Mikiso Hane | title=Modern Japan: A Historical Survey | publisher= Westview Press | year=2001 |isbn=0-8133-3756-9 }}</ref>
\n
\nOn 15 August, 1945, Japan [[Surrender of Japan|announced its surrender to the Allied Powers]], signing the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]] on 2 September which officially ended World War II. Furthermore, the experience of bombing led post-war Japan to adopt [[Three Non-Nuclear Principles]], which forbade Japan from nuclear armament.
\n
\n{{-}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{Commons|Bombing of Japan in World War II}}
\n* [[Defense of the Reich]], the strategic defensive aerial campaign fought by the German Luftwaffe over Germany and German occupied Europe.
\n* [[Strategic bombing civilian casualties]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n===Notes===
\n{{reflist|2}}
\n
\n===Bibliography===
\n{{refbegin|2}}
\n*{{cite book |last=Boog |first=Horst |year=2006 |title=Germany and the Second World War |volume=Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780198228899}}
\n* Bradley, F. J. (1999) ''No Strategic Targets Left''. ''"Contribution of Major Fire Raids Toward Ending WWII"'', Turner Publishing. ISBN 1-56311-483-6.
\n*{{cite book |authorlink=Martin Caidin |last=Caidin |first=Martin |year=1960 |title=A Torch to the Enemy: The Fire Raid on Tokyo |publisher=Bantam War Books |isbn=0-553-29926-3}}
\n* Copp, Terry. ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223119/http://www.legionmagazine.com/features/canadianmilitaryhistory/96-09.asp The Bomber Command Offensive]'', originally published in the [[Legion Magazine]] September/October 1996
\n* Collier, Basil. ''The Defence of the United Kingdom.'' HMSO, 1957. {{OCLC|59930716}}
\n* Corum, James. (2007). ''The Luftwaffe: The Operational Air War, 1918-1940''. University of Kansas Press. ISBN 0-7006-0836-2
\n* Davis, Richard G. (2006) [http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/Books/Davis_B99/Davis_B99.pdf ''Bombing the European Axis Powers. A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945''] Alabama: Air University Press
\n*{{cite book | last = Garrett | first = Stephen | title = Ethics and Airpower in World War II | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 9780312086831 }}
\n* Grafton, Brian. [http://web.archive.org/web/20061209202129/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/bombercommand/bombercommand.aspx ''Bomber Command''] on the website Military History Online
\n* {{cite book| last = Grayling| first = A. C.| authorlink = A. C. Grayling| year = 2006| title = Among the Dead Cities| publisher = Bloomsbury | location =London| isbn= 9780747576716}}
\n*{{cite book|last=Green |first=William |title=War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Eight Bombers |year= 1967|publisher= Macdonald|location=London }}
\n* Hallion, Richard P. [https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/EARS/Hallionpapers/decisiveairpower1950.htm ''Decisive Air Power Prior to 1950''] USAF History and Museums Program.
\n* Hastings, Max (1979). ''RAF Bomber Command''. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-39204-2
\n* Hinchcliffe, Peter (1996) ''The other battle : Luftwaffe night aces versus Bomber Command.'' Airlife Publishing, ISBN 9781853105470
\n* Hooton, E.R (1994). ''Phoenix Triumphant; The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe''. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 1 86019 964 X
\n* Hooton, E.R (1997). ''Eagle in Flames; The Fall of the Luftwaffe''. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 1 86019 995 X
\n* Hooton, E.R (2007). ''Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West: Volume 2''. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-85780-272-6.
\n* Jane`s (1989). ''All the World's Aircraft 1940/41/42/43/44/45.'' London, Random House, ISBN 1 85170 199 0
\n* {{cite book |last=Levine |first= Alan J. |year= 1992 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15370919 |title= The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn= 9780275943196 }}
\n* Longmate, Norman. (1983) ''The Bombers''. Hutchins. ISBN 0-09-151508-7.
\n* Murray, Willamson. (1983). [http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/Books/Murray/Murray.pdf ''Strategy for defeat. The Luftwaffe 1935-1945'']. Air Power Research Institute. ISBN 9780160021602
\n* Nelson, Hank (2003). [http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/nelson.asp ''A different war: Australians in Bomber Command''] paper presented at the 2003 History Conference - Air War Europe
\n* Nelson, Hank (2006). ''Chased by the Sun: The Australians in Bomber Command in World War II'', Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1741148472, 9781741148473
\n* Overy, Richard J. (1980) ''The Air War'' Stein and Day. ISBN 978-1-57488-716-7
\n* Poeppel, Hans and Prinz von Preußen, Wilhelm-Karl and von Hase, Karl-Günther. (2000) ''Die Soldaten der Wehrmacht.'' Herbig Verlag. ISBN 978-3776620573
\n* Price, Alfred. Kampfflieger -Bombers of the Luftwaffe January 1942-Summer 1943, Volume 3. 2005, Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1903223499
\n* Ray, John. ''The Night Blitz''. Booksales. ISBN 978-0-7858-1601-0.
\n* {{cite book|last=Richards |first=Denis |title=Royal Air Force 1939-1945:Volume I The Fight at Odds |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1953 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationary Office |location= London|isbn= |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
\n* Smith, J. Richard and Creek, Eddie J. (2004). ''Kampflieger. Vol. 2.: Bombers of the Luftwaffe July 1940 - December 1941.'' Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1903223420
\n* Smith, J. Richard and Creek, Eddie J. (2004). ''Kampflieger. Vol. 2.: Bombers of the Luftwaffe July 1940 - December 1941.'' Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1903223437
\n* Spector, Ronald (1985). ''Eagle Against the Sun.'' Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-74101-7
\n* {{cite book|last=Speidel|first=Wilhelm|title=The Luftwaffe in the Polish Campaign of 1939|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|location=Montgomery, Alabama|date=1956|url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/studies/numberedusafhistoricalstudies151-200.asp}}
\n* Taylor, Frederick. (2005) ''Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February, 1945''. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-7074-1
\n* Saward, Dudley. (1985) ''Bomber Harris''. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-11258-1
\n* United States Strategic Bombing Survey. [http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm ''Summary Report(Pacific War)''] July 1, 1946.
\n* United States Strategic Bombing Survey. [http://www.anesi.com/ussbs02.htm ''Summary Report(European War)''] September 30, 1945.
\n* United States Strategic Bombing Survey. [http://www.allworldwars.com/The%20Defeat%20of%20the%20German%20Air%20Force.html ''The Defeat of the German Air Force.''] 1947.
\n* United States Strategic Bombing Survey. ''The Effects of Strategic Bombing on German Transportation''. 1947.
\n* United States Strategic Bombing Survey. ''The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy''. 1945.
\n* Willmott, H.P. (1991). ''The Great Crusade.'' Free Press, 1991. ISBN 9780029347164
\n* Wood & Dempster (1990) ''The Narrow Margin'' Chapter "Second Phase" ISBN 978-0-87474-929-8
\n* Wood, Derek and Dempster, Derek. (1990). ''The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power'', London: Tri-Service Press, third revised edition. ISBN 1-854-88027-6.
\n{{refend}}
\n
\n===Further reading===
\n{{refbegin|2}}
\n* {{citation |last=Childers |first=Thomas |title=Facilis descensus averni est: The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering |doi=10.1163/1569161053623624 |issn=1569-1616}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Coffey |first= Thomas M.|year= 1977 |title=Decision over Schweinfurt |location= New York |publisher= Doubleday |isbn= 9780679507635}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Coffey |first= Thomas M.|year= 1982 |title= HAP: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man who Built It, General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold |location= New York |publisher= Viking Press |isbn=9780670360697 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = Coffey | first = Thomas M. | authorlink = | year = 1987 | chapter = | title = Iron Eagle : The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay | publisher = Random House Value publishing | location = | isbn= 0-517-55188-8 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = Crane | first = Conrad C. | authorlink = | year = 1994 | chapter = | title = The cigar that brought the fire wind: Curtis LeMay and the strategic bombing of Japan | publisher = JGSDF-U.S. Army Military History Exchange | location = | id = {{OCLC|32844008}} }}
\n* {{cite book |last= Craven |first= Wesley F. |coauthors= Cate, James Lea |year= 1948-1958 |title= The Army Air Forces in World War II, volumes 1-8 |location= Chicago |publisher= University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780405121371 }}
\n* {{citation |first1=Harry |last1=Garretsen |first2=Marc |last2=Schramm |first3=Steven |last3= Brakman |url=http://www.uu.nl/content/03-09i.pdf |title=The Strategic Bombing of German Cities during World War II and its Impact for Germany |series=Discussion Paper Series nr: 03-09 |publisher=Tjalling, C. Koopmans Research Institute, [[Utrecht School of Economics]], [[Utrecht University]]}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Great Britain Air Ministry |year=1983 |title=The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force |publisher= Arms and Armour Press |isbn= 9780853685609 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = Greer | first = Ron | authorlink = | year = 2005 | chapter = | title = Fire from the Sky: A Diary Over Japan | publisher = Greer Publishing | location = Jacksonville, Arkansas, U.S.A. | isbn= 0-9768712-0-3 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = Guillian | first = Robert | authorlink = | year = 1982 | chapter = | title = I Saw Tokyo Burning: An Eyewitness Narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima | publisher = Jove Pubns | location = | isbn= 0-86721-223-3 }}
\n* {{cite book |last= Harris |first= Arthur |year= 1998 |title= Bomber Offensive |publisher= Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal |isbn= 9781853673146}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Hastings |first= Max |year= 1979 |title= Bomber Command |location= New York |publisher= Dial |isbn= 9780718116033}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Kennet |first= Lee |year= 1982 |title= A History of Strategic Bombing |location= New York |publisher= Scribner |isbn= 9780684177816 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = Lemay | first = Curtis E. | authorlink = | coauthors = Yenne, Bill | year = 1988 | chapter = | title = Superfortress: The Story of the B-29 and American Air Power | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = | isbn= 0-07-037164-4 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = McGowen | first = Tom | authorlink = | year = 2001 | chapter = | title = Air Raid!:The Bombing Campaign | publisher = Twenty-First Century Books | location = Brookfield, Connecticut, U.S.A. | isbn= 0-7613-1810-0 }}
\n* {{cite book |last= Middlebrook |first= Martin |coauthors= Everitt, Chris |year= 1990 |title= The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book, 1939-1945 |location= London |publisher= Penguin |isbn= 9780140129366 }}
\n* {{cite book |last= Mierzejewski |first= Alfred |year= 1987 |url= http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59235941 |title= The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944-1945. |location= Chapel Hill |publisher= University of North Carolina Press |isbn= 9780807863381 }}
\n* {{cite book |last= Milward |first= Alan S.|year= 1965 |title= The German Economy at War |location= London |publisher= Prometheus Books |isbn= 9780485110753}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Ross |first= Stewart Halsey |year= 2003 |title= Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II. The Myths and the Facts. |publisher= McFarland & Co. |isbn= 9780786414123 }}
\n* {{cite book | last = Shannon | first = Donald H. | authorlink = | year = 1976 | chapter = | title = United States air strategy and doctrine as employed in the strategic bombing of Japan | publisher = U.S. Air University, Air War College | location = | id = {{OCLC|2499355}} }}
\n* {{cite book |last= Verrier |first= Anthony |year= 1974 |title= The Bomber Offensive |location= New York |publisher= Pan |isbn= 9780330238649}}
\n* {{citation |last=Spaight |first=James M |url=http://www.archive.org/details/BombingVindicated |title=Bombing Vindicated |publisher= G. Bles |year=1944 |oclc= 1201928}} - Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry (U.K)
\n* {{cite book |last= Webster |first= Charles |authorlink= Charles Webster |coauthors= [[Noble Frankland|Frankland, Noble]] |year= 1961 |title= The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, volumes 1-4 |location= London |publisher= Her Majesty's Stationery Office |isbn=9781845744373}}
\n* {{cite book |last= Weigley |first= Russell |year= 1981 |title= Eisenhower's Lieutenants |location= Bloomington |publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253133335}}
\n{{refend}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/war-in-europe/european-air-war/european-air-war-index.htm European Air War Timeline]
\n* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/blitz_01.shtml The Blitz: Sorting the Myth from the Reality, BBC History]
\n* [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/blitz/ Liverpool Blitz Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz. Liverpol Museums]
\n* [http://www.familyresearcher.co.uk/BlitzDeaths.htm Coventry Blitz]
\n* [http://libx.bsu.edu/collection.php?CISOROOT=/376OrHis/ 376th HBG Veterans Oral History Project at Ball State University]
\n
\n{{RAF WWII Strategic Bombing|style=wide}}
\n{{WWII city bombing|style=wide}}
\n{{WWIITheatre|style=wide}}
\n{{World War II|style=wide}}
\n<!--This is the main article for the following, so it is not part of that category: -->
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Strategic Bombing During World War Ii}}
\n[[Category:World War II strategic bombing| ]]
\n[[Category:World War II aerial operations and battles]]
\n
\n[[ca:Bombardeig estratègic durant la Segona Guerra Mundial]]
\n[[de:Luftkrieg im Zweiten Weltkrieg]]
\n[[fr:Bombardement stratégique durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale]]
\n[[pl:Naloty strategiczne podczas II wojny światowej]]
\n[[ro:Bombardamentele strategice în timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial]]
\n[[ru:Стратегические бомбардировки в период Второй мировой войны]]
\n[[zh:二戰期間的戰略轟炸]]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:19:05+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II"
},
{
"title": "Strategic bombing",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing&diff=326853076",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing&diff=326853076",
"description": "Gregology: /* See also */
\n
\n{{mergefrom|Terror bombing|discuss=Talk:Terror bombing#Propose merge to Aerial bombing of cities or Strategic Bombing|date=October 2009}}
\n{{Original research|date=September 2007}}
\n{{Cleanup|date=July 2007}}
\n[[Image:Tokyo 1945-3-10-1.jpg|thumb|Tokyo after the massive firebombing attack of March 10, 1945. The [[bombing of Tokyo in World War II]] cut the city's industrial productivity in half.]]
\n
\n'''Strategic bombing''' is a [[military strategy]] used in a [[total war]] with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather than destroying its land or naval forces. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize [[strategic bomber]]s, long- or medium-range [[missile]]s, or nuclear-armed [[fighter-bomber]] aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to an enemy's war-making capacity.
\n
\nOne of the legitimate aims of war is to demoralise the enemy, so that the enemy no longer have the will to continue to oppose friendly forces, and strategic bombing can be used to this end. Since the phrase "[[#Terror bombing|terror bombing]]" entered the English lexicon towards the end of World War II, many strategic bombing campaigns and individual raids have been described as such by some commentators and historians, but because the term has prerogative connotations others have denied that such bombing campaigns and raids are examples of "terror bombing".
\n
\n==Strategic bombing==
\nWhile the distinction between [[military tactics|tactical]], [[military operations|operational]], and [[strategy|strategic]] bombing can be blurred, they are distinct methodologies generally used for different purposes. Strategic bombing is a methodology distinct from both tactical bombing and the use of strategic air assets in an operational capacity.
\n
\nSuch a strategy usually involves sustained attacks over a period of time on targets that affect a nation's overall war making capability, such as [[factory|factories]], [[rail transport|railroads]], [[oil refinery|oil industries]], and other resources. Less frequently, individual strategic attacks are made against 'point' targets, such as Britain's [[Bomber Command]] attacks against [[Operation Chastise|the Ruhr dams]] by means of the [[bouncing bomb|bouncing bomb development]] in May, 1943.
\n
\nAs strategic bombing aims to undermine an enemy nation-state's ability to wage war, strategic bombers need to be able to reach targets throughout most or all of that nation, and so have tended to be larger, longer-ranged aircraft. Strategic bombers have also been used to support major military ground operations, such as the isolation of Normandy through the bombing of transportation hubs throughout northern France in support of the [[D-Day]] invasion, or the carpet bombing of the Axis front lines west of St. Lo in support of [[Operation Cobra]].
\n
\nAn aerial attack strategy of deliberately bombing and/or strafing civilian targets in order to break the morale of an enemy, make its civilian population panic, bend the enemy's political leadership to the attacker's will, or to "punish" an enemy, while strategic in nature, is more correctly termed [[terror bombing]].
\n
\n==Methods used to deliver ordnance==
\nThere are three basic methods used to deliver ordnance onto targets in a strategic bombing campaign. The first is by gravity-dropping large numbers of [[gravity bomb|iron bombs]] or "dumb bombs", using strategic bombers. The second is through the use of more precise ordnance, [[precision-guided munition]]s (so-called smart bombs); [[cruise missile]]s fall into this category, though they are not always air-launched. The third method involves the use of nuclear ordnance, either onto a battlefield in a method similar to carpet bombing, or onto a strategic target, as with iron bombs in WW II.
\n
\nAlthough the deployment of [[nuclear weapons]] from aircraft falls into the category of strategic bombing, and likely represents the ultimate form of both strategic and terror bombing, the term strategic bombing is generally used in reference to the release of non-nuclear air-ground ordnance from strategic aircraft.
\n
\nArea attack by multiple bombers is based upon detailed calculations of the intended Damage Expectancy or "DE" directed by the Air Tasking Order (ATO) used in a military strategy. To achieve a particular DE, planners select a bomb type based on that particular weapon's damage mechanism - blast/fragmentation or incendiary, for example. Planners then calculate the Single Sortie Probability of Damage (SSPD) and extrapolate from there, adding sorties until the probability of damage meets or exceeds the required DE.
\n
\nAs weapons have grown more precise, the need for mass formations dropping masses of bombs has decreased, and it is now possible for a single bomb to accomplish what in the past took many bombers. In fact, one [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]] can now drop a single bomb from many miles away that can be programmed to strike a target as small as a window or doorway from a chosen direction and at a preselected angle. This can focus the blast in a given direction and can dramatically reduce the risk of collateral damage to other buildings and consequent unintended civilian casualties.
\n
\nStrategic bombing by multiple modern strategic bombers like the B-52 can be likened to an hour during [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]] bottled into a thirty-second time period. However, some believe this delivery method has been rather ineffective in attacking a nation's warmaking capability, due to the imprecise nature of the attack. Others cite the destruction of enemy infrastructure, resources expended on civil defense and physical protection of sites, and the reallocation of military resources away from the battlefield in order to staff response and air and ground antiaircraft assets as proof of its efficacy. In either case, the unintended [[Collateral damage|mass civilian casualties]], terror caused, and ethical questions raised draws adverse long-term attention to the morality of strategic bombing.
\n
\n[[Carpet bombing]], often confused with strategic bombing, is the use of strategic air assets for operational objectives in support of ground forces. Its use during Operation Cobra is the best-known example. Carpet bombing is viewed ambivalently by ground forces, due to the nigh-inevitable friendly casualties caused by bombers dropping their ordnance short of the aiming point, either through error or "bomb creep".<ref>[[Walter J. Boyne|Boyne, Walter J.]], ''Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air'', Simon & Schuster, NY, 1994, pp.343-44.</ref>
\n
\nThe use of "smart" weapons is preferred by some nations for two reasons. First, it can be less devastating. Due to the greater accuracy (the smaller [[Circular Error Probable|CEP]]) of precision guided weapons, there is less risk of civilian casualties. The second reason is the more-focused damage associated with precision weapons. Strategic bombing can destroy an entire block, but miss the vital components of a factory. Precision weapons can attack precise components of designated targets, increasing the likelihood of a successful attack. However, the 'shock' value of precision bombing is less severe than of area bombing. Unless multiple precision weapons are used, an enemy may seek cover or disperse to different parts of the targeted area. Additionally, [[area bombing]] can have an initial significant psychological effect, as the bombing of cities early in World War II terrified their citizens.
\n
\n==Enemy morale and terror bombing==
\n{{section|Terror bombing}}
\nOne of the legitimate aims of war is to demoralise the enemy, so that the enemy no longer have the will to continue to oppose friendly forces, and although strategic bombing can be used to attack fixed strategic assets, such as transportation nodes, that directly contribute to physically weakening an enemy, attacks can also be used to demoralise an enemy either as a primary of secondary objective.
\n
\n"Terror bombing" is an emotive term used to describe aerial attacks made by a belligerent intended to demoralise an enemy.<ref group=nb>For terrorist attacks that involve bombings see the articles [[terrorism]] and [[List of terrorist incidents]]</ref><ref>Nehemia Geva & Cigdem Sirin (Department of Political Science Texas A&M University), and Keren Sharvit (Psychology Department Tel Aviv University). ''The Impact and Thematic Relevance of Negative Emotions on Foreign Policy Preferences Concerning Terror'', [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/0/4/6/4/pages204646/p204646-17.php p. 17] "(a) thematic relevance of the emotive trigger (terror bombing)"</ref><ref>Overy (2005), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uocntt1lGDUC&pg=PA119&dq=terror+bombing&lr= p. 119]</ref> Use of the term to describe aerial attacks implies that the attacks are criminal attacks that fall outside the [[Aerial bombardment and international law|law of war]],<ref>Myrdal (1977), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VNS8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA252#PPA252,M1 p. 252]</ref> or if within the laws of war are nevertheless a moral crime.<ref>Axinn (2008), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xMC5bIE-q7QC&pg=PA73 p. 73]</ref> According to John Algeo in ''Fifty years among the new words'' its first recorded usage in a United States publication was in a Readers Digest article in June 1941, a finding confirmed by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]].<ref>Algeo, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=egxyM6zK0PEC&pg=RA1-PA111&dq=terror+bombing+goebbels+himmler&lr=&as_brr=3 p. 111] "TERROR BOMBING. Bombing designed to hasten the end of a war by terrorising the enemy population—1941 ''Read. Dig''. June p. 58/2 ..."</ref><ref>Oxford English Dictionary ''terror,n'', "'''terror-bombing''', intensive and indiscriminate bombing designed to frighten a country into surrender; '''terror raid''', a bombing raid of this nature".</ref>
\n
\nThe aerial attacks described as terror bombing are often long range strategic bombing raids, although attacks against tactical targets which result in the deaths of civilians may also be described as such, or if the attacks involve fighters [[strafing]] they may be labelled "terror attacks."<ref>Brower (1998), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yfnEdIFlh2AC&pg=PA108&dq=strafing+%22terror+attack%22#PPA108,M1 p. 108] (mentions that Historian Ronald Shaffer described [[Operation Clarion]], an operation that involved both bombing and strafing, as a terror attack).</ref>
\n
\n===Development of the term terror bombing===
\nThe German propaganda minister, [[Joseph Goebbels]], and other high ranking officials of the [[Third Reich]],<ref>Kochavi [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bcfKhIPrU-UC&pg=PA172&as_brr=3 p. 172]</ref> frequently described attacks made on Germany by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and the [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF) during their [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing campaign]]s as terror attacks.<ref group=
\nnb>Hessel (2006), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DKou4dziNCsC&pg=PA107 p. 107] Goebbels used several terms including
\n{{quote|''terrorangriffe'' (terror raids) or ''Terrorhandlungen'' (terrorist activities) ... ''Terrorflieger'' (terror flyers or terrorist airman). Needless to say, no one in Germany used such terminology in connection with German bombing raids against cities in England}}
\n</ref><ref group=nb>Fritz (2004), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B-UgBAZmyMUC&pg=PA44&dq=terror+bombing+goebbels&as_brr=3 p. 44] {{quote|... Western Allies ... were "air pirates." "They are murderers!" screamed the headlines of an article emanating from Berlin on February 22. Not only dd the writer denounce the allied "terror bombing," he also stressed the "special joy" that the "Anglo-American air gangsters" took in murder of innocent German civilians ...}}</ref> The Allied governments usually described their [[aerial bombing of cities|attacks on cities]] with other euphemisms such as [[area bombing]] (RAF) or [[precision bombing]] (USAAF), and for most of World War II the Allied news media did the same. However, at a [[SHAEF]] press conference on 16 February 1945, two days after the [[Bombing of Dresden]], British Air Commodore [[Colin McKay Grierson]], replied to a question by one of the journalists that the primary target of the bombing had been on communications to prevent the Germans moving military supplies, and to stop movement in all directions if possible. He then added in an offhand remark that the raid also helped destroying "what is left of German morale." Howard Cowan, an [[Associated Press]] war correspondent, subsequently filed a story about the Dresden raid. The military press censor at SHAEF made a mistake and allowed the Cowan cable to go out starting with "Allied air bosses have have made the long awaited decision to adopt deliberate terror bombing of great German population centres<!--sic in the source--> as a ruthless expedient to hasten Hitler's doom." There were follow-up newspaper editorials on the issue and a long time opponent of strategic bombing, [[Richard Stokes]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]], asked questions in the House of Commons on 6 March.<ref>Taylor (2005) pp. 413,414</ref>
\n
\nThe controversy stirred up by the Cowan news report, reached the highest levels of the British Government when on 28 March 1945 the Prime Minister, [[Winston Churchill]], sent a memo by telegram to [[Hastings Lionel Ismay|General Ismay]] for the British Chiefs of Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff, in which he started with the sentence "It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewed. ..."<ref name=Siebert>Siebert, Detlef. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/area_bombing_01.shtml "British Bombing Strategy in World War Two"], 1 August, 2001, BBC, retrieved 8 January, 2008.</ref><ref name=Taylor-430>Taylor, (2005), p. 430.</ref> Under pressure from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by Sir [[Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford|Charles Portal]], [[Chief of the Air Staff]], and the head of Bomber Command [[Arthur "Bomber" Harris]] among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. <ref name=Taylor-430>Taylor (2005), p. 430.</ref> This was completed on 1 April, 1945 and started instead with the usual British euphemism for attacks on cities: "It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of the so called 'area-bombing' of German cities should be reviewed from the point of view of our own interests. ..."<ref name=Taylor-434>Taylor (2005), p. 434.</ref>
\n
\nSince the phrase "terror bombing" entered the English lexicon towards the end of World War II, many strategic bombing campaigns and individual raids throughout the history of aerial warfare have been described as such by some commentators and historians, but because the term has prerogative connotations others have denied that such bombing campaigns and raids are examples of "terror bombing".
\n
\n==History and origins==
\n===World War I===
\n[[Image:Air Raid rehearsal 1918.jpg|thumb|A 1918 Air Raid rehearsal, evacuating children from a hospital.]]
\n
\nStrategic bombing was first used in World War I, though it was not understood in its present form. The first strategic bombing mission of the war was likely the dropping of five bombs on the [[Gare L'Est]] train station in Paris on August 30, 1914. Within a year or so, specialized aircraft and dedicated [[bomber]] squadrons were in service on both sides. These were generally used for tactical bombing: the aim was that of directly harming enemy troops, strongpoints, or equipment, usually within a relatively small distance of the front line. Eventually, attention turned to the possibility of causing ''indirect'' harm to the enemy by systematically attacking vital rear-area resources.
\n
\nThe first-ever dirigible aerial bombardment of civilians was on January 19, 1915, in which two German [[Zeppelin]]s dropped 24 fifty-kilogram (110 pound) high-explosive bombs and ineffective three-kilogram incendiaries on the Eastern England towns of [[Great Yarmouth]], [[Sheringham]], [[King's Lynn]], and the surrounding villages. In all, four people were killed, sixteen injured, and monetary damage was estimated at £7,740 (about US$36,000 at the time). German dirigibles also bombed [[Liepaja]] in Latvia on the Eastern Front in January, 1915.
\n
\nThere were a further nineteen raids in 1915, in which 37 tons of bombs were dropped, killing 181 people and injuring 455. Raids continued in 1916. London was accidentally bombed in May, and, in July, the Kaiser allowed directed raids against urban centers. There were 23 airship raids in 1916, in which 125 tons of ordnance were dropped, killing 293 people and injuring 691. Gradually British air defenses improved. In 1917 and 1918, there were only 11 Zeppelin raids against England, and the final raid occurred on August 5, 1918, which resulted in the death of KK [[Peter Strasser]], commander of the German Naval Airship Department.
\n
\nBy the end of the war, 51 raids had been undertaken, in which 5,806 bombs were dropped, killing 557 people and injuring 1,358. The Zeppelin raids were complemented by the [[Gotha G|Gotha]] bomber, which was the first heavier-than-air bomber to be used for strategic bombing. It has been argued that the raids were effective far beyond the material damage caused, in diverting and hampering wartime production, and diverting twelve squadrons and over 10,000 men to air defenses.
\n
\nThe French army on June 15, 1915 attacked the German town of [[Karlsruhe]], killing 29 civilians and wounding 58. Further raids followed until the Armistice in 1918. In a raid in the afternoon of June 22, 1916 the pilots used outdated maps and bombed the location of the abandoned railway station, where a [[circus]] tent was placed, killing 120 persons, most of them children.
\n
\nIn contrast, the British launched their own form of strategic bombing. At the start of the war, there were attacks by bombers of the [[Royal Navy Air Service]] (RNAS) against the Zeppelin production lines and their sheds at Cologne and Dusseldorf on September 22 and October 8, 1914. In late 1915, the order was given for attacks on German industrial targets and the 41st Wing was formed from units of the RNAS and [[Royal Flying Corps]]. The RNAS took to strategic bombing in bigger way than the RFC who were focussed on supporting the infantry actions of the Western Front. At first the RNAS attacked the German submarines in their moorings then steelworks further in targeting the origin of the submarines themselves.
\n
\nIn early 1918 they operated their "round the clock" bombing raid; with lighter bombs attacking the town of [[Trier]] by day and large [[Handley-Page O/400|HP O/400]]s attacking by night. In April 1918, the [[Independent Force, RAF|Independent Force]] was created, an expanded bombing group that by the end of the war had aircraft that could reach Berlin but were never used.
\n
\nFollowing the war, the concept of strategic bombing developed. The calculations which were performed on the number of dead to the weight of bombs dropped would have a profound effect on the attitudes of the British authorities and population in the interwar years, because as bombers became larger it was fully expected that deaths from aerial bombardment would approach those anticipated in the [[Cold War]] from the use of nuclear weapons. The fear of aerial attack on such a scale was one of the fundamental driving forces of British [[appeasement]] in the 1930s.
\n
\n===Period between the world wars===
\nIn the period between the two world wars, military thinkers from several nations advocated strategic bombing as the logical and obvious way to employ aircraft. Domestic political considerations saw to it that the British worked harder on the concept than most. The [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Flying Corps]] and [[Royal Naval Air Service]] of the Great War had been merged in 1918 to create a separate air force, which spent much of the following two decades fighting for survival in an environment of severe government spending constraints.
\n
\n[[Royal Air Force]] leaders, in particular Air Chief Marshal [[Hugh Trenchard]], believed the key to retaining their independence from the senior services was to lay stress on what they saw as the unique ability of a modern air force to win wars by unaided strategic bombing. As the speed and altitude of bombers increased in proportion to fighter aircraft, the prevailing strategic understanding became "[[the bomber will always get through]]." Although anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft had proved effective in the Great War, it was accepted there was little warring nations could do to prevent massive civilian casualties from strategic bombing. High civilian morale and retaliation in kind were seen as the only answers. (A later generation would revisit this, as [[Mutual Assured Destruction]].)
\n
\nIn Europe, the air power prophet General [[Giulio Douhet]] asserted the basic principle of strategic bombing was the offensive, and there was no defence against [[carpet bombing]] and [[poison gas]] attacks. Douhet's apocalyptic predictions found fertile soil in France, Germany, and the United States, where excerpts from his book ''The Command of the Air'' (1921) were published. These visions of cities laid waste by bombing also gripped the popular imagination and found expression in [[novel]]s such as Douhet's ''The War of 19--'' (1930) and [[H.G. Wells]]'s ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933) (filmed by [[Alexander Korda]] as ''[[Things to Come]]'' (1936)).
\n
\nDouhet's proposals were hugely influential amongst airforce enthusiasts, arguing as they did that the bombing air arm was the most important, powerful and invulnerable part of any military. He envisaged future wars as lasting a matter of a few weeks. While each opposing Army and Navy fought an inglorious holding campaign, the respective Air Forces would dismantle their enemies' country, and if one side did not rapidly surrender, both would be so weak after the first few days that the war would effectively cease. Fighter aircraft would be relegated to spotting patrols, but would be essentially powerless to resist the mighty bombers.
\n
\nIn support of this theory he argued for targeting of the civilian population as much as any military target, since a nation's morale was as important a resource as its weapons. Paradoxically, he suggested that this would actually reduce total casualties, since "The time would soon come when, to put an end to horror and suffering, the people themselves, driven by the instinct of self-preservation, would rise up and demand an end to the war...". As a result of Douhet's proposals airforces allocated greater resources to their bomber squadrons than to their fighters, and the 'dashing young pilots' promoted in propaganda of the time were invariably bomber pilots.
\n
\nPre-war planners, on the whole, vastly overestimated the damage bombers could do, and underestimated the resilience of civilian populations. The speed and altitude of modern bombers, and the difficulty of hitting a target while under attack from improved ground fire and fighters which had yet to be built was not appreciated. Jingoistic national pride played a major role: for example, at a time when Germany was still disarmed and France was Britain's only European rival, Trenchard boasted, "the French in a bombing duel would probably squeal before we did".<ref>Johnson, ''History of Air Fighting''.</ref> At the time, the expectation was any new war would be brief and very savage. A British Cabinet planning document in 1938 predicted that, if war with Germany broke out, 35% of British homes would be hit by bombs in the first three weeks. (This type of expectation should be kept in mind when considering the conduct of the European leaders who [[appeasement|appeased]] [[Hitler]] in the late 1930s.)<ref>Johnson, ''History of Air Fighting''.</ref>
\n
\nDouhet's theories were tested at [[bombing of Guernica|Guernica]] and [[Guangzhou]], which produced international outrage, but not the surrender of the nation that was bombed. They were more successful in [[Mesopotamia]] (modern-day [[Iraq]]) where RAF bombers used conventional bombs, gas bombs, and strafed civilian populations identified as engaging in guerrilla uprisings. [[Arthur Travers Harris|Arthur Harris]], a young RAF squadron commander (later nicknamed [[List of military figures by nickname#B|"Bomber")]], reported after a mission in 1924, "The Arab and Kurd now know what real bombing means, in casualties and damage. They know that within 45 minutes a full-sized village can be practically wiped out and a third of its inhabitants killed or injured."<ref>Omissi, David. ''Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939''. Manchester University Press, 1990. ISBN 0719029600</ref> Bombing as a military strategy proved to be an effective and efficient way for the British to police their [[Middle East]] protectorates in the 1920s. Fewer men were required as compared to ground forces.<ref>Omissi, David. ''Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939''. Manchester University Press, 1990. ISBN 0719029600</ref>
\n
\n===World War II===
\n{{main|Strategic bombing during World War II}}
\n[[Image:WWII Schweinfurt Raid.jpg|thumb|right|1943 [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] raid on [[ball bearing]] works at [[Schweinfurt]], Germany]]
\n
\n
\n[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-050-31, Berlin, Opfer eines Luftangriffes.jpg|thumb|right|Victims of a September 1944 raid on [[Berlin]].]]
\n
\nThe strategic bombing conducted in World War II was unlike anything the world had seen before. The campaigns conducted in Europe, in [[Bombing of Chongqing| China]] and at the end of the war over Japan, could involve thousands of aircraft dropping tens of thousands of tons of [[munitions]] over a single city.
\n
\nStrategic-bombing campaigns were conducted in Europe and Asia. The Germans and Japanese made use of mostly twin-engined bombers with a payload generally less than 5000 pounds, and never produced larger craft to any great extent. By comparison, the British and Americans (who started the war with predominantly similarly-sized bombers) developed their strategic force based upon much larger four-engined bombers for their strategic campaigns. The payload carried by these planes ranged from 2.7 tons for the [[B-17 Flying Fortress]], to 8 tons for the [[Avro Lancaster]] and 9 tons for the [[B-29 Superfortress]], with some specialty aircraft, such as the 'Special B' Avro Lancaster carrying an 11-ton (9,979 kg) [[Grand Slam bomb]].
\n
\nDuring the first year of the war in Europe, strategic bombing was developed through trial and error. The ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' had been attacking both civilian and military targets from the very first day of the war, when Germany [[invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. A strategic-bombing campaign was launched to break British morale and achieve a peace agreement after the ''Luftwaffe'' proved unable to defeat the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] in the air, and the proposed invasion of Great Britain had to be indefinitely postponed.
\n
\nInitially, the raids took place in daylight, then changed to night bombing attacks when losses became unsustainable. The RAF, initially espousing a precision-bombing doctrine, also switched to night bombing due to excessive losses. After the [[Butt Report]] (released in September, 1941) proved the inadequacy of [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] training and equipment to carry it out, the RAF adopted an area-attack strategy, attempting to break German civilian morale.
\n
\nThe [[United States Army Air Forces]] adopted a policy of daylight precision bombing for greater accuracy as, for example, during the [[Schweinfurt]] raids. That doctrine, which included the fallacious theory that bombers could adequately defend themselves against air attack with their own armament, entailed much higher American losses until long-range fighter escorts became available.
\n
\nStrategic bombing was initially a way of taking the war into Europe while Allied ground forces were no closer to fighting Germans there than North Africa. Between them, the Allied air forces claimed to be able to bomb around the clock. In fact, few targets were ever hit by British and American forces the same day, the strategic isolation of Normandy on [[D-Day]] and the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|the bombing of Dresden]] in February, 1945 being exceptions rather than the rule. There were generally no coordinated plans for "around the clock" bombing of any target.
\n
\nEven single missions have been considered to constitute strategic bombing. The British bombing of [[Peenemünde]] was such an event, as was the bombing of the Ruhr dams. The Peenemünde mission delayed Nazi Germany's [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] program enough it did not become a factor in the outcome of the war.
\n
\nStrategic bombing in Europe never reached the decisive completeness the American campaign against Japan achieved, helped in part by the fragility of [[Housing in Japan|Japanese housing]], which was particularly vulnerable to [[firebombing]] through the use of [[incendiary bomb]]s. The destruction of German [[infrastructure]] became apparent, but the Allied campaign against Germany only really succeeded when the Allies began targeting oil refineries and transportation in the last year of the war. At the same time, strategic bombing of Germany was used as a morale booster for the Allies in the period before the land war resumed in Western Europe.
\n
\nIf the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] and the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] frequently used strategic bombing over large Chinese cities such as [[battle of Shanghai|Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Nanjing]], and [[bombing of Chongqing|Chongqing]], in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theatre]], organized strategic bombing on a large scale by the Japanese seldom occurred. The Japanese military in most places advanced quickly enough that a strategic bombing campaign was unnecessary. In those places where it was required, the smaller Japanese bombers (in comparison to British and American types) did not carry a bombload sufficient to inflict the sort of damage regularly occurring at that point in the war in Europe, or later in Japan.
\n
\nThe development of the B-29 gave the United States a bomber with sufficient range to reach the Japanese Home Islands from the safety of American bases in the Pacific or Western China. The capture of the Japanese island of [[Iwo Jima]] further enhanced the capabilities that the Americans possessed in their strategic bombing campaign. Conventional bombs and [[incendiary bomb]]s were used against Japan to devastating effect.
\n
\n===Cold War===
\n[[Nuclear weapon]]s defined strategic bombing during the [[Cold War]]. The age of the massive strategic bombing campaign had come to an end. It was replaced by more devastating attacks using improved sighting and weapons technology. Strategic bombing by the [[Great Powers]] also became politically indefensible. The political fallout resulting from the destruction being broadcast on the [[evening news]] ended more than one strategic bombing campaign.
\n
\nIn the Vietnam war, the strategic bombing of North Vietnam in [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] could have been more extensive, but fear by the [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson Administration]] of the entry of China into the war (and misapprehension of the nature and technique of strategic bombing) led to restrictions on the selection of targets, as well as only a gradual escalation of intensity.
\n
\nThe aim of the bombing campaign was to demoralize the North Vietnamese, damage their economy, and reduce their capacity to support the war in the hope that they would negotiate for peace, but it failed to have those effects. The [[Richard Nixon|Nixon Administration]] continued this sort of limited strategic bombing during the two [[Operation Linebacker]] campaigns. Images such as that of [[Kim Phuc Phan Thi]] (although this incident was the result of [[close air support]] rather than strategic bombing) disturbed the American public enough to demand a stop to the campaign.
\n
\nDue to this, and the ineffectiveness of [[carpet bombing]] (partly because of a lack of identifiable targets), new precision weapons were developed. The new weapons allowed more effective and efficient bombing with reduced [[civilian]] casualties. High civilian casualties had always been the [[hallmark]] of strategic bombing, but later in the Cold War, this began to change.
\n
\nThe [[Israeli Air Force]] used strategic bombing during its brief but intense wars with its neighbors during the [[Six Day War|Six Day]] and [[Yom Kippur War|Yom Kippur]] wars. Strategic bombing was entering a new phase of high-intensity attacks, specifically targeting [[factory|factories]] taking years and millions of dollars to build.
\n
\n===Post-Cold War===
\nStrategic bombing in the post-Cold War era is defined by American advances in and the use of [[smart munitions]]. Beginning with the [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]], and then more frequently in the [[Kosovo War]] and the initial phases of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 Invasion of Iraq]], strategic bombing campaigns were notable for the heavy use of precision weaponry by those countries that possessed them. Although bombing campaigns were still strategic in their aims, the widespread area bombing tactics of World War II had mostly disappeared. This led to significantly fewer civilian casualties associated with previous bombing campaigns, though it has not brought about a complete end to civilian deaths or collateral property damage.
\n
\nAdditionally, strategic bombing via smart munitions is now possible through the use of aircraft that have been considered traditionally tactical in nature such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] or [[F-15E Strike Eagle]], which had been used during [[Operation Desert Storm]], [[Operation Allied Force]], [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] and [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] to destroy targets that would have required large formations of strategic bombers during WWII.
\n
\nSome people refer to such pinpoint destruction of strategic, logistical or communications/command targets as "strategic '''interdiction'''" in order to distinguish from the large concentrated use of conventional or nuclear weapons against highly concentrated [[terror bombing|population centers]] or industrial targets, which is what "strategic bombing" had traditionally connoted during WWII and the Cold War. That said, such bombing still may have a place, as evidenced during the [[2008 South Ossetia war]] when Russian aircraft attacked the shipbuilding center of [[Poti]].<ref>Earl Tilford. [http://www.urbantulsa.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A24888 Russia's Georgia Take-Down: Implications for Russia and America]]</ref>
\n
\n==Technological advances==
\nWith the advent of [[precision-guided munition]]s, many feel that strategic bombing has once again become a viable military strategy. Exactly how precise precision munitions are is still open to question. However, others predict that 21st century warfare will more often be [[asymmetrical warfare|asymmetrical]], and therefore viable strategic bombing options may not exist.
\n
\nA further question is raised when some see the blurring of strategic and tactical targets and missions, particularly when tactical aircraft are frequently used to carry out strikes on targets with significant strategic importance as a result of technological advances in aircraft design and munition guidance and penetration. For example, tactical strike aircraft such as [[F-16s]] were frequently used to destroy command and communications bunkers during [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] while large "strategic" bombers such as the [[B-1 Lancer|B-1]] and [[B-52]] were frequently used to provide sustained close air support at high altitude during [[Operation Enduring Freedom]].
\n
\n==Strategic bombing events==
\nAmong the controversial instances of strategic bombing (and it should be noted that there is still significant controversy over whether all of these events even constitute strategic bombing, as opposed to other forms, such as terror bombing) are:
\n{{col-begin}}
\n{{col-2}}
\n* Strategic bombing of "uncivilized tribes" during the British [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] of [[Iraq]]
\n* [[Spanish Civil War]]
\n** The [[Bombing of Guernica]]: the first aerial bombardment in history in which a civilian population was targeted with the apparent intent of producing civilian casualties.
\n* World War II
\n** The Japanese [[battle of Wuhan|bombing of Wuhan]]
\n** The Japanese [[bombing of Chongqing]]
\n** The Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]
\n** The German bombing of [[Warsaw]]
\n** The German [[Rotterdam Blitz|bombing of Rotterdam]]
\n** German attacks on the UK during [[The Blitz]] and afterwards, through the V-1 and V-2 attacks in the last year of the war.
\n** The German bombing of [[Belgrade]]
\n** The German bombing of Moscow.
\n** Allied [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|bombing of Hamburg]]
\n** Allied [[Bombing of Berlin in World War II|bombing of Berlin]]
\n** Allied [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|bombing of Dresden]]
\n** Allied bombing of [[Milan]].
\n** United States [[Doolittle Raid|bombing of Tokyo]]
\n** United States [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|bombing of Tokyo]]
\n** United States [[Bombing of Kobe in World War II|bombing of Kobe]]
\n** United States [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
\n{{col-2}}
\n* [[Vietnam War]]
\n** United States bombing of the [[Ho Chi Minh Trail]]
\n** United States bombing of [[Hanoi]]
\n** United States bombing of [[Cambodia]]
\n* [[Gulf War]] (1990-1991)
\n* [[Yugoslav Wars]] (1991-1999)
\n** [[NATO bombing of Republika Srpska]] (1995) (Operation Deliberate Force)
\n** [[Kosovo War]] (1999)
\n*** [[NATO]] bombing of industry and other civilian infrastructure in [[Serbia]]. Examples include the [[NATO Bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade|bombing of the Chinese embassy]] in [[Belgrade]] (claimed to have been done by mistake) and the deliberate bombing of the main [[Television|TV]] center in [[Belgrade]].
\n* [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq War]] (2003)
\n** Precision [[laser]] and [[GPS]] guided bombs were used extensively, not only to damage and destroy [[Saddam Hussein]]'s army but also to damage infrastructure such as communications, utilities, and various government buildings. The campaign moved into [[asymmetric warfare]] once strategic targets no longer existed or were not viable targets.
\n{{col-end}}
\n
\n==Pioneers of strategic bombing==
\n* [[Henry H. Arnold|Henry H. "Hap" Arnold]], [[United States Army Air Force|USAAF]]
\n* [[Giulio Douhet]], [[Regia Aeronautica]] (Italy)
\n* [[Arthur Travers Harris|Arthur "Bomber" Harris]], [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]
\n* [[Curtis LeMay]], [[United States Army Air Force|USAAF]]
\n* [[Billy Mitchell]], [[U.S. Army Air Corps|USAAC]]
\n* [[Carl Spaatz]], [[United States Army Air Force|USAAF]]
\n* [[Hugh Trenchard]], [[Royal Air Force|RAF]]
\n
\n== See also ==
\n
\n{{col-begin}}
\n{{col-2}}
\n*[[Air raid shelter]]
\n*[[Air raid siren]]
\n*[[Air raid precautions]]
\n*[[Airstrike]]
\n*[[Aerial bomb]]
\n*[[Aerial bombing]]
\n*[[Aerial bombing of cities]]
\n*[[Area bombardment]]
\n*[[Bomber Mafia]]
\n{{col-2}}
\n{{commonscat|Strategic bombing}}
\n*[[Carpet bombing]]
\n*[[Civilian deaths by aerial bombing]]
\n*[[Firebombing]]
\n*[[Strategic Air Command]] (USA)
\n*[[Strategic Bombardment in the Kosovo War]]
\n*[[Strategic bombing civilian casualties]]
\n*[[Strategic Bombing Survey]]
\n*[[Tactical bombing]]
\n*[[Terror bombing]]
\n*[[Warden's Five Rings]]
\n{{col-end}}
\n
\n==Notes==
\n;Footnotes
\n{{reflist|group=nb}}
\n
\n;Citations
\n{{reflist}}
\n
\n==References==
\n{{refbegin}}
\n*Algo, John (1993). ''Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941-1991'', American Dialect Society, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521449717
\n*Axinn, Sidney (2008). A Moral Military'',Temple University Press, ISBN 9781592139583
\n*Brower, Charles F. (1998). ''World War II in Europe: the final year'', Roosevelt Study Center,, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312211332
\n*Hessel, Peter (2006). ''The Mystery of Frankenberg's Canadian Airman'', James Lorimer & Company, ISBN 9781550288841
\n*Kochavi, Arieh J. (2005). ''Confronting captivity: Britain and the United States and their POWs in Nazi Germany'', UNC Press, ISBN 9780807829400
\n*Myrdal, Alva (1977). ''The game of disarmament'' Manchester University Press ND, ISBN 9780719006937.
\n*Overy, R. J. (2005). ''The air war, 1939-1945'', Brassey's, ISBN 9781574887167.
\n*Fritz, G. Stephen (2004). ''Endkampf: soldiers, civilians, and the death of the Third Reich'', University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 9780813123257
\n*Taylor, Frederick (2005). ''Dresden: Tuesday 13 February 1945''. London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 0-7475-7084-1
\n{{refend}}
\n
\n==Further reading==
\n* Spaight. James M. [http://www.archive.org/details/BombingVindicated''"Bombing Vindicated"''] G. Bles, 1944. ASIN: B0007IVW7K (Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry) (U.K)
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\n[[Category:Military strategy]]
\n[[Category:Military doctrines]]
\n[[Category:Strategic bombing]]
\n[[Category:Aerial warfare strategy]]
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",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:19:50+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Strategic_bombing"
},
{
"title": "Civilian casualties of strategic bombing",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing&diff=326854745",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing&diff=326854745",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with 'B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti, Romania, during [[Operation Tidal...'
\n
\n[[Image:070802-F-1234S-006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |coauthors=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>]]
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! City
\n! Date
\n! Low estimates
\n! High estimates
\n! Attacking force
\n! Notes
\n|-
\n| Dresden
\n| 13/02/1945 to 15/02/1945
\n| 25,000
\n| 35,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref name = "Bergander Dresden">Bergander, Götz. ''Dresden im Luftkrieg: Vorgeschichte-Zerstörung-Folgen''.</ref><ref name=EvansFalsification>Evans, Richard J. [http://www.holocaustdenialontrial.org/evidence/evans005.asp#5.2d The Bombing of Dresden in 1945: Falsification of statistics].</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hamburg
\n| July 1943
\n| 50,000
\n| 50,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref>{{cite journal |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |authorlink=Freeman Dyson |title=Part I: A Failure of Intelligence |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/17724/page5/ |journal=Technology Review |accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hiroshima
\n| 06/08/1945
\n| 90,000
\n| 140,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| First atomic bomb used in war<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/fire.html |title= Firebombing Japan |publisher= darkchilde@bookmice.net |accessdate= 2008-04-16}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Nagasaki
\n| 09/08/1945
\n| 73,884
\n| 80,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Plutonium bomb <ref> Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) report to the National Academies of Science, 2007 </ref>
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]]
\n* [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II]]
\n* [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
\n* [[The Blitz]]
\n* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n===Notes===
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:31:16+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing"
},
{
"title": "Strategic bombing civilian casualties",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326854918",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties&diff=326854918",
"description": "Gregology: ←Redirected page to Civilian casualties of strategic bombing
\n
\n#REDIRECT [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:32:21+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Strategic_bombing_civilian_casualties"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Amsaim",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Amsaim&diff=326855278",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Amsaim&diff=326855278",
"description": "Gregology: /* Reply */
\n
\n== Re:Your email ==
\nHi- that is odd! I can only assume it is a feature available on the German Wikipedia to allow translated articles to be completely GFDL compliant (see [[Wikipedia:Copyrights]]). I'm not aware of any similar feature on the English Wikipedia, so I think your best bet would be to ask for help over there. Sorry I couldn't be of more help, but I only really know about the English Wikipedia and Commons. [[User:J Milburn|J Milburn]] ([[User talk:J Milburn|talk]]) 19:54, 6 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::Apparently this seems to be common practice on the german page, because there are [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okmulgee&action=history other articles on german wikipedia] that have the entire version history of the original english article. A bit odd though. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 20:00, 6 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::I'm sorry, I deleted it without opening it because I didn't recognize your name, and assumed it was spam (of which I get a lot at that address). Can you send it again? Thanks. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 17:00, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::Could you send it again? I don't think I received it. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 22:06, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== OTRS ==
\nDone. [[User:J Milburn|J Milburn]] ([[User talk:J Milburn|talk]]) 17:15, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:Thanks very much. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 17:43, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Done ==
\n
\nIt's up at [[:sv:Genevieve Nnaji]]. Just a quick-n-dirty, but it should do the trick. I retired from Swedish Wikipedia a while ago, so I haven't done English-Swedish translations in quite a while. I thought I'd make an exception for your request since I assume that the Nigerian film industry isn't exactly over-represented on sv.wiki.
\n
\n[[User:Peter Isotalo|Peter]] <sup>[[User talk:Peter Isotalo|Isotalo]]</sup> 17:02, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::Thanks very much for the nice translation. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 17:06, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Re: proofreading ==
\n
\nDone. I made several rather minor corrections. [[User:GregorB|GregorB]] ([[User talk:GregorB|talk]]) 19:23, 23 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::Thanks very much for the corrections. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 20:47, 23 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Re: Port Harcourt article vandalized==
\n{{Talkback|Phantomsteve|Port Harcourt article vandalized|ts=07:19, 25 September 2009 (UTC)}}
\n
\n== Reply ==
\n
\nYou might want to complain at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]]. --[[User:BorgQueen|BorgQueen]] ([[User talk:BorgQueen|talk]]) 20:15, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:Thanks for the advice. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 20:20, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nHello Amsaim, I have created a new name for [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]. Thanks for your help [[User:Gregology|Gregology]] ([[User talk:Gregology|talk]]) 02:34, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Email ==
\n
\nResponded. Don't worry too much though. -- [[User:Ricky81682|Ricky81682]] ([[User talk:Ricky81682|talk]]) 21:06, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Stephanie Okereke]] ==
\n
\nOn a more positive note, nice job with [[Stephanie Okereke]]! You know, a few hundred more characters and I think it would be eligible for a [[Wikipedia:DYK#Selection_criteria|Did you know]]. The front page publicity would bring some eyes. =) -- [[User:Ricky81682|Ricky81682]] ([[User talk:Ricky81682|talk]]) 21:14, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:Thanks very much, Ricky. The article is by far not complete, as I've just created it a few days ago. There's still stuff to write about the actresses' additional awards and nominations, her work as a director and the car accident she had in 2005. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 21:22, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Greek Wikipedia==
\nYou have to deal with one of the administrators of the Greek Wikipedia, my administrator rights only work on the english wikipedia . '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 19:29, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:ok. thnx for reply. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 19:35, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Hello ==
\nHello, Amsaim. I hope you are member me pretty well. You told me through mail that whenever I need your favor you'll be more than willing to help me out with it, isn't? Hope yes. Now, I'm begging you to write the article about [[Swahili Wikipedia]] at there on the German Wikipedia. Would you be so kind to help me for that? Yours,--<sub>'''[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]]</sub><sup>([[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|Longa]])</sup> 04:43, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
\n::{{Done}}. See the article [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Enzyklop%C3%A4die/Swahili-Wikipedia here] [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 09:38, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::Thanks for the superb article. I've seen it. It's pretty much good. Thank you again and welcome again to the Swahili Wikipedia!--<sub>'''[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]]</sub><sup>([[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|Longa]])</sup> 10:19, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::Hello, Amsaim. Yes, brother, I've created that list for the sake of our friendship. Also, I expect to translate a whole list of the Nigerians actors/actresses and it would be better if you help me for the sources. What you said is good, though it seemed to be pretty hard for me to look for all those sources. If you can me help to check for them, I will be more than willing to create a large number of the articles about Nigerians actors. Yours,--<sub>'''[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]]</sub><sup>([[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|Longa]])</sup> 06:32, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::Hi MuddyB. Most wikipedia articles of nigerian prominent personalities are unsourced, written like an advert, do not follow wikipedia quality standards and do not have pictures in them. There are hardly any reliable verifiable third party sources available. This is why I have decided not to update most of the wiki articles of Nollywood actresses/actors. Those that I have updated had enough reliable sources that I could use as reference. For example, [[Pete Edochie]] is one of the most famous and successful nigerian nollywood actors. He has been acting since the 1970s, and is still very active in Nollywood. But there are no reliable sources available, not even his date of birth. This is why I will bypass his article until reliable sources are found. The article of [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] is written like an advert, it has multiple issues, needs to be wikified, and has no sources. This again is why I bypassed it. The majority of Nollywood articles were created several years ago, when wikipedia obvously did not have strict rules like today, because if these articles would have been created today, they would surely be tagged for speedy deletion. Anybody who translates a tagged article is not doing wikipedia a favour, because in doing so all the mistakes, all the errors, and the low quality of that tagged article will be transfered to the new wiki of the translated language. So, in a nutshell,I will stick to those articles that have enough reliable sources, and I will also create new ones. Thanks very mucn for your assistance. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 08:36, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::Sighs. As a matter of fact, it's not an easy job at all. Nevertheless, we'll try our best. Cheers.--<sub>'''[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]]</sub><sup>([[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|Longa]])</sup> 08:47, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Talkback ==
\n
\n{{talkback|LouriePieterse|Email|ts=20:03, 6 October 2009 (UTC)}}
\n'''<font color="#003366">[[User:LouriePieterse|Lourie]]</font><font color="#1A4F85">[[User talk:LouriePieterse|Pieterse]]</font>''' 20:03, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n{{talkback|Arakunem}}[[User:Arakunem|<b>Arakunem</b>]][[User talk:Arakunem|<small><sup>Talk</sup></small>]] 22:33, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== DYK for Stephanie Okereke ==
\n
\n
\n{| class="messagebox standard-talk"
\n|-
\n|[[Image:Updated DYK query.svg|15px|Updated DYK query]]
\n|On [[Wikipedia:Recent_additions#October 11 2009|October 11, 2009]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know?]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Stephanie Okereke]]''''', which you created or substantially expanded. You are welcome to check how many hits your article got while on the front page <sub>([[User:Rjanag/Pageview stats|here's how]])</sub> and add it to [[WP:DYKSTATS|DYKSTATS]] if it got over 5,000. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|Did you know? talk page]].
\n|} [[User:JamieS93|<font style="color:#4682b4">'''Jamie'''</font>]]'''[[User talk:JamieS93|<font style="color:#50C878">S93</font>]]''' 15:28, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:Hi Jamie. thanks for the info. Is there any way to get the picture which I included in my DYK nomination to appear next to the article on the main page? [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 15:54, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:: Well, at DYK we get a lot of hook suggestions that have images associated with them (almost half of the [[T:TDYK]] entries have images, I'd say). Since we can only have 1 image per 7 or 8 hooks, a lot of the suggested images are simply not used. And for each set of hooks, a DYK reviewer tries to pick a picture that's interesting, non-redundant, and easily visible as a thumbnail picture. So, while it could theoretically be changed, once the hooks are on the main page, the arrangement is usually not altered much (unless there turns out to be an issue with the image, like a copyright violation). Hope that helps, [[User:JamieS93|<font style="color:#4682b4">'''Jamie'''</font>]]'''[[User talk:JamieS93|<font style="color:#50C878">S93</font>]]''' 16:05, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:::thanks very much for the info. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 16:11, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Redirect==
\nTake a look at it now - that work? --<font face="Old English Text MT">[[User:Ser Amantio di Nicolao|Ser Amantio di Nicolao]]</font><sup>[[User_talk:Ser Amantio di Nicolao|''Che dicono a Signa?'']]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Ser Amantio di Nicolao|'''Lo dicono a Signa.''']]</sub> 00:20, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
\n: thank you, it's now working. but how about the redirect to the [[Through Glass]] article? They had the redirect pointed to the song's article (which imo is wrong, because "Through Glass" is not the same as "Through the glass"). Won't the editors of the "Through Glass" song disagree with the new redirect, even though this redirect is correct? [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 00:23, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
\n::I don't know - likely not, honestly, since the current redirect makes more sense. --<font face="Old English Text MT">[[User:Ser Amantio di Nicolao|Ser Amantio di Nicolao]]</font><sup>[[User_talk:Ser Amantio di Nicolao|''Che dicono a Signa?'']]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Ser Amantio di Nicolao|'''Lo dicono a Signa.''']]</sub> 00:25, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
\n::: I agree, this redirect makes more sense. thank you for your assistance. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 00:26, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nSorry I was offline when you stopped by - please let me know if I can help out with anything else. Best, [[User:Ultraexactzz|UltraExactZZ]] <sup> [[User_talk:Ultraexactzz|Claims]] </sup>~<small> [[Special:Contributions/Ultraexactzz|Evidence]] </small> 12:38, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:thanks, will do so when something pops up :) [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 13:09, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Infobox==
\nYes you have the right idea. To go live is just to move (rename) to {{tl|Infobox African Moview Awards}} (plus the /doc and discusssion page)...
\n
\nHowever I can then see an infobox being created for each separate award in [[:Category:Film awards]] of which there are an awful lot, better would be a universal {{tl|Infobox Movie Award}} taking a new parameter of '''award''' to specify each award and no one then needs reinvent the wheel :-)
\n
\nHence:
\n{{Wikipedia:List of infoboxes/Proposed/Infobox Movie Awards
\n| award = African Movie Academy Awards
\n| name = 2006
\n| image =
\n| caption =
\n| date =
\n| site =
\n| host =
\n| producer =
\n| director =
\n| organizer =
\n| best_picture =
\n| most_wins =
\n| most_nominations =
\n| next = 2007
\n}}
\n<pre>{{Wikipedia:List of infoboxes/Proposed/Infobox Movie Awards
\n| award = African Movie Academy Awards
\n| name = 2006
\n| image =
\n| caption =
\n| date =
\n| site =
\n| host =
\n| producer =
\n| director =
\n| organizer =
\n| best_picture =
\n| most_wins =
\n| most_nominations =
\n| next = 2007
\n}}
\n</pre>
\n
\n
\nand
\n{{Wikipedia:List of infoboxes/Proposed/Infobox Movie Awards
\n| award = Academy Awards
\n| name = 75th
\n| image =
\n| caption =
\n| date =
\n| site =
\n| host =
\n| producer =
\n| director =
\n| organizer =
\n| best_picture =
\n| most_wins =
\n| most_nominations =
\n| next = 79th
\n}}
\n<pre>
\n{{Wikipedia:List of infoboxes/Proposed/Infobox Movie Awards
\n| award = Academy Awards
\n| name = 75th
\n| image =
\n| caption =
\n| date =
\n| site =
\n| host =
\n| producer =
\n| director =
\n| organizer =
\n| best_picture =
\n| most_wins =
\n| most_nominations =
\n| next = 79th
\n}}
\n</pre>
\n
\nI'll notify the folks at [[WP:FILM]] project to see what else might be acheived. [[User:Davidruben|David Ruben]] <sup> [[User talk:Davidruben|Talk]] </sup> 01:17, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
\n::Thanks for your assistance. However, imo an individual infobox for the african movie academy awards is required, as this is the only major international film awards in Africa. A general movie award box just doesn't serve the purpose. if this were so, then wiki-editors wouldn't have created an individual award infobox for e.g. the emmies, golden globe, academy awards etc.
\n::the infobox which you have created is good, and can be used by all other non-international, local movie awards, however for the amaa awards (which is attended by all 53 african countries) an individual one is required. thanks. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 01:23, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::See [[WT:FILM#More universal Award infoboxes]], need to expand wikipedia out from US-centric (or UK-centric for that matter), so good on you :-) [[User:Davidruben|David Ruben]] <sup> [[User talk:Davidruben|Talk]] </sup> 01:39, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Your requests ==
\n
\nSorry I didn't get to your requests, I have been busy in real life lately and haven't had as much time on Wikipedia as I would like. If you still need help with them, send me an e-mail and I'll try to get to it shortly. --''[[User:Philosopher|Philosopher]]'' <sup>[[User talk:Philosopher|Let us reason together.]]</sup> 22:44, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:thanx for your reply. In the meanwhile I've been able to create the template myself :) [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 00:14, 23 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Surulere]] ==
\n
\nHello -
\nthought I was clear on the edit summary of this move. I will be creating page on [[Surulere, Oyo State]] within a few days and will provide necessary dab page when this is done. Regards ([[User:Crusoe8181|Crusoe8181]] ([[User talk:Crusoe8181|talk]]) 10:20, 23 October 2009 (UTC)).
\n:very good idea to create that article. wikipedia has too few african-related articles and so any new africa related article is very welcomed. thanks and best regards. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 11:39, 23 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Unsourced Information==
\nUnfortunately, I'm not in a position to check refs at the moment; you might consider the [[WP:RS/N|Reliable Sources noticeboard]], the [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|The No original research Noticeboard]], or [[WP:RFPP|Requests for Page Protection]]. Since the edits stopped a few hours ago, protection might be premature - but they will be able to assist. Best, [[User:Ultraexactzz|UltraExactZZ]] <sup> [[User_talk:Ultraexactzz|Claims]] </sup>~<small> [[Special:Contributions/Ultraexactzz|Evidence]] </small> 15:06, 26 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:yes, the ip-edits stopped, because they successfully added their own unsourced information. if I am now to removed all the unsourced info, the ip-edits most probably will start again, in clear violation of [[WP:V]]. thanks for the info with the noticeboards. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 15:33, 26 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Surulere, Lagos State]] ==
\n
\nThe editor seems to have stopped (actually, moved onto [[Lagos]]) but I'm really not sure about your overreaction. The edits [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surulere,_Lagos_State&diff=322150726&oldid=322041677 reverted] aren't malicious, just newbie edits (what's the local municipality, what stadiums are there), and given the difficulty of finding editors willing to work on small Nigerian cities, I think it would be more productive if we actually tell them that we need sources on their talk page, rather than via edit summaries they aren't likely to read. I'm more concerned about [[WP:BITE]] and driving away a possible new editor rather than having a bit of news like "this stadium is in the city" unsourced. -- [[User:Ricky81682|Ricky81682]] ([[User talk:Ricky81682|talk]]) 04:08, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:Ricky, the edits are IP-edits, and when you compare the two edits [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surulere,_Lagos_State&diff=321957972&oldid=321612720 here] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surulere%2C_Lagos_State&action=historysubmit&diff=322039344&oldid=321971712 here], you'll see that the IPs are different but the edits are one and the same, thus indicating a dynamic IP address. I left the [[WP:V]] in the edit summary simply because to me it doesnt make sense leaving messages on talk pages of dynamic IP-address. how effective is it leaving a message on a talk page of a dynamic IP address, when you know that the message most likely won't be read by the editor? My concern is to keep unsourced data out of wikipedia articles. When you look at the majority of nigeria-related articles (especially nigerian BLPs) you'll see that these articles contain loads of unsourced data which was added months/years back. when you now further trace the exact date when the unsourced information was added, you'll see that it was usually added via an IP-edit and remained there unchallenged ever since.
\n:btw Ricky, Surulere is a residential area within [[Lagos]], and has about 3 millions inhabitants :). cheers. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 10:14, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== After deprodding, AfD is next step ==
\n
\nI have removed the {{tl|prod}} tag from [[How to Orginize a Club and get it Prosper and to Stay Stable]], which you proposed for deletion, because its deletion has previously been contested or viewed as controversial. [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] is not for controversial deletions. For this reason, it is best not to propose deletion of articles that have previously been de-{{tl|prod}}ed, even by the article creator, or which have previously been listed on [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion]]. If you still think the article should be deleted, please don't add the {{tl|prod}} template back to the article, but feel free to list it at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion]]. Thanks! <!-- [[Template:Deprod-reprod]] -->
\n—'''[[User:C.Fred|C.Fred]]''' ([[User_talk:C.Fred|talk]]) 17:51, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:according to the text in the prod-template, one can only remove that template if a valid reason is given or if the article has been improved. you have done none of these. apart from this, in the light of all the articles deleted (e.g. BLP articles) trying to keep this gibberish article makes one to seriously wonder. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 17:53, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
\n::No. "You may remove this [prod] message if you improve the article or otherwise object to deletion for any reason." Zalar objected to the deletion and removed the tag. I removed the tag because you may not retag a contested deletion. (Prod is a streamlined approach to AfD for uncontested deletion - which, with Zalar's objections, this is not.)
\n::The article is also not [[WP:Patent nonsense|patent nonsense]]. It is, however...let's call it unsalvageable. It does not fit into a speedy deletion category. However, I think this is a case to [[WP:IAR|ignore all rules]] and remove it from mainspace. I've put a copy in Zalar's userspace (50/50 it's a school assignment). A redirect exists at the moment in mainspace, but it's subject to speedy deletion. —'''[[User:C.Fred|C.Fred]]''' ([[User_talk:C.Fred|talk]]) 17:59, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:::that's a good move there :) patent nonsense, at first, seemed like an appropriate tag, given the fact that I use Twinkle, however, reading through [[WP:PN]] I now get the idea.
\n:::So, a user can object without stating any reasons, and his objection is made known via removal of the tag? I'm asking to know, not to argue, cause I'm new to speedy-deletion tags. thnx for the info with AfD. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 18:13, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
\n::::'''Speedy deletion''' is exactly what it sounds like: deletion for some reason that requires quick action (G12, copyright violation; G10, attack pages) or where there's a strong reason not to keep the page around (G11, spam; A3, empty pages; A7, non-notable people/groups/companies (to prevent what amounts to shameless promotion, even though it isn't spam)). There are stringent guidelines for what can be deleted under the criteria for speedy deletion. In the case of this article, when I removed a speedy tag, my edit summary read something like "decline speedy - does not meet [[WP:PN]] definition". In the case of speedy deletion, the page's creator may not remove the speedy deletion tag, though he may add {{[[Template:hangon|hangon]]}}.
\n::::'''AfD''' is a discussion process where the case for deleting the article is presented (usually some combination of lack of notability and verifiability, but there can be other reasons) and discussed by editors. After a week (or more), an administrator otherwise not involved in the process gauges what consensus is (or that there isn't consensus) and closes the discussion. If consensus is to delete the article, the admin does that also.
\n::::'''Prod''' is for situations where it appears obvious that nobody will object to deletion. If ''anybody'' contests the deletion, including the page's creation, the proposed deletion fails. Prod also fails by definition if the page was previously under deletion discussion at AfD or previously deleted as a result of an expired prod. If nobody objects and seven days pass, the page is deleted by an admin. So, it's streamlined AfD, in a way; if prod fails, the person prodding the article will usually nominate it for deletion via AfD. —'''[[User:C.Fred|C.Fred]]''' ([[User_talk:C.Fred|talk]]) 18:22, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::thanks very much for the info. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 18:36, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Franklin Pierce==
\n
\nWhy did you revert my edits on his page? He was the first President to be born in the 19th century, not the second. See [[List of United States Presidents by date of birth]]. [[User:Aquila89|Aquila89]] ([[User talk:Aquila89|talk]]) 21:56, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
\n:According to wikipedia rules of adding content into articles, especially BLP articles, all added content must be [[WP:V|verifiable]], must be from [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources |reliable sources]] with the appropriate [[WP:CS|citations]]. This is lacking in your edit. The wikipedia [[List of United States Presidents by date of birth|list of US american presidents]] does not contain any reference. The information about being the first or second president on both articles of the two presidents also do not contain any verifiable and reliable source. I suggest that you open a discussion about this issue on [[Talk:Franklin_Pierce|the articles' discussion page]] to try to get a consensus about this issue. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 22:17, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Re [[Gamatadenuma]] ==
\n
\nI removed your G4 speedy deletion tag. G4 does not cover pages deleted by speedy deletion. It only covers pages deleted after discussion, i.e. AfD. Also, I noticed you cautioned the author for removing CSD tags, but I didn't see any edits where the author did that. [[User:Singularity42|Singularity42]] ([[User talk:Singularity42|talk]]) 04:29, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
\n:actually, G4 is listed at [[WP:CSD#G4|Wikipedia's Criteria For Speedy Deletion]]. The page was deleted by [[User:PMDrive1061|PMDrive1061]] via [[WP:CSD#G1]]. Two minutes after the deletion of the page, Rmtrbk created the same page again. It was during the first creation of the page page that Rmtrbk removed the speedy-deletion tag twice, and thus the caution was added on Rmtrbk's talk page. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 04:41, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::I think you misunderstand me. G4 is a speedy deletion criteria - to speedy delete something deleted after AfD, MfD, etc. Not to speedy delete something that has been speedy deleted before. As per the policy for G4: ''"[G4] also excludes content undeleted via deletion review, deleted via proposed deletion, or to speedy deletions."'' [[User:Singularity42|Singularity42]] ([[User talk:Singularity42|talk]]) 04:45, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
\n:::it's all good. thanks for your observations. fact remains, that an [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Gamatadenuma admin deleted the said article via WP:CSD#G1], and 2 minutes after the deletion, the same user recreated the same article. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 04:56, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::Yep, it happens all the time. In most cases, just re-tag with the same speedy deletion as before, and caution the user with {{tl|uw-create2}} (or one of the higher levels if it is repeated). Eventually an admin willl [[WP:SALT]] the article. In this case, though, as other admins pointed out, G1 was incorrect in the first place, since G1 specifically excludes foreign-language articles. [[User:Singularity42|Singularity42]] ([[User talk:Singularity42|talk]]) 05:06, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Speedy Deletion Criteria ==
\n
\nAfter making my above comments, I thought I would make a helpful comment regarding speedy deletion templates. It is very important to note that they have very narrow scopes, and should not be over-used. For example, A7 only covers individuals, animals, groups/organizations, and web content. Schools are specifically exempt from them, so you should not tag schools with A7. G11 is for obvious spam (i.e. "Check out our website and buy our product. We have the best prices in the world!"). If it appears to have the ulterior motive to promote a product, but is written in an encylopedic format, G11 does not apply.
\n
\nPROD is a great tool when something does not meet a speedy deletion criteria but is obviously not proper for Wikipedia, and one I find very handy as a new page patroller. If you have any questions, please let me know. [[User:Singularity42|Singularity42]] ([[User talk:Singularity42|talk]]) 04:42, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[James Gornall]] ==
\nHi, I see you reverted some edits of mine, not a problem in itself but you tagged them as vandalism. The pages seems to an autobiography and is identical to the creators user pages, I redirected the page to its creators userpage and and requested its deletion as per the procedure for that sort of thing. If I made a mistake, fair enough but just to clrify, I was not vandalising the page [[User:GainLine|<font face="jokerman" color="navy">'''G'''<small><s>ain</s></small>'''Line '''</font>]] [[Special:Contributions/GainLine|<font color="black">♠</font>]] <sub> [[User talk:GainLine|<font color="red">♥</font>]]</sub> 14:46, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
\n:The edits of the BLP article were tagged as vandalism because the redirect to the userpage wasnt't correct. The copy of the created article on the editor's page doesn't justify the redirect. There could be several reasons why the editor has a copy of the article which he created on his user page. Using [[WP:AGF]] there is no evidence for an autobiography. Thank you. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]]) 15:35, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
\n:: As you are quoting AGF, I would remind you to apply it to my edits, if there were errors then please say so in the edit summary. Please do not label me as a vandal. Applying [[WP:QUACK]] the article is James Gornall and says the nickname of the subject is JIGGY, the creators username is JIGGY G and the article is recreated as their userpage. This all points to a self-bio. I believe it would have been better for an admin to have a look at this and make a decision. [[User:GainLine|<font face="jokerman" color="navy">'''G'''<small><s>ain</s></small>'''Line '''</font>]] [[Special:Contributions/GainLine|<font color="black">♠</font>]] <sub> [[User talk:GainLine|<font color="red">♥</font>]]</sub> 15:49, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
\n:::I have not labelled you as a vandal. If the impression has been created, pls accept my apologies. [[User:Amsaim|Amsaim]] ([[User talk:Amsaim#top|talk]])
\n:::: The edit summary ''(Reverted 3 edits by GainLine identified as vandalism to last revision by JIGGY G. (TW)) '' sort of gave that impression. Truth be told there was a time when you would have been right but nowadays I'm on the other side of the fence. Sorry if I came across as a bit short. I'm going to place a <nowiki>{{coi}}</nowiki> tag on the page as I do believe it is an autobiography. [[User:GainLine|<font face="jokerman" color="navy">'''G'''<small><s>ain</s></small>'''Line '''</font>]] [[Special:Contributions/GainLine|<font color="black">♠</font>]] <sub> [[User talk:GainLine|<font color="red">♥</font>]]</sub> 16:09, 19 November 2009 (UTC)
Gregology:
\n
\n{{Stub}}
\n
\n[[Image:070802-F-1234S-006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |coauthors=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>]]
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! City
\n! Date
\n! Low estimates
\n! High estimates
\n! Attacking force
\n! Notes
\n|-
\n| Dresden
\n| 13/02/1945 to 15/02/1945
\n| 25,000
\n| 35,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref name = "Bergander Dresden">Bergander, Götz. ''Dresden im Luftkrieg: Vorgeschichte-Zerstörung-Folgen''.</ref><ref name=EvansFalsification>Evans, Richard J. [http://www.holocaustdenialontrial.org/evidence/evans005.asp#5.2d The Bombing of Dresden in 1945: Falsification of statistics].</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hamburg
\n| July 1943
\n| 50,000
\n| 50,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref>{{cite journal |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |authorlink=Freeman Dyson |title=Part I: A Failure of Intelligence |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/17724/page5/ |journal=Technology Review |accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hiroshima
\n| 06/08/1945
\n| 90,000
\n| 140,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| First atomic bomb used in war<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/fire.html |title= Firebombing Japan |publisher= darkchilde@bookmice.net |accessdate= 2008-04-16}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Nagasaki
\n| 09/08/1945
\n| 73,884
\n| 80,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Plutonium bomb <ref> Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) report to the National Academies of Science, 2007 </ref>
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]]
\n* [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II]]
\n* [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
\n* [[The Blitz]]
\n* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n===Notes===
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:41:30+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing"
},
{
"title": "Civilian casualties of strategic bombing",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing&diff=326856536",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing&diff=326856536",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n{{Mil-hist-stub}}
\n
\n[[Image:070802-F-1234S-006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |coauthors=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>]]
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! City
\n! Date
\n! Low estimates
\n! High estimates
\n! Attacking force
\n! Notes
\n|-
\n| Dresden
\n| 13/02/1945 to 15/02/1945
\n| 25,000
\n| 35,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref name = "Bergander Dresden">Bergander, Götz. ''Dresden im Luftkrieg: Vorgeschichte-Zerstörung-Folgen''.</ref><ref name=EvansFalsification>Evans, Richard J. [http://www.holocaustdenialontrial.org/evidence/evans005.asp#5.2d The Bombing of Dresden in 1945: Falsification of statistics].</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hamburg
\n| July 1943
\n| 50,000
\n| 50,000
\n| British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Fire storm <ref>{{cite journal |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |authorlink=Freeman Dyson |title=Part I: A Failure of Intelligence |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/17724/page5/ |journal=Technology Review |accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Hiroshima
\n| 06/08/1945
\n| 90,000
\n| 140,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| First atomic bomb used in war<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/fire.html |title= Firebombing Japan |publisher= darkchilde@bookmice.net |accessdate= 2008-04-16}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Nagasaki
\n| 09/08/1945
\n| 73,884
\n| 80,000
\n| [[United States Army Air Force]] (USAAF)
\n| Plutonium bomb <ref> Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) report to the National Academies of Science, 2007 </ref>
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]]
\n* [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II]]
\n* [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
\n* [[The Blitz]]
\n* [[Aerial bombing of cities]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n===Notes===
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:42:53+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326857374",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326857374",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with 'I'm an E-Socialist'
\n
\nI'm an E-Socialist
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:48:25+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326857686",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326857686",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\nI'm an E-Socialist
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:50:21+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326857913",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326857913",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\nI'm an E-Socialist
\n
\n==Created pages==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:51:44+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326858281",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326858281",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created pages==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T02:53:57+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326998386",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326998386",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nNB: I rarely log in to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T21:32:00+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326998568",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=326998568",
"description": "Gregology: /* Contributions */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-20T21:33:12+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=327370038",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=327370038",
"description": "Gregology: /* Interesting articles */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-11-22T23:20:03+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=330647880",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=330647880",
"description": "Gregology: /* Interesting articles */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-12-09T11:17:49+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=330648630",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=330648630",
"description": "Gregology: /* Interesting People */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-12-09T11:27:57+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=331789999",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=331789999",
"description": "Gregology: /* Open source projects of interest */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-12-15T11:12:04+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "Martyr",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martyr&diff=332435547",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martyr&diff=332435547",
"description": "Gregology: /* External links */
\n
\n:''For other uses of "Martyr" and "Martyrs", see [[Martyr (disambiguation)]].''
\n[[Image:St-Sebastian-xx-Guido-Reni.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Saint Sebastian]], an iconic image of martyrdom]]
\nA '''martyr''' ([[language|Greek]]: μάρτυς, ''mártys'', "witness"; [[Word stem|stem]] μάρτυρ-, ''mártyr-'') is somebody who suffers [[persecution]] and death for refusing to renounce a belief, usually religious.
\n
\n==Meaning==
\nIn its original meaning, the word '''martyr''', meaning [[witness]], was used in the secular sphere as well as in both the [[Old Testament]] and the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]].<ref>See e.g. Alison A. Trites, ''The New Testament Concept of Witness'', ISBN 0-521-60934-8 and ISBN 9780521609340.</ref> The process of bearing witness was not intended to lead to the death of the witness, although it is known from ancient writers (e.g. [[Josephus]]) that witnesses, especially of the lower classes, were tortured routinely before being interrogated as a means of forcing them to disclose the truth.
\n
\nDuring the early Christian centuries, the term acquired the extended meaning of a believer who is called to witness for their religious belief, and on account of this witness, endures suffering and/or death. The term, in this later sense, entered the [[English language]] as a [[loanword]]. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called '''martyrdom'''.
\n
\n==Christianity==
\n{{main|Christian martyrs}}
\nIn the context of church history, from the time of the persecution of [[early Christianity|early Christian]]s in the [[Roman Empire]], being a martyr indicates a person who is killed for maintaining a [[religion|religious]] belief, ''knowing'' that this will almost certainly result in imminent death (though without intentionally seeking [[death]]). Martyrs sometimes declined to defend themselves at all, in what they see as a reflection of [[Jesus]]' willing sacrifice. However, the definition of martyrdom is not specifically restricted to the Christian faith.
\n
\nSome Christians view death in [[sectarian]] persecution as martyrdom. This view is typified by the accounts in [[Foxe's Book of Martyrs]].
\n
\nUsage of "martyr" is also common among [[Arab Christians]] (i.e. anyone killed in relation to Christianity or a Christian community), indicating that the English word "martyr" may not actually be a proper equivalent of its commonly ascribed Arabic translation.
\n
\n==Judaism==
\n{{Main|Martyrdom in Judaism}}
\nMartyrdom in [[Judaism]] is one of the main examples of [[Kiddush Hashem]], meaning "sanctification of God's name" through public dedication to Jewish practice.
\n
\n==Islam==
\n{{main|Shahid}}
\nIn Arabic, a martyr is termed "[[shahid]]" (literally, "witness," as in the Greek root of the English word). The word ''shaheed'' appears in the Quran in a variety of contexts, including witnessing to righteousness ([http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/002.qmt.html Quran 2:143]), witnessing a financial transaction ([http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/002.qmt.html Quran 2:282]) and being killed, even in an accident as long as it doesn't happen with the intention to commit a sin, when they are believed to remain alive making them witnesses over worldly events without taking part in them anymore([http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/003.qmt.html Quran 3:140]). The word also appears with these various meanings in the [[Hadith]], the sayings of [[Muhammad]].
\n
\n==Hinduism==
\n
\nDespite the promotion of [[ahimsa]] within [[Sanatana Dharma]], there is also the concept of righteous or [[religious war]] in [[Hinduism]] known as [[Dharmayuddha]], where [[violence]] is used as a last resort after all other means have failed. Examples of this include in the [[Mahabharata]], where [[Krishna]] instructs [[Arjuna]] to carry out his duty as a [[warrior]] and fight, and in the [[Ramayana]] where [[Ravana]] is defeated by [[Rama]]. [[Martyrdom]] in battle is seen as highly noble in [[Hinduism]], which is evident in the [[Bhagavad Gita]] where [[Krishna]] states <blockquote>Either being slain you will attain the heavenly worlds or by gaining victory you will enjoy the earthly kingdom; therefore O Arjuna, rise up and fight.<ref>http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-02-37.html</ref>.</blockquote>
\nThe notion of "Martyrdom" in Hinduism has been praised for figures like [[Rama]] and [[Arjuna]] in [[Pauranic]] scripture. However, [[Rama]] is regarded as a God among [[Vaishnavite]]s and [[Arjuna]] as the son of a God (according to the [[Mahabharata]], all the [[Pandava]] brothers were conceived by Hindu Gods due to the impotence of [[Pandu]]). There has never been an edict or declaration in Hinduism that mortal men may embrace martyrdom.
\n
\n==Bahá'í faith==
\n{{main|Martyrdom in the Bahá'í Faith}}
\n
\nIn the [[Bahá'í Faith]], a martyr is one who sacrifices their life serving humanity in the name of God.<ref name="winters_conclusion">{{cite book | title =Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shii and Babi Religions | first = Jonah | last = Winters | date = 1997-09-19 | accessdate = 2007-01-23 | chapter = Conclusion | url = http://bahai-library.com/theses/dying/dying8.conclusion.html | publisher = M.A. Thesis}}</ref> However, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life, and instead explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.<ref name="winters_conclusion" />
\n
\n==Sikhism==
\n<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Arjan11.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Picture showing Guru Arjan Dev subjected to torture by the Mughals|{{deletable image-caption|1=Monday, 5 May 2008}}]] -->
\n{{Main|Martyrdom in Sikhism}}
\nMartyrdom, in [[Sikhism]], is a fundamental concept, and represents an important institution of the faith.
\n
\n==Notes==
\n[[Image:Allepeymartyrscolumn.JPG|thumb|right|A communist 'martyrs column' in [[Alappuzha]], [[India]]]]
\n{{reflist}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[Christian martyrs]]
\n*[[Martyr (shahid)]]
\n*[[Martyrology]]
\n*[[Perpetua and Felicity]]
\n*[[Religious persecution]]
\n*[[Martyr complex]]
\n
\n==References==
\n*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09736b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' "Martyrs"]
\n*Foster, Claude R. jr.: Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle : a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany ; a sourcebook on the German Church struggle; Westchester, Pennsylvania: SSI Bookstore, West Chester University, 1995; ISBN 1-887732-01-2
\n
\n==External links==
\n{{Wiktionary}}
\n*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/foxe/martyrs.html ''Fox's Book of Martyrs''] 16th century classic book, accounts of martyrdoms, full text.
\n*[http://www.cqpress.com/incontext/terrorism/links/epr_martyrdom.html Martyrdom] from the perspecive of [[sociology]]-''Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion''
\n
\n{{Death}}
\n
\n<!--Categories-->
\n[[Category:Martyrs| ]]
\n[[Category:Christian philosophy]]
\n[[Category:Jewish philosophy]]
\n[[Category:Islamic philosophy]]
\n[[Category:Greek loanwords]]
\n
\n<!--Other languages-->
\n[[ar:شهيد]]
\n[[az:Şəhid]]
\n[[br:Merzher]]
\n[[bg:Мъченик]]
\n[[ca:Màrtir]]
\n[[cs:Mučedník]]
\n[[cy:Merthyr]]
\n[[da:Martyr]]
\n[[de:Märtyrer]]
\n[[et:Märter]]
\n[[es:Mártir]]
\n[[eo:Martiro]]
\n[[fa:شهید]]
\n[[fr:Martyr]]
\n[[ko:순교]]
\n[[hr:Mučenik]]
\n[[id:Syahid]]
\n[[is:Píslarvottur]]
\n[[it:Martire]]
\n[[he:מרטיר]]
\n[[la:Martyr]]
\n[[hu:Vértanú]]
\n[[nl:Martelaar]]
\n[[ja:殉教]]
\n[[no:Martyr]]
\n[[nn:Martyr]]
\n[[nds:Merteler]]
\n[[pl:Martyrologia]]
\n[[pt:Mártir]]
\n[[ro:Martir]]
\n[[ru:Мученик]]
\n[[sco:Mairtyr]]
\n[[simple:Martyr]]
\n[[sk:Mučeník]]
\n[[fi:Marttyyri]]
\n[[sv:Martyr]]
\n[[tr:Şehit]]
\n[[uk:Мученик]]
\n[[zh:殉教]]
Gregology: /* Interesting articles */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-12-18T07:05:30+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=332454057",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=332454057",
"description": "Gregology: /* Games */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-12-18T07:22:11+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=332454124",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=332454124",
"description": "Gregology: /* Games */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2009-12-18T07:23:11+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343512185",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343512185",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with 'Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia '''Kangatarianism''' is the practic...'
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo_meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T08:39:02+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarian",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarian&diff=343512255",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarian&diff=343512255",
"description": "Gregology: ←Redirected page to Kangatarianism
\n
\n#Redirect[[Kangatarianism]]
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T08:40:02+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarian"
},
{
"title": "Kangaroo meat",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_meat&diff=343512392",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangaroo_meat&diff=343512392",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n[[Image:Kangaroo Meat.jpg|250 px|thumb|Kangaroo meat at the [[Queen Victoria Market]] in [[Melbourne]] ]]'''Kangaroo''' is a meat from any of the species of [[kangaroo]]. It is produced in Australia from wild animals and as of 2007 is exported to over 55 countries worldwide.<ref name="2007 quota bckgrnd">{{cite web|title = Background information Commercial kangaroo and wallaby harvest quotas|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/publications/kangaroo/pubs/2007-commercial-harvest-quotas.pdf|format = pdf - 5 -ages|publisher = Australian Government: Department of the Environment and Heritage|date = January 2007|work = [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/publications/kangaroo/quotas-background-2007.html Background information] |accessdate = 2008-10-23}}</ref>
\n
\n== Production ==
\nKangaroo is produced only from free ranging wild animals living on land owned by people and not produced by organised farming.<ref name = BBCAug2008>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7551125.stm |title = Eat kangaroo to 'save the planet' |publisher = BBC News|date = 9 August 2008|accessdate = 2008-10-23}}</ref><ref name = SMH20070926>{{cite news|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/an-industry-thats-under-the-gun/2007/09/25/1190486311919.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |title = An industry that's under the gun| date = 2007-09-26||last = Dow|first = Steve|publisher = [[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate = 2008-08-19}}</ref> Both the meat and the [[hides]] are sold. Although most species of [[macropod]] are protected from hunting by law, a small number of the large-sized species which exist in high numbers can be hunted by commercial hunters.<ref>[http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/wild-harvest/kangaroo/biology.html#kancons Kangaroo Biology<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=June 2009}}</ref> This policy has been criticized by some wildlife activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savethekangaroo.com/ |title=Bot generated title -> |publisher=SaveTheKangaroo.com<! |date= |accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> On the other hand, the kangaroo harvest is supported by a wide range of professional ecologists in Australia. Groups such as the Ecological Society of Australia, the Australasian Wildlife Management Society and the Australian Mammal Society have position statements in favour of kangaroo harvesting. Such groups argue that basing agricultural production systems on native animals rather than introduced livestock like sheep offers considerable ecological advantages to the fragile Australian [[rangelands]].<ref>The kangaroo industry - ecologists and conservationists http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/media/sci_list.html</ref>
\n
\nThough it is impossible to determine the exact number, population estimates are calculated each year by the government conservation agency in each state. Nearly 40 years of refinement has led to the development of sophisticated aerial survey techniques which enable overall populations estimates to be constructed.<ref name = PopleGrigg>{{cite book|title = Commercial Harvesting of Kangaroos in Australia |url = http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/wild-harvest/kangaroo/harvesting/index.html|first = Tony |last = Pople |coauthors = Gordon Grigg |publisher = Department of Zoology, The University of Queensland for Environment Australia|date = August 1999|accessdate = 2008-10-23}}</ref> Current estimates indicate that there may be between 35 to 50 million kangaroos in Australia.<ref name = CSIRO2004>{{cite press|url = http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2004/kangaroofat.htm | title = Kangaroo meat - health secret revealed|publisher = [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO)| date = 2004-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/animal_facts/aus_wildlife2.html |title=Factsheet: Australian Wildlife 2 |publisher=Yptenc.org.uk |date=2009-05-12 |accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> In 2002 the number of kangaroos allowed to be shot by commercial hunters was increased from 5.5 million to 7 million per year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1834061.stm |title=Kangaroo cull targets millions |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-02-21 |accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> While animal rights activists protested the move, Australian farmers claimed that kangaroos were a plague after a huge increase in their numbers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s641771.htm |title=Graziers call for mass kangaroo cull |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2002-08-06 |accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> A 2002 report studying the grazing pressure caused by kangaroos indicated that scientific evidence is lacking that kangaroos reduce wool production or sheep carrying capacity.<ref>http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:10246</ref> In 2007 the national kangaroo culling quota was more than 3.5 million<ref name = SMH20080617>{{cite news|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/conservation/animal-groups-plan-kangaroo-campaign/2008/06/17/1213468409016.html|title = Animal groups plan kangaroo campaign|publisher = Sydney Morning Herald (AAP)|date = 2008-06-17|accessdate = 2008-08-19}}</ref> (but significantly down on the figures earlier in the decade).
\n
\nKangaroos are protected by legislation in Australia, both state and federal. Kangaroos are harvested by licensed shooters in accordance with a strict code of practice. Meat that is exported is inspected by the [[Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service]] (AQIS).<ref name = CSIRO2004/><ref name = SMH20070926/>
\n
\n== Products ==
\nThe kangaroo has been historically a source of food for [[Australian Aborigine|indigenous Australians]].
\nKangaroo meat is high in [[protein]] and low in [[fat]] (about 2%). Kangaroo meat has a very high concentration of [[conjugated linoleic acid]] (CLA) when compared with other foods. CLA has been attributed with a wide range of health benefits including anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetes properties, in addition to reducing obesity and atherosclerosis.<ref name = CSIRO2004>{{cite press|url = http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2004/kangaroofat.htm | title = Kangaroo meat - health secret revealed|publisher = [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO)| date = 2004-04-23}}</ref><ref name = SMH20070926/><ref>{{citation|url = http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=258453 |title = Effects on plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat |format = Truncated abstract of article only| last = Sinclair| first = A.J. |last2 = O'Dea|first2 = K |last3 = Dunstan|first3 = G |last4 = Ireland|first4 = P D |last5 = Niall|first5 = M|publisher = originally published ''Lipids''; abstract republished by International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements database (US Govt: National Institutes of Health/Office of Dietary Supplements and the National Agricultural Library/Agricultural Research Service/Food and Nutrition Information Center)|year = 1987|volume = 1987 Jul; 22(7)|pages = 523–9|accessdate = 2008-08-19}}</ref>
\n
\nKangaroo meat is stronger in flavor than the meat from commercially raised food animals. It is considered to be tender. Minced (or ground) kangaroo meat may be substituted into dishes where minced beef would normally be used.
\n
\nKangaroo meat was legalised for human consumption in South Australia in 1980, and in all other Australian states in 1993.<ref name = invtv2008/> Kangaroo was once limited in availability, although consumption in Australia is becoming more widespread. However, only 14.5% of Australians were reported in 2008 as eating kangaroo meat at least four times per year.<ref name =SBSOct2008>{{cite web|url = http://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/3348/Kanga-who|title = Kanga who?|first = Carli |last = Ratcliff |date = 15 October 2008 |accessdate = 2008-10-23|publisher = [[Special Broadcasting Service]]|work = SBS Food}}</ref> Many Australian supermarkets now stock various cuts of kangaroo<ref name = SMH20070926/><ref name = SunHeraldSep2005/> including fillets, steaks, minced meat and 'kanga bangas' (kangaroo [[sausage]]s).
\n
\nKangaroo meat has been exported since 1959.<ref name =SBSOct2008/> Seventy percent of kangaroo meat is exported, particularly to the European market: [[Germany]] and [[France]].<ref name = invtv2008/> It is sold in supermarkets in England and used in Russian sausages.<ref name = SunHeraldSep2005>{{cite news|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/roo-meat-exports-jump/2005/09/03/1125302782095.html|title = Kangaroo meat exports jump even as drought culls supply|last = Benn|first = Matthew| date = 2005-09-04|accessdate = 2008-08-21|publisher = [[The Sun-Herald]]}}</ref> In 2008, the industry is worth around [[Australian dollar|A$]]250-270 million a year and provides around 4,000 jobs in Australia.<ref name = invtv2008>{{cite news|url = http://www.investortv.com.au/stories/56182,1244-17294,32914.html|title = Kangaroo meets booming export demand| date = 2008-02-22|publisher = Investor TV|work = Agribusiness Channel|last = Collins|first = Fiona|accessdate = 2008-08-18}}</ref><ref name =SBSOct2008/>
\n
\nThe meat is also processed into [[dog food]].<ref name = invtv2008/> Kangaroo farming is a more environmentally friendly meat industry than sheep or cattle farming since kangaroos require less feed than placental stock, are well-adapted to drought, and do not destroy the root systems of native grasses.<ref name = SMH20070926>{{cite news|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/an-industry-thats-under-the-gun/2007/09/25/1190486311919.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |title = An industry that's under the gun| date = 2007-09-26||last = Dow|first = Steve|publisher = [[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate = 2008-08-19}}</ref> However kangaroo farming is economically unattractive due to the start up costs and inability for the farmed product to compete financially against animals that have been killed by hunters under the government quota system.<ref>{{cite journal|journal = The Australian Rangeland Journal |volume = 5|issue = 1 |pages = 35–44 |url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/RJ9830035.htm |title = The feasibility of farming kangaroos|last = Shepherd|first = NC|accessdate = 2008-08-20| year = 1983 |quote = Markets for meat and skins are limited and are adequately supplied from the existing rangeland harvest (i.e. kangaroo hunting). Farmed kangaroos could not compete successfully in these circumstances because of high costs associated with establishing and operating a kangaroo farming enterprise.|doi = 10.1071/RJ9830035}}</ref>
\n
\n== Name ==
\nThere has been recent discussion from the kangaroo meat industry about attempting to introduce a specific [[culinary name]] for kangaroo meat, similar to the reference to [[pig]] meat as [[ham]] and [[pork]], and calling [[deer]] meat [[venison]]. The aim is to have diners thinking of the meat rather than the animal and avoiding adverse reactions to the eating of a 'cute' animal or "eating [[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo|Skippy]]".
\nIn 2005 the ''Food Companion International'' magazine, with support from the Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia, ran a competition hoping to find a name that wouldn't put diners off when they saw it on a menu.
\nThe three-month competition attracted over 2700 entries from 41 nations, and the name '''australus''' was decided in December 2005. Other finalists for the name included kangarly, maroo, krou, maleen, kuja, roujoe, rooviande, jurru, ozru, marsu, kep, kangasaurus, marsupan, jumpmeat, and MOM (meat of [[marsupial]]s).<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html |title = Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy|date = 2005-12-20|publisher = The Age |first = Orietta |last = Guerrera| accessdate = 2008-08-26}}</ref>
\n
\nThe competition is not binding on the Kangaroo Industry Association, which has not moved to adopt the new name in any official capacity.
\n
\n== Traditional Aboriginal use ==
\nKangaroo formed an important part of the traditional [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] diet as a [[bushfood]].
\n
\nKangaroo is called ''Kere aherre'' by the [[Arrernte]] people of [[Central Australia]]:
\n
\n<blockquote>You find kangaroos in flat country or [[mulga]] country. In the old days, people used to sool their [[dingo|dogs]] on them and spear them. The milk guts are pulled out and a wooden skewer is used to close up the carcase. Then it is tossed on top of the fire to singe the hair which is scraped off, and then it's (put in a hole and) covered up with hot earth and coals. The tail and both feet are cut off before cooking. These are put in together with the rest of the carcase.</blockquote>
\n
\n<blockquote>The kangaroo is chopped up so that many people can eat it. The warm blood and fluids from the gluteus medius and the hollow of the thoracic cavity are drained of all fluids. People drink these fluids, which studies have shown are quite harmless. Kangaroos are cut in a special way; into the two thighs, the two hips, the two sides of ribs, the stomach, the head, the tail, the two feet, the back and lower back. This is the way the Arrernte people everywhere cut it up.<ref> Turner, Margaret-Mary, ''Arrernte Foods:Foods from Central Australia'', IAD Press, Alice Springs, 1994, ISBN 0-949659-76-2 , pp42-43</ref></blockquote>
\n
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{Reflist|3}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n
\n[[de:Kängurufleisch]]
\n[[ru:Кенгурятина]]
\n[[ta:கங்காரு இறைச்சி]]
Gregology: /* See also */
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T09:02:35+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=343514362",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=343514362",
"description": "Gregology: /* Created articles */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T09:03:19+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343546995",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343546995",
"description": "Gregology: /* See also */
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T14:26:05+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343548787",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343548787",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Other forms of Kangatarianism==
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Name
\n! Animals
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T14:39:43+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343549939",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343549939",
"description": "Gregology: /* Other forms of Kangatarianism */
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Other forms of Kangatarianism==
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Name
\n! Animals eaten
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T14:47:32+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343550151",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343550151",
"description": "Gregology: /* Other forms of Kangatarianism */
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Other forms of Kangatarianism==
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Name
\n! Animals eaten
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry, seafood, & kangaroos
\n|-
\n
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T14:48:56+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "List of diets",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_diets&diff=343550415",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_diets&diff=343550415",
"description": "Gregology: /* K */
\n
\nWell-known [[Diet (nutrition)|nutritional diet]]s:
\n
\n__NOTOC__
\n<div align="center">{{compactTOC2}}</div>
\n
\n== 1 ==
\n* [[100-Mile Diet]]
\n
\n== A ==
\n* [[Alkaline diet]]
\n* [[Atkins Nutritional Approach|Atkins diet]]
\n
\n== B ==
\n* [[Best Bet Diet]]
\n* [[Blood type diet|Blood Type Diet]]
\n* [[Body for Life#Diet|Body for Life]]
\n* [[Breatharian|Breatharian diet]]
\n* [[Buddhist cuisine|Buddhist diet]]
\n
\n== C ==
\n<!-- Calorie restriction not a diet on its own, only a measure. The Longevity or CRON-diet is the main diet here -->
\n* [[Cabbage Soup Diet]]
\n* [[Cookie diet]]
\n* [[Crash diet]]
\n
\n== D ==
\n* [[Daylight diet]]<ref>http://www.paulnison.com/enewsletter.htm?a=126</ref><ref>http://www.paulnison.com/paulsbooks.htm</ref>
\n* [[Detox diet]]
\n* [[Diabetic diet]]
\n* [[Diet for a New America]] by [[John Robbins]]
\n* [[Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension]] or the [[DASH Diet]]
\n* [[Dr. Hay diet]]
\n
\n== E ==
\n* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat-clean_diet Eat Clean Diet]
\n* [[Edenic diet]]
\n* [[Elemental diet]]
\n* [[Elimination diet]]
\n
\n== F ==
\n* [[Fatfield Diet]]
\n* [[Feingold diet]]
\n* [[Fit for Life|Fit for Life diet]]
\n* [[Flexitarianism|Flexitarian diet]]
\n* [[Food combining|Food combining diet]]
\n* [[F-plan|F-plan diet]]
\n* [[Fruitarianism|Fruitarian diet]]
\n* [[Food faddism|Fad diet]]
\n* [[FAT free]]
\n
\n== G ==
\n* [[Gerson diet]]
\n* [[Gluten-free diet]]
\n* [[Gluten-free, casein-free diet]]
\n* [[The Graham Diet]]
\n* [[Grapefruit diet]]
\n
\n== H ==
\n* [[Hacker's diet]]
\n* [[Hay diet]]
\n* [[Muslim dietary laws|Halal diet]]
\n* [[Hallelujah diet]]
\n* [[High protein diet]]
\n* [[Health Management Resources]]
\n* [[Healthy Six]]
\n* [[Hospital diet]]
\n
\n== I ==
\n* [[Inuit diet]]
\n* [[Israeli Army diet]]
\n
\n== J ==
\n* [[Jenny Craig]]
\n* [[Joel Fuhrman|Joel Fuhrman diet]]
\n* [[Junk food|Junk food diet]]
\n* [[Juice fasting|Juice diet]]
\n
\n== K ==
\n* [[Kangatarian]]
\n* [[Kashrut|Kosher diet]]
\n* [[Ketogenic diet]]
\n
\n== L ==
\n* [[Lacto vegetarianism]]
\n* [[Liquid diet]]
\n* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]]
\n* [[Low-fat diet]]
\n* [[Low glycemic index diet]]
\n* [[Low-protein diet]]
\n* [[Low sodium diet]]
\n* [[Lutein-free diet]]
\n
\n== M ==
\n* [[Macrobiotic diet]]
\n* [[Master Cleanse]]
\n* [[John A. McDougall|McDougall diet]]
\n* [[Medifast Diet]]
\n* [[Mediterranean diet]]
\n* [[Montignac diet]]
\n
\n== N ==
\n* [[Natural foods|Natural Foods Diet]]
\n* [[Negative calorie diet]]
\n* [[Nutrisystems Diet]]
\n* [[Nutritional diet]]
\n
\n== O ==
\n* [[Okinawa diet]]
\n* [[Omnivore]]
\n* [[Organic food|Organic food diet]]
\n* [[Dean Ornish|Ornish Diet]]
\n* [[Ovo-lacto vegetarian|Ovo-lacto vegetarian diet]]
\n
\n== P ==
\n* [[Paleolithic diet]]
\n* [[Nicholas Perricone|Perricone diet]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism|Pescetarian diet]]
\n* [[Plant-based diet]]
\n* [[Pollotarianism|Pollotarian diet]]
\n* [[Prison loaf]]
\n* [[Pritikin Program for Diet and Exercise]]
\n* [[Protein Power diet]]
\n
\n== R ==
\n* [[I-tal|Rastafarian diet]]
\n* [[Raw foodism]]
\n
\n== S ==
\n* [[Scarsdale Medical Diet]]
\n* [[Shangri-La Diet]]
\n* [[Slimming World|Slimming World diet]]
\n* [[Smart For Life]]
\n* [[Sonoma diet]]
\n* [[South Beach diet]]
\n* [[SparkPeople|SparkPeople diet]]
\n* [[Stillman diet]]
\n* [[Jared Fogle|Subway diet]]
\n* [[Sunny side diet]]
\n* [[Special K Diet]]
\n
\n== V ==
\n* [[Veganism|Vegan diet]]
\n* [[Vegetarianism|Vegetarian diet]]
\n* [[Very low calorie diet]]
\n
\n== W ==
\n* [[Dieting|Weight Down diet]]
\n* [[Weight Watchers]]
\n* [[Western pattern diet]]
\n
\n== Z ==
\n* [[Zone diet]]
\n
\n
\n__NOTOC__
\n<div align="center">{{compactTOC2}}</div>
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Dieting]]
\n* [[Glycemic index]]
\n* [[Hospital diet]]
\n* [[List of hospital diets]]
\n* [[Nutritional rating systems]]
\n* [[Online weight loss plans]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n[[Category:Diets|*]]
\n[[Category:Nutrition]]
\n[[Category:Obesity]]
\n
\n[[nl:Lijst van diëten]]
Gregology: /* Other forms of Kangatarianism */
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Other forms of Kangatarianism==
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Name
\n! Animals eaten
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry, seafood, & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Paleolithic-kangatarianism
\n| Native Australian animals
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T15:07:48+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343552685",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343552685",
"description": "Gregology: /* Other forms of Kangatarianism */
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Other forms of Kangatarianism==
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Diet
\n! Animals eaten
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry, seafood, & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Paleolithic-kangatarianism
\n| Native Australian animals
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T15:08:17+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343553286",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343553286",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Other forms of Kangatarianism==
\n[[File:Deli_kangaroo-meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat cuts]]
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Diet
\n! Animals eaten
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry, seafood, & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Paleolithic-kangatarianism
\n| Native Australian animals
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T15:12:36+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Kangatarianism",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343553434",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangatarianism&diff=343553434",
"description": "Gregology: /* Other forms of Kangatarianism */ Removed other from "Other forms of kangatarianism"
\n
\n[[File:Kangaroo_Meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat for sale at the Queen Victoria Market, Melbourne, Victoria State, Australia]]
\n'''Kangatarianism''' is the practice of following a diet excluding all meat except kangaroo on environmental, ecological, health, and humanitarian grounds<ref name="Kangatarians jump the divide">{{cite web
\n| title = Kangatarians jump the divide
\n| url = http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2010/02/08/1265477561439.html
\n| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>. Kangaroo meat is very simple and easy to cook. Meal ideas including roasts, fillets, casseroles and soups<ref name="Southern Game Meat">{{cite web
\n| title = Southern Game Meat
\n| url = http://www.sgm.com.au/
\n| publisher = Southern Game Meat
\n| accessdate = 2010-02-12
\n}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Forms of Kangatarianism==
\n[[File:Deli_kangaroo-meat.jpg|thumb|right|Kangaroo Meat cuts]]
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Diet
\n! Animals eaten
\n|-
\n| Kangatarianism
\n| Kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Seafood & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Pollo-pesco-kangatarianism
\n| Poultry, seafood, & kangaroos
\n|-
\n| Paleolithic-kangatarianism
\n| Native Australian animals
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[Kangaroo meat]]
\n* [[Kangaroo]]
\n* [[Pescetarianism]]
\n* [[List of diets]]
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://www.reason.com/blog/show/122939.html Reason Magazine]
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/features/skippysizeme/ Skippy Size Me] 2004 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] report on kangaroo industry
\n* [http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/ Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia]
\n* [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=78117 National Nine News - Australus could sweeten 'roo meat taste]
\n* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australus-the-dish-kangaroo/2005/12/19/1134840798480.html The Age - Australus: a palatable name for our Skippy]
\n* [http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/kangaroo5yr.html Kangaroo Industry Strategic Plan 2005-2010]
\n* [http://ecoworldly.com/2008/10/03/aussies-may-unusually-adopt-kangaroo-meat-diet-to-fight-climate-change/ Australians may adopt kangaroo meat diet to fight climate change]
\n
\n[[Category:Meat]]
\n[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
\n[[Category:Bushfood]]
\n[[Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft]]
\n[[Category:Diets]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-12T15:13:31+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kangatarianism"
},
{
"title": "Port (nautical)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_(nautical)&diff=344278350",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_(nautical)&diff=344278350",
"description": "Gregology: /* Details */
\n
\n{{Merge|Starboard| discuss=Talk:Starboard#Merge proposal|date=July 2009}}
\n[[Image:Queen Mary II Einlaufen Hamburg Hafengeburtstag 2006 -2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of the port side of the ''[[RMS Queen Mary 2]]'' [[superliner]]]]
\n[[Image:Right of way at sea.svg|right|250px|frame|A diagram of the ships and associated lights]]
\n
\n'''Port''' is the [[List of nautical terms|nautical term]] (used on [[boat]]s and [[ships]]) that refers to the [[left and right|left]] side of a ship, as perceived by a person on board facing the [[Bow (ship)|bow]] (front). The term is also used on aircraft, spacecraft, and analogous vessels.
\n
\nThe port side of a vessel is indicated with a <font color=red>red</font> [[navigation light]] at night.
\n
\n==Details==
\nThe equivalent for the right-hand side is [[starboard]].
\n
\nAn archaic version of the term is '''''larboard'''''. The term ''larboard'', when shouted in the wind, was presumably too easy to confuse with ''starboard''<ref name="Norie1847">{{cite book|last1=Norie|first1=John William|authorlink=John William Norie|last2=Hobbs|first2=J. S.|title=Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay, including the coasts of France and Spain, from Ushant to Cape Finisterre|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xREEAAAAQAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2010|year=1847|publisher=C. Wilson|origyear=1840|edition="A new ed., rev. and considerably improved"|oclc=41208722|quote=An order, recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, states, that in order to prevent mistakes, which frequently occur from the similarity of the words ''starboard'' and ''larboard'', in future, the word <span style="font-variant:small-caps !important">port</span> is to be substituted for ''larboard'', in all Her Majesty’s ships or vessels.|page=1}}</ref> and so the word ''port'' came to replace it, referring to the side of the ship where cargo is loaded from the [[port]]. The term larboard continued its use well into the 1850s by [[whaler]]s, despite the term being long superseded by "port" in the merchant vessel service at the time.
\n
\nThe term "port" was not officially adopted by the [[Royal Navy]] until 1844 ([[Ray Parkin]], ''H. M. Bark Endeavour''). [[Robert FitzRoy]], Captain of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] ''[[HMS Beagle]]'', is said to have taught his crew to use the term port instead of larboard, thus propelling the use of the word into the Naval Services vocabulary. Another source suggests a different archaic word "portboard" (see the [[starboard]] article for further explanation).
\n
\nThe word ''starboard'' comes from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''steorbord'', literally meaning the side on which the ship is steered. The old English term ''stēorbord'' descends from the [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] words ''stýri'' meaning “rudder” (from the verb ''stýra'', literally “being at the helm”, “having a hand in”) and ''borð'' meaning etymologically “board”, then the “side of a ship”.
\n
\nIn many languages, other than English, the word is derived from a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] term akin to "backboard", from the same roots as English "back" and "board".
\n
\nA ''port buoy'' is a [[lateral buoy]] used to guide vessels through channels or close to shallow water. The port buoy is one that a vessel must leave to port when passing upstream. If in [[International Association of Lighthouse Authorities|IALA]] area A, the port buoys are red. If in IALA area B (Japan, the Americas, South Korea, and the Philippines) then the 'handedness' of buoyage is reversed, and black or green buoys are left to port.
\n
\nShips and aircraft carry a red light on the port side, and a green one on the starboard side, plus a white light at the rear.
\n
\nThere are a number of tricks used to remember port and starboard:
\n
\n* The simplest being "no port left"
\n* Port is to the left facing forward; "port" and "left" each have four letters.
\n* Similar to above, all are short words ("port", "left", and "red") while other side long words ("starboard", "right", and "green")
\n* Also the phrase "Any '''red port left''' in the can?" can be a useful reminder. It breaks down as follows: - Port, the drink, is a fortified red wine which links the word port with the colour red, used for the navigation lights (see below). "left" comes from the phrase and so port must be on the left. The reference to "can" relates to the fact that port-hand harbour buoys are "can" shaped (only in IALA region A)
\n* A variation on the above is "Two drops of '''red port left''' in the bottle."
\n
\nFor buoys in IALA B:
\n* '''B'''est '''P'''eople '''O'''n '''E'''arth - Black Port on Entering
\n* '''RRR''' - Red Right Returning
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[Bow (ship)|Bow]]
\n*[[Port Out, Starboard Home|Posh]]
\n*[[Starboard]]
\n*[[Stern]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{reflist}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n*[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.17900 The origins of 'port' and 'starboard' at the UK National Maritime Museum website]
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Port (Nautical)}}
\n[[Category:Nautical terms]]
\n[[Category:Orientation]]
\n
\n[[af:Bakboord]]
\n[[ca:Babord]]
\n[[da:Bagbord]]
\n[[de:Backbord]]
\n[[et:Pakpoord]]
\n[[es:Babor]]
\n[[eo:Babordo]]
\n[[eu:Ababor]]
\n[[fr:Bâbord]]
\n[[nl:Bakboord en stuurboord]]
\n[[ja:取舵]]
\n[[no:Babord]]
\n[[nn:Babord]]
\n[[nds:Backboord]]
\n[[pl:Burta (statek wodny)]]
\n[[sv:Babord]]
\n[[tr:İskele (gemi)]]
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-15T21:28:31+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Port_(nautical)"
},
{
"title": "List of terrorist incidents in 2010",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_2010&diff=345612070",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_2010&diff=345612070",
"description": "Gregology: /* January */ That reference does not confirm rIRA involvement
\n
\n<!--
\n Please provide full citations from reliable published sources when adding new incidents, including a quote using the word "terrorist" (from the same or another source about the suspects).
\n-->
\n<!--If "terrorist" is not included in the source's quote, check the source. If it's mentioned in connection with the suspects, add the quote to the reference. If no source for "terrorist", remove the entry or add a {{subst:fact-now}} with a comment asking for it-->
\n<!-- If the numbers are not certain, add a ˜ (approximate) or ~ before it.
\n
\nIf you don't know how tables or citation templates work you can just add the information as a normal paragraph.-->
\n
\nThe following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state '''[[terrorism]] in 2010'''.
\n
\n== Incidents by country ==
\n*{{flagicon|Iraq}} Iraq - 17
\n*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan - 15
\n*{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} Afghanistan - 6
\n*{{flagicon|UK}} United Kingdom - 6
\n*{{flagicon|Russia}} Russia - 4
\n*{{flagicon|India}} India - 2
\n*{{flagicon|France}} France - 2
\n*{{flagicon|Thailand}} Thailand - 2
\n*{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} Sri Lanka - 2
\n*{{flagicon|Israel}} Israel - 2
\n*{{flagicon|Greece}} Greece - 2
\n*{{flagicon|Angola}} Angola - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Egypt}} Egypt - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Jordan}} Jordan - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Iran}} Iran - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Philippines}} Philippines - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Colombia}} Colombia - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbia - 1
\n*{{flagicon|Somalia}} Somalia -1
\n*{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} Abkhazia -1
\n
\n
\n'''''List of terrorist incidents'''''. ''Remember that not all incidents are necessarily attacks, some such as, February 8, 17, are still terrorist incident related and therefore should be listed''.
\n
\n==January==
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
\n|-
\n!Date
\n!Dead
\n!Injured
\n!Location and description
\n|-
\n|January 1
\n|align="right"|105
\n|align="right"|100+
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lakki Marwat]], [[Pakistan]] A suicide car bomber [[2010 Lakki Marwat suicide bombing|drove his explosive-laden vehicle]] into a volleyball pitch as people gathered to watch a match.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Pakistan volleyball crowd 'hit by suicide bomber'
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8437114.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 1, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 1, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 2
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|1
\n|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]] In an incident said to be terror-related, a Somali man broke into Danish cartoonist [[Kurt Westergaard]]'s home threatening to kill the man with an axe. Westergaard and his five year old granddaughter escaped harm when they entered a panic room and called for police, who shot the man. According to the Danish intelligence agency [[Politiets Efterretningstjeneste|PET]], the Somali man is affiliated with [[Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen|al-Shaabab]], a radical Islamic militia currently in [[Somalia]]. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Danish police shoot intruder at cartoonist's home
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8437433.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 2, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 2, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 2
\n|align="right"|5
\n|align="right"|6
\n|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Farah Province|Farah]], [[Afghanistan]] A pick up truck carrying civilians in Farah Province, Bakwan district hit a improvised explosive device laid by militants resulting in the death of five civilians and injuring six others. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Bomb kills 5 civilians in southwest Afghanistan
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100102/world/afghanistan_unrest_violence
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 2, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 2, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 2
\n|align="right"|2
\n|align="right"|14
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] Two car bombs detonated in southern Baghdad, killing one civilian and wounding at least 14 others. In a separate incident, an Iraqi soldier was gunned down by a sniper in a checkpoint in [[Sadr City]].<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Two killed, 14 injured in Baghdad violence
\n | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/02/content_12744453.htm
\n | work = Xinhua
\n | date = January 2, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 2, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 3
\n|align="right"|3
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Hangu, Pakistan|Hangu]], [[Pakistan]] A bomb attack hit the north-western Pakistani town of Hangu, killing a former provincial minister and two other people.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Bomb kills ex-Pakistan minister
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8438395.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 3, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 3, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 4
\n|align="right"|1
\n|align="right"|5
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]] A bomb exploded near an Iraqi police convoy in Kirkuk, an ethnically diverse city, killing one policeman and injuring five people.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Three policemen killed in north Iraq blasts
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100104/world/iraq_unrest_kirkuk
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 4, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 4, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 4
\n|align="right"|2
\n|align="right"|3
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]] A second bomb targeting a municipal government official in Kirkuk went off several hours after the first bombing, killing two more policemen and injuring three people.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Three policemen killed in north Iraq blasts
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100104/world/iraq_unrest_kirkuk
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 4, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 4, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 5
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|12
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]] A car bomb exploded near an Iraqi Christian Church, wounding a dozen people. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Car Bomb Explodes Near Iraqi Church; Dozen People Injured
\n | url = http://www.christianpost.com/article/20100105/car-bomb-explodes-near-iraqi-church-dozen-people-injured/
\n | work = The Christian Post
\n | date = January 5, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 5, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 6
\n|align="right"|4
\n|align="right"|11
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]] A suicide bomber targeted a Pakistan army patrol in Pakistani-controlled Kashmir, killing four Pakistani soldiers and injuring eleven other soldiers. Pakistan officials blamed the attack on the Pakistani Taliban.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Blast kills four in Pakistan as violence hits Kashmir
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100106/world/pakistan_india_unrest
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 6, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 6, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 6
\n|align="right"|7
\n|align="right"|20
\n|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Makhachkala]], [[Russia]] Russian police were targeted in Dagestan by a suicide bomber in the capital of Makhachkala. Seven police officers were killed in the explosion and at least twenty people were injured. The suicide car bomber had attempted to drive a vehicle into a police depot but was stopped outside when a police vehicle rammed into it, resulting in a massive explosion. The police officers who rammed into the suspicious vehicle were killed in the explosion.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Suicide bomber kills seven in Russia's Dagestan
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/100106/world/international_us_russia_dagestan
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 6, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 6, 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=106510&z=5 Nổ bom tự sát làm thiệt mạng 6 cảnh sát Nga - 16 bị thương] {{vi}}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 7
\n|align="right"|8
\n|align="right"|6
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Hīt]], [[Iraq]] Four explosions targeting a police commander in Hit, western Iraq, killed eight people, including four family members of the police commander, and wounding six people, including the police commander.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Iraq bomb attack on senior police kills eight
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8444946.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 7, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 7, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 7
\n|align="right"|6
\n|align="right"|8
\n|{{flagicon|India}} [[Srinagar]], [[India]] Security forces stormed a hotel in Lal Chowk, killing two Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists who seized the building after killing two civilians and a policeman. One [[Central Reserve Police Force]] member died in the operation.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-terrorists-killed-as-Srinagar-gunbattle-ends/articleshow/5419140.cms</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 7
\n|align="right"|7
\n|align="right"|10
\n|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Naga Hamady]], [[Egypt]] Churchgoers were sprayed with gunfire as they left midnight Mass to welcome in the Coptic Christmas, killing at least six Coptic Christians and a security official and injuring 10 others, including two Muslim passers-by.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8445838.stm</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 7
\n|align="right"|9
\n|align="right"|28
\n|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Gardez]], [[Afghanistan]] A suicide bomber detonated at a market, the target appeared to have been the commander of a private security firm working for American forces who was killed in the blast.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = 'Nine killed' in suspected Afghanistan suicide bombing
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8446094.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 7, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 7, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 8
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|1
\n|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Randalstown]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] A bomb blamed on dissident Republicans exploded, seriously injuring a Catholic police officer in Randalstown, County Antrim. The police officer had been on the Northern Ireland police force for ten years and was the first injured in a dissident republican attack since a bomb attack in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Policeman hurt in car bomb blast in Randalstown
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8447829.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 8, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 8, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 8
\n|align="right"|3
\n|align="right"|7
\n|{{flagicon|Angola}} [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], [[Angola]] A bus full of [[Togo]] [[Association football|football]] players was [[2010 Togo national football team bus attack|sprayed with machine gun fire]] as it crossed from [[Republic of Congo]] territory into [[Angola]]. The government declared the incident "an act of terrorism," while rebels affiliated with the [[FLEC|Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda - Military Position]] (FLEC-PM) claimed responsibility.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = CAN: la fusillade a fait trois morts, selon le gardien togolais Kossi Agassa
\n | url = http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/depeches/international/afrique/20100109.FAP1719/can_la_fusillade_a_fait_trois_morts_selon_le_gardien_to.html
\n | work = Nouvel Observateur
\n | date = January 8, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 8, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 9
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]] An explosive device detonated outside the parliament building in Athens, Greece, resulting in minimal damage and no injuries.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Blast outside Greek parliament, no one hurt
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/100109/world/international_us_greece_bomb
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 9, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 9, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 11
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]] Early Monday a large explosive device detonated outside a nightclub in Malmö, Sweden causing extensive damage to property but no one was killed or injured in the blast. Police have reported it as a crime that "endangered the public" as if the nightclub had been opened or if vehicles had been on the road police indicated the explosion could have been deadly.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Blast rocks Malmö nightclub
\n | url = http://www.thelocal.se/24310/20100111/
\n | work = The Local
\n | date = January 11, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 11, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 11
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|5
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] A bomb attached to a vehicle in an Iraqi lawmaker's convoy detonated injuring three security guards assigned to protecting the Independent Shite lawmaker and two civilians near-by. The lawmaker was not in the convoy at that time.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Bomb wounds 3 guards of Iraqi lawmaker and 2 others; legislator unhurt
\n | url = http://www.metronews.ca/edmonton/world/article/418801--bomb-wounds-3-guards-of-iraqi-lawmaker-and-2-others-legislator-unhurt
\n | work = Metro Canada
\n | date = January 11, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 11, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 12
\n|align="right"|1
\n|align="right"|2
\n|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] Tehran University professor, particle physics scientist Massoud Ali-Mohammadi was killed in a remote control bomb explosion in the Iranian capital and at least two people were lightly wounded in the explosion. The Iranian government immediately blamed Israel and the United States for the bombing. No organization has yet reliably claimed responsibility<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Tehran bomb kills nuclear scientist: media
\n | url = http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE60B0WJ20100112?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0
\n | work = Reuters
\n | date = January 12, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 12, 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=106806&z=5 Bom giết chết một vật lý gia đối lập Iran] {{vi}}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 12
\n|align="right"|1
\n|align="right"|5
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]] A rocket struck a two storey building in Peshawar resulting in the building collapsing. Emergency services were able to evacuate five people to hospital with various injuries but one person was reported trapped in the building as is presumed dead from the terrorist incident.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = One killed, 5 injured in rocket attack in Pakistan's Peshawar
\n | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/12/content_12798009.htm
\n | work = Xinhuanet
\n | date = January 12, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 12, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 12
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Dagestan]], [[Russia]] A bomb explosion on a pipeline left more than 200,000 people without gas for 48 hours. This blast reportedly targeted the Mozdok-Kazimagomed pipeline and knocked out supplies for the the major town of Derbent, as well as other surrounding districts in the area.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Bomb cuts gas supplies in Dagestan, Russia
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8456319.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 13, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 13, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 13
\n|align="right"|7
\n|align="right"|6
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Saqlawiyah]], [[Iraq]] A suicide truck bomber killed five policemen, a civilian and injured six civilians in a suicide attack in Anbar Province in the city of Saqlawiyah including a child.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Suicide truck bomber kills 7 people west of Baghdad
\n | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100113/world/iraq_unrest_anbar
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 13, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 13, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 13
\n|align="right"|1
\n|align="right"|11
\n|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Pattani Province]], [[Thailand]] Mayo district chief Wirat Prasetto was seriously injured along with ten other civilians when a bomb detonated at a pier in Pattani province. The bombing is being blamed on Muslim insurgents. One person was killed in the explosion.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = 1 killed, 11 injured in Pattani explosion
\n | url = http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30064381
\n | work = The Nation Breaking News
\n | date = January 13, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 13, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 14
\n|align="right"|21
\n|align="right"|13
\n|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Dihrawud]], [[Afghanistan]] A suicide bomber on foot detonated his suicide vest outside a money exchange market resulting in the deaths of twenty civilians and injuring at least thirteen others.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Afghan market bombing kills 20: army general
\n | url =http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/100114/world/afghanistan_unrest_civilian_blast
\n | work = Yahoo News
\n | date = January 14, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 14, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 14
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] A bomb explodes near a convoy of Israeli diplomats traveling from Jordan to the [[West Bank]]. No one was hurt in the explosion and the convoy proceeded on its way. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Bomb near Israel convoy in Jordan
\n | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8464763.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 14, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 14, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 17
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|France}} [[Coggia]], [[France]] bombings against two residences, the entry "sdate G. Leclair [[National Liberation Front of Corsica|FLNC]] piu che mai" is found on site.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Attentats contre deux villas en Corse
\n | url =http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2010/01/18/01011-20100118FILWWW00484-attentats-contre-deux-villas-en-corse.php
\n | work = Lefigaro
\n | date = January 17, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 17, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 18
\n|align="right"|10
\n|align="right"|71
\n|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]] At least five suicide bombers detonated their suicide vests throughout Kabul killing three police officers and two civilians. Seventy-one people were taken to hospital because of the attack and rumors went throughout Kabul that Taliban gunmen were roaming Kabul.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Afghan capital Kabul hit by Taliban attack
\n | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8459992.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 18, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 18, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 19
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|4
\n|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Yala Province]], [[Thailand]] Three soldiers and a civilian were seriously wounded when a roadside bomb exploded near a market. Muslim separatists are blamed for the incident in the southern insurgency hit provinces.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = 3 soldiers, 1 civilian injured in Yala bomb attack
\n | url =http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/30120237/3-soldiers-1-civilian-injured-in-Yala-bomb-attack
\n | work = The Nation Breaking News
\n | date = January 19, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 19, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 21
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|1
\n|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Zamboanga City]], [[Philippines]] Suspected [[Abu Sayyaf]] militants detonated a bomb near the house of a Basilan province mayor. One teenager was injured <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Bomb explodes near Basilan mayor's house
\n | url =http://www.sunstar.com.ph/network/bomb-explodes-near-basilan-mayors-house
\n | work = Sun Star Network Online
\n | date = January 21, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 21, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 22
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] a bomb exploded against Tiran Alles, the most important allies of [[Sarath Fonseka]], a part of his house and a car was destroyed <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Sri Lanka: Colombo; bomb attack against the home of an opposition leader
\n | url =http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=26039&t=Sri+Lanka%3A+++Colombo%3B+bomb+attack+against+the+home+of+an+opposition+leader
\n | work = Speroforum.com
\n | date = January 22, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 22, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 23
\n|align="right"|4
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Gomal]], [[Pakistan]] A car bomb exploded against a Police Station in [[south Waziristan]], <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Pakistan: quatre morts dans un attentat à la voiture piégée (police)
\n | url = http://www.lemonde.fr/web/depeches/0,14-0,39-41483399@7-60,0.html
\n | work = Le monde
\n | date = January 23, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 23, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 25
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Crossmaglen]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] Two people fired shots against a PSNI base in south Armagh, nobody was injured. The station was petrol bombed two years ago.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Gunmen fire shots at Crossmaglen police station
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8478108.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 25, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 25, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 25
\n|align="right"|41
\n|align="right"|110
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] Triple suicide car bombings [[25 January 2010 Baghdad bombings|detonate near hotels]] popular with western business and media. The attacks coincide with the execution of [[Chemical Ali]]. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Iraq capital Baghdad rocked by deadly triple bombing
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8478916.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 25, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 26, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 26
\n|align="right"|21
\n|align="right"|85
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] A suicide car bomber strikes at an Iraqi crime lab in the city.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Iraq crime lab car bomber kills many in Baghdad
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8480220.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 26, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 26, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 26
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|France}} [[Porto-Vecchio]], [[France]] A bomb destroyed a house in Porto-Vecchio (Corsica). Nationalists are blamed.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Action clandestine contre une résidence secondaire à Purti Vechju
\n | url = http://portail.unita-naziunale.org/8491-action-clandestine-contre-une-residence-secondaire-a-purti-vechju
\n | work = Unita Naziunale
\n | date = January 26, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 26, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 26
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|6
\n|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Kurunegala]], [[Sri Lanka]] Six people were injured in a bomb attack during [[Sri Lankan presidential election, 2010|presidential election]]. The same day, two other people were killed in riots. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Two people killed in Sri Lanka pre-poll attacks
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8465202.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 26, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 26, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 29
\n|align="right"|3
\n|align="right"|7
\n|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Saberio]], [[Abkhazia]] Three people one of them a police officer were killed after a bomb blast in the villege of Saberio. Seven more people were injured in the blast.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Blast kills three in Abkhazia
\n | url = http://rt.com/Top_News/2010-01-29/abkhazia-car-blast-terrorism.html
\n | work = RT News
\n | date = January 30, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 30
\n|align="right"|16
\n|align="right"|20
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Khar, Bajaur|Khar]], [[Pakistan]] A suicide bomber [[January 2010 Bajaur bombing|detonates at a checkpoint]] in Khar, the main town in the troubled Bajaur tribal region.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Suicide bomber attacks checkpoint in Pakistan
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8488888.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 30, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 31
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Bessbrook]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] The [[Real IRA]] claimed responsibility for opening fire on a PSNI police station in Bessbrook. No one was killed or injured in the shooting reports say that high velocity weapons where used in this attack .<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Real IRA 'fired shots at Bessbrook police station'
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8490551.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = January 31, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 31, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|January 31
\n|align="right"|7
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Arauca]], [[Colombia]] Several members of the FARC attacked a convoy, 4 policemen and 3 Colombian soldiers are killed.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Colombie/Farc : 7 tués
\n | url = http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2010/01/31/01011-20100131FILWWW00132-colombie-7-tues-dans-une-attaque-des-farc.php
\n | work = Le Figaro
\n | date = January 31, 2010
\n | accessdate = January 31, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|}
\n
\n==February==
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
\n|-
\n!Date
\n!Dead
\n!Injured
\n!Location and description
\n|-
\n|February 1
\n|align="right"|54
\n|align="right"|117
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] A female suicide bomber [[1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing|detonated among a group of pilgrims]] making their journey to Karbala as they walked through Baghdad.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Female suicide bomber kills Iraqi pilgrims in Baghdad
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8490819.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = February 1, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 1, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 1
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli coastal plain|Mediterranean coastal plain]], [[Israel]] The [[Popular Resistance Committees]] (PRC), a Palestinian militant group in the Gaza Strip with close ties to Hamas, tried to carry out an unsuccessful attack on Israel by means of bombs placed in barrels and sent into the Mediterranean Sea from the Gaza coast.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Possible third barrel bomb discovered at Palmahim beach
\n | url = http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=167688
\n | work = Jerusalem Post
\n | date = February 1, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 13, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 2
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|1
\n|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]] A bomb explosion on railroad tracks in St. Petersburg injured one worker and is being considered a terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = 1 injured in Russian railroad bombing
\n | url = http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2010/feb/02/1-injured-in-russian-railroad-bombing/
\n | work = Las Vegas Sun
\n | date = February 2, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 2, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 3
\n|align="right"|10
\n|align="right"|70
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lower Dir]], [[Pakistan]] A [[February 2010 Lower Dir bombing|blast near a school hits]] a Pakistani Frontier Corps convoy. The attack kills several children and 3 US Marines attached as trainers to the Pakistani frontiersmen. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Pakistan blast kills US soldiers
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8494890.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = February 3, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 3, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 3
\n|align="right"|20
\n|align="right"|50
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]] A suicide car bomber detonates in a crowd of pilgrims making their way to the Imam Hussein shrine in the city where Shia Muslims are to mark Arbaeen.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Pilgrims killed in explosion in Iraqi city of Karbala
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/8495100.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = February 3, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 3, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 3
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] A pipe bomb blast damaged a PSNI police station in Belfast. No one was killed or injured in the blast but over 40 people were removed from their homes after the blast. The [[Real IRA]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Homes cleared after Belfast police station attack
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8495068.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = February 3, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 3, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 4
\n|align="right"|3
\n|align="right"|17
\n|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] A suicide car bomber detonates near the centre of the city, three people were killed and seventeen wounded in the blast.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Three killed in Afghan suicide car attack
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8499081.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 4, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 4, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 5
\n|align="right"|40
\n|align="right"|140
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]] Two suicide car bombers detonated on either side of a bridge across which pilgrims were making their way in and out of the city.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Bombings hit Iraq Shia pilgrims in Karbala
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8500131.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 5, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 5, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 5
\n|align="right"|33
\n|align="right"|170
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] A bomb [[February 2010 Karachi bombings|strikes a bus carrying Shia pilgrims]], killing 12 and injuring 50. A second bomb explodes at the hospital where some of the injured were taken, killing a further 13 people. <ref>{{cite news
\n | title = Pakistan double bombings kill Shia Muslims
\n | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8500077.stm
\n | work = BBC News
\n | date = February 5, 2010
\n | accessdate = February 5, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 5
\n|align="right"|3
\n|align="right"|30
\n|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Lashkar Gah]], [[Afghanistan]] A motorcycle bomb explodes near a crowd of people watching a dog fight.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Afghanistan dog fight hit by deadly bomb blast
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8499868.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 5, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 5, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 6
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]] Taliban militants blew up a girls' school, no one was hurt or killed in the attack.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Taliban blow up girls' school in NW Pakistan
\n| url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g5UESMbxTaSdo8im5xsxLiABataA
\n| work = Google News
\n| date = February 6, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 6, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 8
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] A man described as the top Afghan Taliban military commander and named as [[Abdul Ghani Baradar|Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar]] was captured in a morning raid in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Taliban commander Mullah Baradar 'seized in Pakistan'
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8517375.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 8, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 8, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n||February 9
\n|align="right"|3
\n|align="right"|1
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]] A senior Pakistani politician was attacked by militants in the city of Rawalpindi, in the Punjab province. The politician, [[Sheikh Rashid Ahmed]], survived this attack however 3 of his security guards were killed.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Pakistan politician escapes life attempt
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8505410.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 9, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 9, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 10
\n|align="right"|13
\n|align="right"|5
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Khyber]], [[Pakistan]] A suicide car bomber [[February 2010 Khyber bombing|rammed his explosive-laden car]] into a police vehicle travelling on a highway in the Khyber area.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Pakistani police killed in suicide bomb attack
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8508509.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 10, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 10, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 10
\n|align="right"|1
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Kfar Tapuach]], [[West Bank]] A Palestinian Authority police officer stabbed an IDF soldier to death while he was sitting in a jeep stopped at a traffic light at the Tapuah junction.<ref>
\n{{cite news
\n| title = Terrorist was a PA officer
\n| url = http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168378
\n| work = Jerusalem Post
\n| date = February 11, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 11, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 11
\n|align="right"|12
\n|align="right"|20
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Bannu]], [[Pakistan]] Two suspected suicide blasts hit a police compound in north-western Pakistan.<ref>
\n{{cite news
\n| title = Deadly blasts at Pakistan police compound
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8511031.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 11, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 11, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 12
\n|align="right"|6
\n|align="right"|25
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]] Three blasts went off in quick succession on the road into the city, which was a major destination for Shia pilgrims. The bombings were apparently the latest in a series of attacks targeting Shia Muslims in the country.<ref>
\n{{cite news
\n| title = Iraqi Shia city rocked by bombs
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8513461.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 12, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 12, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 13
\n|align="right"|11
\n|align="right"|60
\n|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pune]], [[India]] A bomb [[2010 Pune bombing|exploded]] at the German Bakery in [[Pune]], India, a famous and touristic eatery.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = India restaurant bomb blast kills nine in Pune
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8514232.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 13, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 13, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 13
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|7
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] A string of bombings targeted groups taking part in Iraq's March election.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = String of Iraq bomb attacks target poll candidates
\n| url = http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/String_of_Iraq_bomb_attacks_target_poll_candidates.html?cid=8294906
\n| work = Swiss News
\n| date = February 13, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 13, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 14
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|4
\n|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Bujanovac]], [[Serbia]] A member of a multi-ethnic police unit in Bujanovac, southern Serbia, was seriously injured in an explosion. Reports said that his wife, and two young women who were passing by, sustained minor wounds in the incident. All four are ethnic Albanians.<ref>
\nhttp://www.b92.net/eng/news/crimes-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=15&nav_id=65201</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 15
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|2
\n|{{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]] An al-Shabab suicide car bomber attempted to assassinate Somalia's state minister for defence, [[Yusuf Mohamed Siyad]] when he drove his explosive-laden vehicle towards Mr Siyad's car and detonated, injuring two of his security guards.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Somali minister survives bombing
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8516752.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 15, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 15, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 16
\n|align="right"|2
\n|align="right"|25
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]] A suicide car bomber detonated in Nabi Younus, in Mosul.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = 9 Iraqis Killed, Scores Injured in Attacks
\n| url = http://www.aljazeerah.info/News/2010/February/16%20n/9%20Iraqis%20Killed,%20Scores%20Injured%20in%20Attacks,%20February%2016,%202010.htm
\n| work = Al-Jazeerah
\n| date = February 16, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 16, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 16
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]] A bomb exploded in Athens inside a American financial services firm (JPMorgan Chase&Co). No one was injured in the blast and the bomb did little damage to the building.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Bomb blast hits J.P. Morgan building in Greece
\n| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/02/16/greece.bomb.jpmorgan/index.html
\n| work = CNN News
\n| date = February 16, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 16, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 17
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] Iraqi security forces arrested a suspected [[al-Qaida]] weapons dealer and two other suspected terrorists during a series of combined operations in Baghdad.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Forces in Iraq Nab Weapons Dealer, Bomb Maker
\n| url = http://thetension.blogspot.com/2010/02/oif-summary-feb-17-2010-forces-in-iraq.html
\n| work = The Tension
\n| date = February 17, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 17, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 18
\n|align="right"|15
\n|align="right"|20+
\n|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ramadi]], [[Iraq]] A suicide car bomber detonated at a checkpoint near government offices and courts.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Iraqi city of Ramadi rocked by deadly blast
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8521475.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 18, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 18, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 18
\n|align="right"|41
\n|align="right"|60
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Khyber]], [[Pakistan]] A suicide bomber [[February 2010 Khyber Mosque bombing|detonated among pro-Taliban militants]] meeting in a compound by a crowded market selling hashish.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = 41 killed in Pak twin blasts
\n| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/30-killed-in-suicide-attack-on-Pak-mosque/articleshow/5588777.cms
\n| work = Times of India
\n| date = February 18, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 18, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 18
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Coalisland]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] A pipe bomb damaged the rear door and windows of a house in Coalisland. No one was killed or injured in the balst but one man and three woman were treated for shock.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = People targeted in County Tyrone pipe bomb attack
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/foyle_and_west/8523528.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 18, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 18, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-\t\t
\n|February 19
\n|align="right"|0
\n|align="right"|0
\n|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Keady]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] A viable mortar bomb was abandoned near a police station in County Armagh, it was removed for further investigation by an army bomb disposal team.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Mortar bomb left near Keady police station
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8523641.stm
\n| work = BBC News
\n| date = February 19, 2010
\n| accessdate = February 19, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 19\t
\n|align="right"|0\t
\n|align="right"|0\t
\n|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] Two senior members of the Afghan Taliban, Mullah Abdul Salam and Mullah Mir Mohammad, were seized in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news\t
\n| title = Afghan Taliban chiefs 'held in Pakistan'\t
\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8523429.stm\t
\n| work = BBC News\t
\n| date = February 19, 2010\t
\n| accessdate = February 19, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 19
\n|align="right"|2
\n|align="right"|35
\n|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Nazran]], [[Russia]] A series of blasts caused by explosive devices detonated at an abandoned house in Nazran. A large group of policemen at the time were reportedly trying to defuse these bombs.<ref>{{cite news
\n| title = Series of blasts rock southern Russia
\n| url = http://rt.com/Top_News/2010-02-19/ingushetia-blast-bomb-police.html
\n| work = Russia Today
\n| date = February 19
\n| accessdate = February 19, 2010 }}</ref>
\n|-
\n|February 20
\n|align="right"|1
\n|align="right"|18
\n|{{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]] Three simultaneous grenade attacks on a train station, a restaurant and an office building killed one person and injured about 18 others.<ref>http://www.france24.com/en/20100220-rwanda-grenade-attacks-rock-kigali-state-restaurant-train-station-building</ref>
\n|-
\n|}
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
\n
\n{{List of Terrorist Incidents}}
\n
\n{{use mdy dates}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Terrorist Incidents, 2010}}
\n[[Category:Terrorist incidents in 2010|*]]
\n
\n[[pl:Lista zamachów terrorystycznych w 2010]]
\n[[tl:Talaan ng mga insedente ng terorismo, 2010]]
",
"pubDate": "2010-02-22T06:13:22+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_2010"
},
{
"title": "ETA (separatist group)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETA_(separatist_group)&diff=347415179",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETA_(separatist_group)&diff=347415179",
"description": "Gregology: /* Opinion polls */ Added possible bias in polling
\n
\n{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
\n{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
\n{{Otheruses4|the Basque organization|other uses|ETA (disambiguation)}}
\n{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
\n
\n{{Infobox militant organization
\n| name = Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)
\n| logo = ETAren_anagrama_Altsasun_%28square%29.jpg
\n| caption = ETA symbol
\n| dates = July 31, 1959–present
\n| leader = [[Juan Cruz Maiztegui Bengoa]]<br />[[José Luis Eciolaza Galán "Dienteputo"]]<ref name="abc.es">http://www.abc.es/20081020/nacional-terrorismo/dienteputo-afianza-como-jefe-20081020.html"«Dienteputo» se afianza como jefe de ETA y dirige con «Txeroki» la actual ofensiva"</ref><br />[[Izaskun Lesaka]]<ref name="elconfidencial.com">http://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/Articulo.aspx?IdObjeto=21799"Una mujer es el cerebro de los últimos atentados de ETA en Burgos y Mallorca"</ref><br />Mikel Kabiboitz Carrera<ref name="rtve.es">http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20100214/mikel-kabiboitz-carrera-nuevo-jefe-militar-eta/317888.shtml"Mikel Kabiboitz Carrera, nuevo jefe militar de ETA"</ref>
\n| motives = The creation of an independent [[socialism|socialist]] [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]
\n| area = [[Spain]] and [[France]] ([[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque Country]])
\n| ideology = [[Basque nationalism]],<br>[[Marxism-Leninism]]
\n|crimes = Numerous bombings and assassinations
\n|status = Final action and confrontations in 1993. Apparently officially disbanded on 20 April 1998.
\n| status = Designated as [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]] by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]<br />Designated as [[Terrorism Act 2000#Proscribed groups|Proscribed Group]] by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Home Office]]<br />Designated as terrorist group by [[European Union|EU]] [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]
\n}}
\n
\n{{lang|eu|'''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna'''}} or '''ETA''' ({{lang-en|Basque Homeland and Freedom}}; {{pronounced|ˈɛːta}}), is an armed [[Basque nationalist]] and [[separatist]] organization.<!-- Do not add "terrorist" here, that is covered in the very next paragraph --> The group was founded in 1959 and they evolved from a group promoting traditional [[Basque culture]] to a [[paramilitary]] group with the goal of gaining independence for the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Greater Basque Country]] from a [[Marxist-Leninist]] perspective.<ref name="goizargi.com">http://www.goizargi.com/2003/queeselmlnv4.htm"What is the MNLV (4)"</ref><ref>http://www.goizargi.com/2003/queeselmlnv3.htm "What is the MNLV (3)"</ref>
\n
\nETA's motto is {{lang|eu|''Bietan jarrai''}} ("Keep up on both"). This refers to the two figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed struggle).<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2007/07/10/opinion/2150459.html Article in Spanish citing the meaning of the axe and the serpent]</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/21/espana/1116672025.html Article in Spanish including the ETA logo]</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/03/24/blog03/1143175900.html Article in Spanish including a handmade ETA logo]</ref>
\n
\nSince 1968, ETA has killed over 800 individuals, injured thousands and undertaken dozens of kidnappings.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/11/19/spain.eta/index.html</ref><ref name="Victimas MIR">[http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm Spanish ''Ministerio del Interior'' page; ETA has killed 823 people as of 08/19/08]</ref><ref name="smithsonianmag.com">[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/basque.html]</ref> The group is proscribed as a [[List of designated terrorist organizations|terrorist organization]] by the [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]]<ref>{{fr icon}} [https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/editorial/actual/ael2/bulletin.asp?liste=20040601.html#Chapitre14 French list of terrorist organizations, in the annex of Chapter XIV]</ref> [[authorities]], as well as the [[European Union]] as a whole<ref name="EUList">{{PDFlink|[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_144/l_14420060531en00250029.pdf EU list of terrorist organizations]|43.6 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 44697 bytes -->}}, 29 May 2006</ref> and the [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|United States]].<ref>[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><!-- Before changing the treatment of the word "terrorist", check [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid#Terrorist, terrorism]] --> This convention is followed by a plurality of domestic and international media, which also refer to the group as "terrorists".<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eta-gives-terrorists-disguise-manual-765286.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559677/Eta-terrorists-demand-protection-money.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13061961]</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,491972,00.html]</ref> More than 700 members of the organization are incarcerated in prisons in Spain, France, and other countries.<ref name = "gfklny">{{es icon}} [http://www.elconfidencial.com/cache/2008/01/01/66_cifra_presos_ultima_decada_encarcelados.html La cifra de presos de ETA es la más alta de la última década con 728 encarcelados] El Confidencial, 07 January 2008</ref>
\n
\n== Structure ==
\n[[Image:ArmaTiroPumEtaMilikiliklik26 8.jpg|thumb|ETA members fire salvos during the [[Gudari Eguna|Day]] of the [[Euzko Gudarostea|Basque Soldier]] of 2006.]]
\n
\nETA has changed its internal structure on several occasions for different reasons, commonly security ones. The group used to have a very hierarchical organization with a leading figure at the top, delegating into three substructures: the logistical, military and political sections. Reports from Spanish and French police point towards significant changes in ETA's structures in recent years. ETA has divided the three substructures into a total of eleven. The change was a response to recent captures, and possible infiltration, by the different law enforcement agencies. ETA's intention is to disperse its members and reduce the impact of detentions.
\n
\nThe leading committee is formed by 7 to 11 individuals, and ETA's internal documentation refers to it as Zuba, an abbreviation of ''Zuzendaritza Batzordea'' (directorial committee). There is another committee named ''Zuba-hitu'' that functions as an advisory committee. The eleven different substructures are: logistics, politics, international relations with fraternal organisations, military operations, reserves, prisoner support, expropriation, information, recruitment, negotiation and treasury.<ref>''[http://www.elcorreodigital.com/vizcaya/pg060323/actualidad/politica/200603/23/ECD_eta_funcionamiento.html]''</ref>
\n
\nETA's armed operations are organized in different ''taldes'' ("groups") or ''commandos'', generally composed of three to five members, whose objective is to conduct attacks in a specific geographic zone. The ''taldes'' are coordinated by the ''cúpula militar'' ("military [[cupola]]"). To supply the ''taldes'', support groups maintain [[safe house]]s and ''zulos'' (small rooms concealed in forests, house attics or undergrounds, used to store arms, explosives or, sometimes, kidnapped people; the Basque word ''zulo'' literally means "hole"). The small cellars used to hide the people kidnapped are named by ETA and ETA's supporters "[[people's jail]]s"<ref name="La Razón Técnico">''[http://www.belt.es/noticias/2004/octubre/21/eta_zulo.htm «El técnico» construyó los zulos de ETA]'', [[La Razón]], 18 October 2004.</ref>. Currently the most common ''commandos'' are the itinerant ones, not linked to any specific area, and thus, more difficult to capture.<ref>''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0D7143DF932A25754C0A964958260]''</ref>
\n
\nAmong its members, ETA distinguishes between ''legales/legalak'' ("legal ones"), those members who do not have police records and live apparently normal lives; ''liberados'' ("liberated") members known to the police that are on ETA's payroll and working full time for ETA; and ''apoyos'' ("support") who just give occasional help and logistics support to the organisation when required.<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TZ5TNlhO5V8C&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=ETA+liberados&source=web&ots=8iMHnKD83Y&sig=fN4xId-QUx5xPL7_FqrYdCkZsXA&hl=en]''</ref> There are also the imprisoned members of the organisation, serving time scattered across Spain and France, that sometimes still have significant influence inside the organisation; and finally the ''quemados'' ("burnt out"), members freed after having been imprisoned or those that the organisation suspect under police vigilance. In the past there was also the figure of the deportees, expelled by the French government to remote countries where they live freely. France has since stopped the practice of deporting ETA members to other places than to Spain to be judged.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
\n
\nETA's internal bulletin is named ''[[Zutabe]]'' ("Column"), replacing the earlier one (1962) ''[[Zutik (publication)|Zutik]]'' ("Standing").
\n
\nETA also promotes the ''[[kale borroka]]'' ("street fight"), that is, violent acts against public transportation, political parties offices or cultural buildings, destruction of private property of politicians, police, military, journalist, council members, and anyone voicing critics against ETA, bank offices, menaces, graffiti of political mottos, and general rioting, usually using [[Molotov cocktails]]<ref>http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR410122000?open&of=ENG-ESP</ref>. These groups are made up mostly of young people, who are directed through youth organisations (such as [[Jarrai]], [[Haika]] and [[Segi]]). Many of the present-day members of ETA started their collaboration with the organisation as participants in the ''kale borroka''.
\n
\n== Political support ==
\nThe political party [[Batasuna]] (formerly known as [[Euskal Herritarrok]] and "[[Herri Batasuna]]"), presently banned by the Spanish Supreme Court as an anti-democratic organisation following the Political Parties Law (''Ley de Partidos Políticos''<ref>[http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo6-2002.html Party Law] in Spanish</ref>), pursues the same political goals as ETA and does not condemn ETA's use of violence. It generally received 8 to 15% of the vote in the Basque Autonomous Community <ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2005/03/espana/elecciones_pv/resultados.html elmundo.es | Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n
\nBatasuna's political status has been a very controversial issue. It was considered to be the political wing of ETA<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/56763.stm BBC News | EUROPE | ETA's political wing elects new leaders<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-1272166/Batasuna Batasuna (Basque org.) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Moreover, after the investigations on the nature of the relationship between Batasuna and ETA by Judge [[Baltasar Garzón]], who suspended the activities of the political organization and made its headquarters be shut down by police, the [[Supreme Court of Spain]] finally declared Batasuna illegal on March 18, 2003. The court considered proven that Batasuna had links with ETA and that it constituted in fact part of ETA's structure. In 2003 the Constitutional Tribunal upheld the legality of the law.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
\n
\nHowever, the party itself denies to be the political wing of ETA,{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} despite the fact that double membership -simultaneous or alternative- between Batasuna and ETA is often recorded, such as with the cases of prominent Batasuna leaders like Josu Ternera, [[Arnaldo Otegi]], Jon Salaberria and others<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4581987.stm BBC NEWS | Europe | Basque nationalist leader jailed<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name = "jvjtfe">[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/direccion/Batasuna/ETA/elpepuesp/20080521elpepunac_4/Tes De la dirección de Batasuna a la de ETA • ELPAÍS.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n
\nThe Spanish [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] (the Spanish Parliament) began the process of declaring the party illegal in August 2002 by issuing a bill entitled the ''Ley de Partidos Políticos'' which bars political parties that use violence to achieve political goals, promotes hatred against different groups or seek to destroy the democratic system <ref>[http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Ley_Org%C3%A1nica_de_los_Partidos_Pol%C3%ADticos_(Espa%C3%B1a):_03]</ref>. The bill passed the Cortes with a 304 to 16 vote.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Many within the Basque nationalistic movement strongly disputed the Law, which they consider too draconian or even unconstitutional; alleging that any party could be made illegal almost by choice, simply for not clearly stating their opposition to an attack. Defenders of the new law argue that the ''Ley de Partidos'' does not necessarily require responses to individual acts of violence, but rather a declaration of principles explicitly rejecting violence as a means of achieving political goals. Defenders also argue that the ban of a political party is subject to judicial process, with all the guarantees of the State of Law. Batasuna has failed to produce such a statement {{As of|2008|alt=as of February 2008}}. Other political parties linked to terrorist organizations like the [[Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted)|''Partido Comunista de España (reconstituido)'']] have also been declared illegal, and [[Acción Nacionalista Vasca]] and [[Communist Party of the Basque Lands]] (EHAK/PCTV, ''Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista / Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas'') have been illegalized in September 2008.
\n
\nA new party called [[Aukera Guztiak]] ''(All the Options)'' was formed expressly for the elections to the [[Basque Parliament]] of April 2005. Its supporters claimed no heritage from Batasuna, asserting that their aim was to allow Basque citizens to freely express their political ideas, even those of independence. On the matter of political violence, Aukera Guztiak stated their right not to condemn some kinds of violence more than others if they did not see fit (in this regard, the [[Basque National Liberation Movement|Basque National Liberation Movement (MLNV)]] regards present police actions as violence, torture and state terrorism). Nevertheless, most of their members and certainly most of their leadership were former Batasuna supporters or affiliates. The Spanish Supreme Court unanimously considered the party to be a sequel to Batasuna and declared a ban on it.
\n
\nAfter Aukera Guztiak had been banned, and less than two weeks before the election, another political group appeared born from an earlier schism from Herri Batasuna, the [[Communist Party of the Basque Lands]] (EHAK/PCTV, ''Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista / Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas''), a formerly unknown political party which had no representation in the Autonomous Basque Parliament. EHAK made the announcement that they would apply the votes they obtained to sustain the political programme of the now banned Aukera Guztiak platform. This move left no time for the Spanish courts to investigate EHAK in compliance with the ''Ley de Partidos'' before the elections were held. The bulk of Batasuna supporters voted in this election for PCTV, a virtually unknown political formation until then. PCTV obtained 9 seats of 75 (12.44% of votes) at the Basque Parliament <ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2005/03/espana/elecciones_pv/resultados/ elmundo.es | Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\nThe election of EHAK representatives eventually allowed the programme of the illegalized Batasuna to continue being represented without having condemned violence as required by the ''Ley de Partidos''.
\n
\n=== Social support ===
\n[[Image:ETA Pasajes 2003 06 28.jpg|thumb|Graffiti in [[Pasaia]] (2003). "ETA, the people with you" on the left, and Batasuna using several nationalist symbols asking for "Independence!".]] Spain's transition to democracy from 1975 on and ETA's progressive radicalisation have resulted in a steady loss of support, which became especially apparent at the time of their 1997 kidnapping and countdown assassination of [[Miguel Ángel Blanco]]. Their loss of sympathisers has been reflected in an erosion of support for the political parties identified with them. In the 1998 Basque parliament elections Euskal Herritarrok, formerly Batasuna, polled 17.7% of the votes.<ref>[http://www.electionresources.org/es/eus/parliament.php?election=1998 Basque parliament election 1998] accessed 22-04-2009</ref> However by 2001 the party's support had fallen to 10.0%.<ref>[http://www.electionresources.org/es/eus/parliament.php?election=2001 2001 Basque parliament election] accessed 22-04-2009</ref> There were also concerns that Spain's "judicial offensive" against alleged ETA supporters (two Basque political parties and one NGO were banned in September 2008) constitute a threat to [[human rights]]. Strong evidence was seen that a legal network had grown so wide as to lead to the arrest of numerous innocent people. According to [[Amnesty International]], [[torture]] was still "persistent," though not "systematic." Inroads could be undermined by judicial short-cuts and abuses of human rights.<ref>http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/1122/1227293430430.html</ref>
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\n=== Opinion polls ===
\nThe [[Euskobarometro]], the survey carried out by the [[Universidad del País Vasco]] (University of the Basque Country), asking about the views of ETA the Basque population has, obtained these results in May 2009 <ref name="Euskobarometro">''[http://alweb.ehu.es/euskobarometro/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=114]''</ref>: 64% rejected ETA totally, 13% identified themselves as former ETA sympathizers (mainly during the Franco dictatorship) who no longer support the group. Another 10% agreed with ETA's ends, but not their means. 3% said that their attitude towards ETA was mainly one of fear, 3% expressed indifference and 3% were undecided or did not answer. About 3% gave ETA "justified, with criticism" support (supporting the group but critizising some of their actions) and only 1% gave ETA total support. Even within Batasuna voters, at least 48% rejected ETA's violence.
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\nA poll taken by the Basque Autonomous Government in December 2006 during ETA's [[ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration|"permanent" ceasefire]]<ref>[http://www1.euskadi.net/estudios_sociologicos/estudiosfecha_c.apl?es_fecha=11/12/2006%208:45:40&anio=2006 Gabinete de Prospección Sociológica (Gobierno Vasco): list of sociological studies 2006]</ref><ref>[http://gara.euskalherria.com/idatzia/20061211/art192774.php Gara:''Más del 85% apuesta por el derecho a decidir y por el diálogo sobre el marco'']</ref><ref>[http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2006/12/11/bizkaia/politika/316792.php Deia: ''Ocho de cada diez vascos confían en el proceso de paz pese a su estancamiento'']</ref> showed that 88% of the Basques thought that it was necessary for all political parties to launch a dialogue, including a debate on the political framework for the Basque Country (86%). 69% support the idea of ratifying the results of this hypothetical multiparty dialogue through a referendum. This poll also reveals that the hope of a peaceful resolution to the issue of the constitutional status of the Basque region has fallen to 78% (from 90% in April).
\n
\nThese polls did not cover [[Navarre]], where support for Basque nationalist electoral options is weaker (around 25% of population) or the [[Northern Basque Country]] where support is even weaker (around 15% of population). Bias may exist in polling as some individuals may not be willing to admit to supporting ETA from fear of legal reprisal.
\n
\n== History ==
\n=== During Franco's dictatorship ===
\n{{Refimprove|section|date=December 2007}}
\nETA was founded by young nationalists, who were for a time affiliated with the [[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]]. Started in 1952 as a student discussion group at the [[University of Deusto]] in [[Bilbao]], an offshoot of the PNV's youth group [[EGI]], it was originally called [[EKIN]], from the Basque-language verb meaning "to act"; the name had the meaning "get busy". On July 31, 1959 it reconstituted itself as ETA. Their split from the PNV was apparently because they considered the PNV too moderate in its opposition to Franco's dictatorship. They disagreed with the PNV's rejection of violent tactics and advocated a Basque [[resistance movement]] using [[direct action]]. This was an era of [[wars of national liberation]] such as the [[decolonization|anti-colonial]] war in [[Algeria]].
\n
\nIn their platform, formed at their first assembly in [[Bayonne]], [[France]] in 1962, ETA called for "historical regenerationism", viewing Basque history as a process of [[nation building]]. They declared that Basque nationality is defined by the Basque language; this was in contrast to the PNV's definition of Basque nationality in terms of [[ethnicity]]. In contrast with the explicit Catholicism of the PNV, ETA defined itself as "aconfessional"—meaning ETA does not recognize a special state religion—although using Catholic doctrine to elaborate its social program. They called for socialism and for "independence for Euskadi, compatible with European [[federalist|federalism]]".
\n
\nIn 1965, the sixth Assembly of ETA adopted a [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] position; its precise political line has varied with time, although they have always advocated some [[Types of socialism|type of socialism]].
\n
\nIn its early years, ETA's activity seems to have consisted mostly of theorizing and of protesting by destroying infrastructure and Spanish symbols and by hanging forbidden [[Basque flag]]s.
\n
\n[[Image:Placa Carrero Blanco.jpg|thumb|Memorial plate at the place of the assassination of Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco.]]
\nIt is not clear when exactly ETA first began a policy of assassination, nor is it clear who committed the first assassinations identified with ETA. There are sources that single out a failed 1960 attempt to derail a train carrying war veterans as a result of which the little girl Beatriz Urroz was killed, this attack was not vindicated by ETA or any other group. The first confirmed assassination occurred on June 7, 1968 when [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]], [[José Pardines Arcay]] was shot dead when he tried to halt ETA member [[Txabi Etxebarrieta]] during the course of a routine [[road check]]. Etxebarrieta was chased down and killed as he tried to flee<ref>http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/primer/dia/ETA/asesino/elpepuesp/20080604elpepunac_4/Tes</ref>. This led to retaliation in the form of the first planned ETA assassination, that of [[Melitón Manzanas]], chief of the [[secret police]] in San Sebastián and associated to a long record of tortures inflicted to detainees under his custody.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/domingo/HABLAN/ViCTIMAS/MELITON/MANZANAS/elppor/20010128elpdmg_12/Tes |title = Hablan las Víctimas de Melitón Manzanas | accessdate = 2008-06-19 | publisher = EL PAÍS}} Article in Spanish</ref> In 1970, several members of ETA were condemned to death in the ''[[Proceso de Burgos]]'' ("Trial of [[Burgos]]"), but international pressure resulted in [[Commutation (law)|commutation]] of the sentences, which, however, had by that time already been applied to some other members of ETA.
\nThe nationalists that refused Marxism-Leninism and looked for a [[National Front]] appeared as the so-called ETA-V.
\nThey kidnapped the German consul in San Sebastian, Eugen Beilh, to exchange him for the Burgos condemnees.<!-- How did it end? -->
\nThe most significant assassination performed by ETA during Franco's dictatorship was [[Operación Ogro]], the December 1973 bomb assassination in [[Madrid]] of Admiral [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], Franco's chosen successor and president of the government (a position roughly equivalent to being a [[prime minister]]). The assassination had been planned for months and was executed by placing a bomb in the sewer below the street where Blanco's car passed every day. The bomb blew up just in time and threw the politician and his car three floors into the air and over the top of a nearby building; the car landed on a balcony in a courtyard the other side from the road.
\n
\nThis killing was not condemned and in some cases was even applauded by the Spanish opposition in exile. For some Carrero Blanco's death was an instrumental step for the subsequent establishment of [[democracy]], by eliminating Franco's chosen successor. In regard to Carrero's death, the former ETA member now turned anti-nationalist author [[Jon Juaristi]] contends that ETA's goal with this particular killing was not democratization but a spiral of violence as an attempt to fully destabilize Spain, increase Franco's repression against Basque nationalism and subsequently put the average citizen in the Basque country in a situation where they would have had to accept the [[Lesser of two evils principle|lesser evil]] in the form of ETA's reaction against Franco's unleashed repression.<ref name="Juaristi Némesis Carrero">''Sacra Némesis: Nuevas historias de nacionalistas vascos'', pages 143-145, [[Jon Juaristi]], [[Editorial Espasa Calpe]], 1999, ISBN 84-239-7791-9</ref>
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\n=== During the transition ===
\nAfter Franco's death, during the [[Spanish transition to democracy]], ETA split into two separate organisations: one faction became [[ETA political-military]] or ETA(pm), and another [[ETA military]] or ETA(m).
\n
\nBoth ETA(m) and ETA(pm) refused offers of amnesty, instead continuing and intensifying their violent struggle. The years 1978–80 were to prove ETA's most deadly, with 68, 76, and 91 fatalities, respectively. [Martinez-Herrera 2002]
\n
\nDuring the Franco dictatorship, ETA was able to take advantage of tolerance by the [[French government]], which allowed its members to move freely through French territory, believing that in this manner they were contributing to the end of Franco's regime. There is much controversy over the degree to which this policy of "[[sanctuary]]" continued even after the transition to democracy, but it is generally agreed that currently the French authorities collaborate closely with the Spanish government against ETA.
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\nIn the 80s, ETA(pm) accepted the Spanish government's offer of individual pardons to all ETA prisoners, even those who had committed violent crimes, who publicly abandoned the policy of violence. This caused a new division in ETA(pm) between the seventh and eighth assemblies. ETA VII accepted this partial amnesty granted by the now democratic Spanish government and integrated into the political party ''[[Euskadiko Ezkerra]]'' ("[[left-wing politics|Left]] of the Basque Country").
\n
\nETA VIII, after a brief period of independent activity, eventually integrated into ETA(m), possibly influencing ETA(m) into adopting even more radical and violent positions. With no factions existing anymore, ETA(m) revamped the original name of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna.
\n
\n==== GAL ====
\nDuring the 1980s a "[[dirty war]]" ensued by means of the [[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]] (GAL, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups"), a [[paramilitary]] group which billed themselves as [[counter-terrorist]], active between 1983 and 1987. The GAL committed assassinations, kidnappings and torture, not only of ETA members but of civilians supposedly related to those, some of whom turned out to have nothing to do with ETA. 27 people were murdered by GAL.<ref name="santamaria437">{{cite book | author=[[Diego Carcedo]] | title=Sáenz de Santa María. El general que cambió de bando | page=437 | isbn=84-8460-309-1 | year=2004 | publisher=Temas de Hoy | location=Madrid }}</ref> Activities of GAL were a follow-up of similar dirty war actions by death squads, actively supported by members of Spanish security forces and secret services, using names such as [[Batallón Vasco Español]] acting from 1976 to 1982. They were responsible for the killing of about 48 people.<ref name="santamaria437"/>
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\nOne consequence of GAL's activities in France was the decision in 1984 by interior minister Pierre Joxe to permit the extradition of ETA suspects to Spain. Reaching this decision had taken 25 years and was critical in curbing ETA's capabilities by denial of previously safe territory in France.<ref>''Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country''(pp. 197-202), John Bew, Martyn Frampton, and Inigo Gurruchaga, Hurst & Co., London.</ref>
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\nThe airing of the state-sponsored "dirty war" scheme and the imprisonment of officials responsible for GAL in the early 1990s led to a political scandal in Spain. The group's connections with the state were unveiled by the Spanish journal [[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]], with an [[investigative journalism|investigative]] series leading to the GAL plot being discovered and trial initiated. As a consequence, the group's attacks since the revelation have generally been dubbed [[state terrorism]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/168958.stm World: Europe Former Spanish ministers jailed for 'terrorism']</ref>
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\nIn 1997 the Spanish [[Audiencia Nacional]] court finished its trial, which resulted in convictions and imprisonment of several individuals related to the GAL, including civil servants up to the highest levels of the [[PSOE]] government, such as former Homeland Minister [[José Barrionuevo]]. Premier [[Felipe González]] was quoted as saying that the [[Rechtsstaat|constitutional state]] has to defend itself "also in the sewers" (''El Estado de derecho también se defiende en las cloacas'') something which, for some, indicated at least his knowledge of the scheme. However, his involvement with the GAL could never be proven.
\n
\nThese events marked the end of the armed "counter-terrorist" period in Spain and no major cases of foul play on the part of the Spanish government after 1987 (when GAL ceased to operate) have been proven in courts.
\n
\n==== Human Rights ====
\nETA members and supporters routinely claim [[torture]] at the hands of any police force<ref name="autogenerated1" />. While these claims are hard to verify, some convictions are based on confessions obtained while prisoners are held ''incommunicado'' and without access to a lawyer of their choice, for a maximum of three days. These confessions are routinely repudiated by the defendants during trials as having been extracted under torture. There have been some successful prosecutions of proven tortures during the "dirty war" period of the mid-1980s, although the penalties have been considered by [[Amnesty International]] as unjustifiably light and lenient with co-conspirators and enablers.<ref name="AIUN2002">[http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGEUR410122002 October 2002 AI Index: EUR 41/12/2002: SPAIN: A briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture]: ''Although convictions of torturers occur, these are rare. […] examining judges and prosecutors may not always be displaying due diligence […] trials involving torture complaints are often delayed for long periods. Where torture has been found to have occurred and torturers are convicted, awards of compensation by courts to torture victims are usually low and may take between seven and 19 years to be decided.''</ref><ref name="AIUN2002Update">[http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGEUR410142002 AI Index: EUR 41/014/2002: 1 November 2002: SPAIN: A Briefing for the UN Committee against Torture: Update]: ''The Committee also expressed concern about: the length of judicial investigations into torture complaints, which could give rise to the granting of pardons to convicted torturers, or the failure to impose appropriate sentences, owing to the period of time that had elapsed since the crime was committed;''</ref>
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\nIn this regard, Amnesty International has shown concern for the continuous disregard on the recommendations issued by the agency to prevent the alleged abuses to possibly take place.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/spain |title = 2008 Report on Spain | accessdate = 2008-06-19 | publisher = Amnesty International}}</ref> Also in this regard, ETA's manuals have been found instructing its members and supporters to claim routinely that they had been tortured while detained.<ref name="autogenerated1">http://www.publico.es/espana/037038/eta/comando/t4/torturas</ref>. Unai Romano's case has been very controversial. Pictures of him with a symmetrically swollen face of uncertain etiology were published after his incomunication period leading to claims of police abuse and torture. Martxelo Otamendi, the ex-director of the Basque newspaper Euskaldunon Egunkaria, decided to bring charges in September 2008 against the Spanish Government in Strasbourg Court for "not inspecting properly" torture denounced cases.
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\nAs a result of ETA's violence, threats and killings of journalists, [[Reporters Without Borders]] has included Spain in all six editions of its annual watchlist on [[Freedom of the press|press freedom]]<ref>[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17496&Valider=OK/ Reporters Without Borders points out problems with free press in Spain due to ETA's threats and violence, 2006]</ref>. Thus, this [[NGO]] has included ETA in its watchlist "Predators of Press Freedom".<ref>[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=13624 ETA listed as a "predator of press freedom" by Reporters Without Borders]</ref>
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\n=== Under democracy ===
\n<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:hipercor.jpg|frame|right|150px|Child victim of ETA's 1987 [[Hipercor]] bomb attack in [[Barcelona]] {{puic|Image:Hipercor.jpg|log=2007 December 6}}]] -->
\nETA performed their first [[car bomb]] assassination in [[Madrid]] in September 1985, resulting in one death (American citizen Eugene Kent Brown, Johnson & Johnson employee) and sixteen injuries; another bomb in July 1986 killed twelve members of the Guardia Civil and injured 50; on June 19, 1987 the [[Hipercor]] bombing was an attack in a shopping center in [[Barcelona]], killing twenty one and injuring forty five; in the last case, entire families were killed. The horror caused then was so striking that ETA felt compelled to issue a communiqué stating that they had given advance warning of the Hipercor bomb, but that the police had declined to evacuate the area. The police claim that the warning came only a few minutes before the bomb exploded.
\n\t
\nIn 1986 [[Gesto por la Paz]] (known in [[English language|English]] as [[Association for Peace in the Basque Country]]) was founded; they began to convene silent demonstrations in communities throughout the Basque Country the day after any violent killing, whether by ETA or by GAL. These were the first systematic demonstrations in the Basque Country against terrorist violence. Also in 1986, in [[Ordizia]], ETA shot down [[María Dolores Katarain]], known as "Yoyes", while she was walking with her infant son. Yoyes was a former member of ETA who had abandoned the armed struggle and rejoined civil society: they accused her of "desertion" because of her taking advantage of the Spanish ''reinserción'' policy which granted amnesty to those prisoners who publicly refused political violence (see below).
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\nOn January 12, 1988 all Basque political parties except ETA-affiliated [[Batasuna|Herri Batasuna]] signed the [[Ajuria-Enea pact]] with the intent of ending ETA's violence. Weeks later on January 28, ETA announced a 60-day "ceasefire", later prolonged several times. Negotiations known as the [[Mesa de Argel]] ("[[Algiers]] Table") took place between the ETA representative [[Eugenio Etxebeste]] ("Antxon"), and the then PSOE government of Spain but no successful conclusion was reached, and ETA eventually resumed the use of violence.
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\nDuring this period, the Spanish government had a policy referred to as "[[reinsertion]]", under which imprisoned ETA members whom the government believed had genuinely abandoned violence could be freed and allowed to rejoin society. Claiming a need to prevent ETA from coercively impeding this reinsertion, the PSOE government decided that imprisoned ETA members, who previously had all been imprisoned within the Basque Country, would instead be dispersed to prisons throughout Spain, some as far from their families as in the [[Salto del Negro]] prison in the [[Canary Islands]]. France has taken a similar approach. In the event, the only clear effect of this policy was to incite social protest, especially from nationalists and families of the prisoners, claiming cruelty of separating family members from the insurgents. Much of the protest against this policy runs under the slogan "''Euskal presoak - Euskal Herrira''" (''Basque prisoners to the Basque Country'', by "Basque prisoners" only ETA members are meant). It has to be noted that almost in any Spanish jail there is a group of ETA prisoners, as the number of ETA prisoners makes it difficult to disperse them.
\n''[[Gestoras pro-Amnistía]]/[[Amnistia Aldeko Batzordeak]]'' ("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal), later ''[[Askatasuna]]'' ("Freedom") and ''[[Senideak]]'' ("The family members") provide support for prisoners and families.
\nThe [[Basque Government]] and several Nationalist town halls grant money on humanitarian reasons for relatives to visit prisoners.
\nThe long road trips had caused accidental deaths that are protested against by ETA supporters.
\n
\nDuring the ETA ceasefire of the late 1990s, the PSOE government brought back to the mainland the prisoners on the islands and in [[Africa]]<!-- Is this Ceuta and Melilla? -->{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}. Since the end of the ceasefire, ETA prisoners have not been sent back to overseas prisons. Some Basque authorities have established grants for the expenses of visiting families.
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\nAnother Spanish "counter-terrorist" law puts suspected terrorist cases under the central tribunal ''[[Audiencia Nacional]]'' in [[Madrid]], due to the threats by the group over the Basque courts. Under Article 509 suspected terrorists are subject to being held "incommunicado" for up to thirteen days, during which they have no contact with the outside world other than through the court appointed lawyer, including informing their family of their arrest, consultation with private lawyers or examination by a physician other than the [[coroner]]s. In comparison the [[habeas corpus]] term for other suspects is three days.
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\nIn 1992, ETA's three top leaders — "military" leader [[Francisco Mujika Garmendia]] ("Pakito"), political leader [[José Luis Alvarez Santacristina]] ("Txelis") and logistical leader [[José María Arregi Erostarbe]] ("Fiti"), often referred to collectively as the "cúpula" of ETA or as the Artapalo collective <ref>[http://www.informativos.telecinco.es/dn_16360.htm Informativos Telecinco.com - Internacional - Trece muertos y más de cincuenta heridos en dos atentados suicidas en Bangladesh<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> — were arrested in the northern Basque town of [[Bidart]], which led to changes in ETA's leadership and direction. After a two-month truce, ETA adopted even more radical positions. The principal consequence of the change appears to have been the creation of the ''"[[Y Groups]]"'', formed by young militants of ETA parallel organisations (generally [[minor (law)|minors]]), dedicated to so-called ''"kale borroka"'' — street struggle — and whose activities included burning buses, street lamps, benches, [[Automatic teller machine|ATM]]s, garbage containers, and throwing [[Molotov cocktail]]s. The appearance of these groups was attributed by many to the supposed weakness of ETA, which obliged them to resort to minors to maintain or augment their impact on society after arrests of leading militants, including the "cupola". ETA also began to menace leaders of other parties besides rival Basque nationalist parties.
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\nIn 1995, the armed organization again launched a peace proposal. The so-called "Democratic Alternative" replaced the earlier [[Koordinadora Abertzale Sozialista|KAS]] Alternative as a minimum proposal for the establishment of Euskal Herria. The Democratic Alternative offered the cessation of all armed ETA activity if the Spanish-government would recognize the Basque people as having sovereignty over Basque territory, the right to [[self-determination]] and that it freed all ETA members in prison. The Spanish government ultimately rejected this peace offer as it would go against the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]]. Changing the constitution was not considered.
\n
\nAlso in 1995 came a failed ETA car bombing attempt directed against [[José María Aznar]], a [[conservatism|conservative]] politician who was leader of the then-opposition [[People's Party (Spain)|Partido Popular]] (PP) and was shortly after elected to the presidency of the government; there was also an abortive attempt in [[Majorca]] on the life of King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]]. Still, the act with the largest social impact came the following year. July 10, 1997 PP council member [[Miguel Ángel Blanco]] was kidnapped in the Basque town of [[Ermua]], with the separatist group threatening to assassinate him unless the Spanish government met ETA's demand of starting to bring all ETA's inmates to prisons of the Basque Country within two days after the kidnapping. This demand wasn't met by the Spanish government and after three days Miguel Ángel Blanco was found shot dead when the deadline expired. More than six million people took out to the streets to demand his liberation, with massive demonstrations occurring as much in the Basque regions as elsewhere in Spain, chanting cries of "Assassins" and "Basques yes, ETA no". This response came to be known as the "Spirit of Ermua".
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\nLater came acts of violence such as the November 6, 2001 car bomb in Madrid, which injured sixty-five, and attacks on [[soccer]] stadiums and tourist destinations.
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\nThe [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] appeared to have dealt a hard blow to ETA, owing to the toughening of "antiterrorist" measures (such as the freezing of bank accounts), the increase in international police coordination, and the end of the toleration some countries had, up until then, extended to ETA. In addition, in 2002 the Basque nationalist youth movement [[Jarrai]] was outlawed and the law of parties was changed outlawing Herri Batasuna, the "political arm" of ETA (although even before the change in law, Batasuna had been largely paralysed and under judicial investigation by judge [[Baltasar Garzón]]).
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\nWith ever-increasing frequency, attempted ETA actions have been frustrated by Spanish security forces.
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\nOn Christmas Eve 2003, in San Sebastián and in [[Hernani]], National Police arrested two ETA members who had left dynamite in a railroad car prepared to explode in [[Chamartín Station]] in Madrid. On March 1, 2004, in a place between [[Alcalá de Henares]] and [[Madrid]], a light truck with 536 kg of explosives was discovered by the Guardia Civil.
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\nETA was initially blamed for the [[11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings|2004 Madrid bombings]] by the outgoing government <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL16484708 ANALYSIS-Spain's PM down but not out after ETA bomb | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and large sections of the press.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/3505422.stm Spanish newspapers blame ETA for Madrid bombings]</ref> However, the group denied responsibility and [[Islamic fundamentalists]] from Morocco were eventually convicted. The judicial investigation currently states that there is no relationship between ETA and the Madrid bombings.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
\n
\n== Targets, tactics and attacks ==
\nTheir aspiration, which was outlined in 1995 in their ''Democratic Alternative'' publication, is to force the governments of [[Spain]] and [[France]] to agree on the following:<ref>{{en icon}} [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8864/ingle.htm Democratic Alternative]</ref><ref>{{eu icon}} [http://www.argia.com/bakegintza/htdocs/alternatibade.htm EUSKAL HERRIARENTZAKO ALTERNATIBA DEMOKRATIKOA (Berria, original Basque text)]</ref>
\n
\n* Recognition of the right to "self-determination and territoriality" for [[Euskal Herria]].
\n* That the Basque citizenry are the "unique subject" ("subject" in the sense of "one who acts") to make decisions about the future of the Basque Country.
\n* [[Amnesty]] for all members, whether prisoners or self-imposed exiles.
\n* Respect for "the results of the democratic process in the Basque Country"
\n* "Total ceasefire" once these points are guaranteed through a political agreement.
\n
\nThe organization has adopted from time to time other secondary tactical causes such as fighting against:
\n[[Image:Central nuclear de Lemóniz (Vista Este).JPG|thumb|The unfinished Lemoniz power plant in 2006.]]
\n* Alleged heroin [[drug trade|traffickers]], as "corruptors of Basque youth" and police collaborators, a [[:wiktionary:fix|fix]] for a [[informant|tip]].
\n* The [[nuclear power plant]] facilities at [[Lemoniz]] (Biscay). In the early 1980s, when the Basque ecologist movement opposed [[Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant|this project]], ETA joined this point of view and started a series of attacks against the power plant. Five workers were assassinated by the organization, including the execution of a kidnapped engineer [[Jose Maria Ryan]]<ref name = "kapdzy">[http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-09-12-2006/abc/Nacional/el-fantasma-de-lemoniz_153360267843.html ABC.es Hemeroteca: el fantasma de lemoniz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The site remains deserted. Besides the ecological risk, ETA's objection to the power plant was its implicit reliance on the Spanish Government for support and maintenance for thousands of years to come.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}.
\n* The [[Autovía A-15|A-15]] highway which was to run through the [[Leizaran]] Valley between Navarre and Guipuscoa. It was inaugurated in 1995, during the construction 4 people related to the construction were killed by ETA<ref name = "kapdzy"/>, and over 280 million [[pesetas]] were spent by public institutions to cover the losses<ref name="BOPV">''[http://www.euskadi.net/cgi-bin_k54/ver_c?CMD=VERDOC&BASE=B03A&DOCN=000011702&CONF=/config/k54/bopv_c.cnf RESOLUCIÓN n.º 58/1997, de 13 de octubre, del Presidente del Tribunal Vasco de Cuentas Públicas, por la que se hace público el Informe de Fiscalización "Autovía Irurtzun-Andoain: Tramo guipuzcoano (II)"], ''Boletín Oficial del País Vasco'' 1997203 - 23/10/1997, page 16890.</ref><ref name="BOPN">''[http://www.parlamento-navarra.es/castellano/boletines/1997/B1997038.pdf Boletín Oficial del Parlamento de Navarra Nº 38]'', 27 May 1997, page 9.</ref>.
\n*The so called [[Basque Y]], a plan to make the [[AVE]] high-speed railways connect the three capital cities of the Basque Autonomous Community<ref name="TAV">''[http://www.diariovasco.com/20071104/politica/convierte-obras-tren-alta-20071104.html ETA convierte las obras del Tren de Alta Velocidad en un objetivo estratégico]'', Óscar B. de Otálora, [[El Diario Vasco]], 4th November 2007.</ref>. In December 2008, the group killed [[Ignacio Uria Mendizabal]], the Basque owner of one of the companies working in this project<ref>[http://www.eitb.com/news/politic/detail/42648/basque-entrepreneur-killed-in-basque-town-of-azpeitia/]</ref>. In January 2009, ETA threatened that engineers, senior technicians and executives of companies involved in the construction of the high-speed train line would be targets for assassination as well<ref name="AVE"> ''[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/amenaza/ingenieros/tecnicos/responsables/AVE/vasco/elpepiesp/20090121elpepinac_17/Tes La banda terrorista ETA afirma en un comunicado publicado hoy en el diario Gara que "los ingenieros, técnicos superiores, responsables o dirigentes de empresas que participan en las obras" de trazado ferroviario para el Tren de Alta Velocidad (TAV) vasco son "objetivo" de sus atentados ]</ref>.
\n
\n=== Targets ===
\nETA's targets have expanded from the former military/police-related personnel and their families, to a wider array, which today includes the following:{{Clarify|date=April 2009}}
\n[[Image:Txema Agirre Plaza placa.jpg|thumb|Flowers and a plate remember Ertzaina Txema Agirre, shot dead by ETA gunmen in 1997 while protecting the [[Guggenheim Bilbao Museum]] (visible on the background).]]
\n* Spanish military and police personnel, active duty or retired <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=55BZmIJ9xd8C&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=retired+military+ETA&source=web&ots=Jlb-f04ysO&sig=ppJV44IZStZb7JVSACDX7WobRyk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA40,M1]</ref>. The barracks of the [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] also provide housing for their families, thus, attacks on the barracks have also resulted in deaths of relatives, including children. As the regional police ([[Ertzaintza]] in the Basque Country and [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] in Catalonia) took a greater role in combating ETA, they were added to their list of targets.
\n* Businessmen (such as [[Javier Ybarra]], [[Joxe Mari Korta]] or [[Ignacio Uria Mendizabal]]<ref>http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/asesina/empresario/nacionalista/elpepiesp/20081204elpepinac_2/Tes</ref>): these are mainly targeted in order to [[extortion|extort]] them for the so-called "[[revolutionary tax]]". Refusal to pay has been punished with assassinations, kidnappings for ransom or bombings of their business.
\n* Prison officers such as [[José Antonio Ortega Lara]].
\n* Elected parliamentarians, city councillors and ex-councillors, politicians in general: most prominently [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], killed in 1973). Dozens of politicians belonging to the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] (PP) and [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) have been assassinated or maimed. Some Basque nationalist politicians from the PNV party, such as [[Juan Mari Atutxa]], have also received threats. Hundreds of politicians in Spain require a constant bodyguard service. Bodyguards are contingent victims as well. In 2005 ETA announced that it would no longer "target" elected politicians<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jun/20/spain.dalefuchs Anger and doubts greet promise by Eta not to target Spanish politicians | World news | The Guardian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Nonetheless, ETA killed ex-council member [[Isaías Carrasco]] in [[Mondragon|Mondragon/Arrasate]] on March 7, 2008<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/08/spain?gusrc=rss&feed=worldnews Spain cancels election rallies after murder | World news | The Guardian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n
\n[[Image:Balmasedako auzitegia 2006.jpg|thumb|Repairs to the [[Balmaseda]] law courts after a bombing in 2006.]]
\n* Judges and prosecutors<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/963869.stm</ref>. Particularly threatened are the members of the Spanish anti-terrorist court: the ''[[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]]''.
\n* University professors who publicly express ideas that counter armed Basque separatism<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20001019/ai_n14357069 The Independent (London), 19 October 2000]</ref>: such as Manuel Broseta or Francisco Tomás y Valiente . In the latter case, the shooting resulted in more than half a million people protesting against ETA.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E6DA1E38F93BA25754C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all New York Times, 18 July 1997]</ref>
\n* Journalists: some of these professionals began to be labeled by ETA as targets starting with the killing of journalist [[José Luis López de la Calle]], assassinated in May 2000.
\n* Economic targets: a wide array of private or public property considered valuable assets of Spain, especially railroads, tourist sites, industries, or malls.
\n* Exceptionally, ETA has also assassinated former ETA members such as [[Maria Dolores González Catarain]] as a reprisal for having left the organization<ref name = "hizrqw">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/701371.stm BBC News | EUROPE | Spanish cinema breaks ETA taboo<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n* A number of ETA attacks by car bomb have caused random civilian casualties, like ETA's bloodiest attack, [[1987 Hipercor bombing|the bombing in 1987]] of the subterranean parking lot of the Hipercor supermarket in Barcelona <ref>MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, [http://www.tkb.org/MorePatterns.jsp?countryCd=SP&year=1987 Spain: 1987 Overview]</ref><ref>Ana María Ortiz, [http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2002/347/1023693099.html Jessica, la ultima victima de Hipercor], ''El Mundo'' (''Crónica'' number 347) nu 9 June 2002</ref> which killed 21 civilians and left 45 seriously wounded, of whom 20 were left disabled; also the attack of Plaza de Callao in Madrid<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/829838.stm Madrid bomb injures eight], BBC News / Europe, 12 July 2000</ref>.
\n
\n=== Tactics ===
\nETA's tactics include:
\n
\n* Direct attacks: killing by shooting the victim in the nape<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1350358.stm BBC News | EUROPE | European press review<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/10/09/spain.eta/index.html CNN.com - Prosecutor dies after 'ETA-style' shooting - October 9, 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jun/19/spain.nikkiknewstub Eta to end attacks on elected politicians | World news | The Observer<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n* Bombings (often with [[car bomb]]s). When the bombs target individuals for assassination they are made by rigging their cars with a bomb. The detonating systems vary: they rarely are manually ignited, but wired so the bomb may explode at ignition or when the car goes over a set speed limit. These bombs have sometimes killed family members of ETA's target victim and bystanders. When the bombs are car-bombs seeking to produce large damage and terror, they are generally announced by one or more telephone calls made to newspapers speaking in the name of ETA. Charities (usually [[Detente Y Ayuda]]—DYA) have also been used to announce the threat if the bomb is in a populated area. The type of explosives used in these attacks were initially [[Goma-2]] or self-produced [[ammonal]]. After a number of successful robberies in France, ETA began using [[Titadyne]].
\n* [[shell (projectile)|Shells]]: hand-made [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s (the ''Jo ta ke'' model)<ref>[http://www.larazon.es/9918/noticia/Espa%F1a/ETA_retoma_el_uso_de_las_granadas_%ABJotake%BB_para_atentar_contra_cuarteles ETA retoma el uso de las granadas Jotake para atentar contra cuarteles]</ref> have been used occasionally to attack military or police bases. Their lack of precision is probably the reason they are not used anymore.
\n* Anonymous threats: often delivered in the Basque Country by placards or graffiti. Such threats have forced many people into hiding or into exile from the Basque Country, and have been used to prevent people from freely expressing political ideas other than Basque nationalist ones.
\n* [[Extortion]] or blackmail: called by ETA a "revolutionary tax", ETA demands money from a business owner in the Basque Country or elsewhere in Spain, under threats to him and his family, up to and including death threats. Occasionally some French Basques have also been threatened in this manner, such as the soccer player [[Bixente Lizarazu]].<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/eta-tries-to-justify-tax-on-lizarazu-688316.html ETA tries to justify 'tax' on Lizarazu - International, Football - The Independent<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ETA moves the extorted funds to accounts in [[Liechtenstein]] and other fiscal havens.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/bank-accounts-linked-to-eta-are-frozen-in-liechtenstein-802730.html Bank accounts linked to Eta are frozen in Liechtenstein - Europe, News - The Independent<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to French judiciary sources, ETA exacts an estimated 900,000 euros a year in this manner.<ref>[http://www.elconfidencial.com/cache/2008/02/19/28_recauda_anualmente_900000_segun_policia_francesa.html ETA recauda anualmente 900.000 €, según la Policía francesa - elConfidencial.com]</ref>
\n* Kidnapping: often as a punishment for failing to pay the blackmail known as "revolutionary tax", but also has been used to try to force the government to free ETA's prisoners under the threat of killing the kidnapped, as in the kidnapping and subsequent execution of [[Miguel Angel Blanco]]. ETA hides the kidnapped in underground chambers without windows, denominated ''[[zulos]]'', of very reduced dimensions for extended periods.<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/fotogaleria//9-1/ Los secuestros de ETA - El zulo de Aldaya y Delclaux<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E2DC1430F931A35754C0A961958260 Spanish Police Free 2 Kidnapped by the Basques - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Also, people robbed of their vehicles are usually tied and abandoned in an isolated place to allow those who assaulted them to escape.
\n*Robbery: ETA members rob weapons, explosives, machines for license plates and vehicles.
\n
\n=== Attacks ===
\n{{Main|List of ETA attacks}}
\n
\n==Activity==
\nWith its attacks against what they consider "enemies of the Basque people", ETA has killed over 820 people since 1968 to date, including more than 340 civilians<ref name="economist.com">[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14191335]</ref>. It has maimed hundreds more<ref name="smithsonianmag.com"/> and kidnapped dozens.
\n
\nIts ability to inflict violence has declined steadily since the group was at its strongest during the late 1970s and 1980 (when it managed to kill 92 people in a single year)<ref name="economist.com"/>. After decreasing peaks in the fatal casualties in 1987 and 1991, 2000 remains to date as the last year when ETA could kill more than 20 in a single year. Since 2002 to date, the yearly number of ETA's fatal casualties has been reduced to single digits<ref name="economist.com"/>.
\n
\nSimilarly, over the 1990s and, especially, during the 2000s, fluid cooperation between the French and Spanish police, state of the art tracking devices and techniques and, apparently, police [[mole (espionage)|infiltration]]<ref name="nytimes.com">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/europe/20eta.html]</ref> have allowed increasingly repeating blows to ETA's leadership and structure (between May 2008 and April 2009 no less than four consecutive "military chiefs" were arrested<ref name="nytimes.com"/>).
\n
\nETA operates mainly in [[Spain]], particularly in the Basque Country, Navarre, and (to a lesser degree) Madrid, Barcelona, and the tourist areas of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. To date, about 65% of ETA's killings have been committed in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], followed by [[Madrid (autonomous community)|Madrid]] with roughly 15%. [[Navarre]] and [[Catalonia]] also register significant numbers<ref>[http://www.mir.es/DGRIS/Terrorismo_de_ETA/ultimas_victimas/p12b-esp.htm]</ref>.
\n
\nActions in [[France]] usually consist of assaults on arsenals or military industries in order to steal weapons or explosives; these are usually stored in large quantities in hide-outs located in the French Basque Country rather than Spain. The French judge [[Laurence Le Vert]] has been threatened by ETA and a plot arguably aiming to assassinate her was unveiled<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/037/article_15042.asp Plot unveiled to assassinate anti-terrorist French judge]</ref>. Only very rarely have ETA members engaged in shootings with the French [[Gendarmerie]]. This has often occurred mainly when members of the organization were confronted at checkpoints.
\n
\nIn spite of this, ETA killed in France on December 1, 2007 two Spanish [[Guardia Civil|Civil Guards]] on counter-terrorist surveillance duties in [[Capbreton]], [[Landes (department)|Landes]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7129002.stm ETA kills two Spanish policemen on duty in France]</ref>. This has been its first killing after it ended its self-styled "permanent ceasefire" and the first killing committed by ETA in France of a Spanish police agent ever since 1976, when they kidnapped, tortured and assassinated two Spanish inspectors in [[Hendaye]].<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/rompe/baraja/suelo/frances/elpepunac/20071202elpepinac_7/Tes Dec. 1st; ETA kills two policemen, its first cold blood assassination since they ended their self styled "permanent ceasefire"]</ref>
\n
\n===Financing===
\nA police file, dating from 1996, indicated that ETA needed about 15 million [[peseta]]s (about 90,000 Euros) daily in order to finance its operations{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. More recently, 2007 police reports point out that, after the serious blows suffered by ETA and its political counterparts during the 2000s, its budget would have been adjusted to 2,000,000 [[euro]]s annually<ref>[http://www.elimparcial.es/contenido/1589.html ETA maneja un presupuesto de dos millones de euros al año<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n
\nAlthough ETA used robbery as a means of financing its activities in its early days, it has since been accused both of arms trafficking and of benefiting economically from its political counterpart Batasuna. [[Extortion]] remains ETA's main source of funds.
\n
\n== Basque Nationalist context ==
\nETA is considered to form part of what is informally known as the [[Basque National Liberation Movement]], a movement born much after ETA's creation. This loose term refers to a range of political organizations that are ideologically akin, comprising several distinct organizations that promote a type of [[left-wing politics|leftist]] Basque nationalism that is often referred to by the Basque-language term ''Ezker [[Abertzale]]a'' (Nationalist Left). Other groups typically considered to belong to this independentist movement are: the political party [[Batasuna]], the nationalist youth organization [[Segi]], the labour union [[Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak]] (LAB), and [[Askatasuna]] among others. There are often strong interconnections between these groups, double or even triple membership are not unfrequent<ref name = "jvjtfe"/>.
\n
\nThere are Basque nationalist parties with similar goals as those of ETA (namely, independence) but who openly reject their violent means. They are: [[EAJ-PNV]], [[Eusko Alkartasuna]], [[Aralar Party|Aralar]] and, in the [[French Basque country]], [[Abertzaleen Batasuna]]. In addition a number of left-wing parties, such as [[Izquierda Unida|Ezker Batua]], [[Batzarre]] and some sectors of the [[EAJ-PNV]] party, also support self-determination but are not in favour of independence.
\n
\n== French role ==
\nHistorically, members of ETA have taken refuge in France, particularly the [[French Basque Country]]. The leadership have typically chosen to live in France for security reasons, where police pressure is much less than in Spain.<ref name="autogenerated2">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1386545/Payback-for-Eta-in-the-Pays-Basque.html</ref> Accordingly, ETA's tactical approach had been to downplay the issue of independence of the French Basque country so as to get French acquiescence for their activities. The [[French government]] quietly tolerated the group, especially during [[Francoist Spain|Franco's regime]], when ETA members could face the [[death penalty]] in Spain. In the 1980s, the advent of the [[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación|GAL]] still hindered [[counter-terrorist]] cooperation between the France and Spain, with the French government considering ETA a Spanish domestic problem. At the time, ETA members often travelled to and fro between the two countries using the French sanctuary as a base for operations.<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20080926-spain-basque-separatism-batasuna-eta]</ref>
\n
\nWith the disbanding of the GAL, the French government considered that detainees' rights were being adequately defended in Spain. France changed its position in the matter and initiated in the 1990s the ongoing period of active cooperation with the Spanish government against ETA, including fast-track transfers of detainees to Spanish tribunals that are regarded as fully compliant with [[European Union]] legislation in [[human rights]] and the legal representation of detainees. Virtually all of the highest ranks within ETA –including their successive "military", "political" or finances chiefs– have been captured in French territory, from where they had been plotting their activities after having crossed the border from Spain.
\n
\nIn response to the new situation, ETA carried out attacks against French policemen and made threats to some French judges and prosecutors. This implied a change from the organization's previous low-profile in the French Basque Country, which successive ETA leaders had used to discreetly managing their activities in Spain<ref name="autogenerated2" />.
\n
\n==Government response==
\nETA considers its prisoners [[political prisoner]]s. Until 2003,<ref>''ETA pide el tercer grado para sus presos'' [[Libertad Digital]], 5 October 2003, quoted in {{PDFlink|[http://www.bastaya.org/actualidad/Violencia/InformeTorturas/Ladispersiondelospresosdeeta.pdf La dispersión de los presos de ETA]|47.2 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 48384 bytes -->}} (page 9), a [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] in the [[¡Basta Ya!]] site.</ref> ETA consequently forbade them to ask penal authorities for progression to ''tercer grado'' (a form of [[open prison]] that allows single-day or weekend [[furlough]]s) or [[parole]]. Before that date, those who did so were menaced and expelled from the group. Some were assassinated by ETA for leaving the band and going through reinsertion programs<ref name = "hizrqw"/>.
\n
\nA more recent tactic of the Spanish Governments' campaign against ETA has been to target its social support network.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} The most important measure has been the passing of the ''Ley de Partidos Políticos''. This is a law barring political parties which support violence, don't condemn terrorist actions or are involved with terrorist groups <ref name="Ley 6/2002">[http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo6-2002.html Ley Orgánica 6/2002, de 27 de junio]</ref>. The law has resulted in the banning of [[Herri Batasuna]] and its successor parties unless they condemn explicitly terrorist actions and, at times, imprisoning or trying some of its leaders who have been indicted for cooperation with ETA.
\n
\nJudge [[Baltasar Garzón]] has initiated a judicial procedure (coded as ''18/98''), aimed towards the support structure of ETA. This procedure started in 1998 with the preventive closure of the newspaper ''[[Egin]]'' (and its associated radio-station ''Egin Irratia''), accused of being linked to ETA, and temporary imprisoning the editor of its "investigative unit", [[Pepe Rei]], under similar accusations. In August 1999 Judge [[Baltasar Garzón]] authorized the reopening of the newspaper and the radio, but they coulndn't reopen due to economic difficulties.
\n
\nJudicial procedure 18/98 has many ramifications, including the following:
\n
\n* A trial against a little-known organization called ''[[Xaki]]'', acquitted in 2001 as the "international network" of ETA.
\n* A trial against the youths' movement ''[[Jarrai]]''-''Haika''-''Segi'', accused of contributing to street violence in an organized form and in connivance with ETA.
\n* Another trial against [[Pepe Rei]] and his new investigation magazine ''Ardi Beltza'' (''Black Sheep''). The magazine was also closed down.
\n* A trial against the political organization ''[[Ekin]]'' (''Action''), accused of promoting [[civil disobedience]].
\n* A trial against the organization ''[[Joxemi Zumalabe Fundazioa]]'', which was once again accused of promoting civil disobedience.
\n* A trial against the prisoner support movement ''[[Amnistiaren Aldeko Komiteak]]''<!-- Isn't it Batzordeak? -->.
\n* A trial against [[Batasuna]] and the ''[[Herriko Tabernak]]'' (''people's taverns''), accused of acting as a network of meeting centres for members and supporters of ETA. Batasuna was outlawed in all forms. Most taverns continue working normally as their ownership is not directly linked to Batasuna.
\n* A trial against the league of Basque-language academies [[Alfabetatze Euskalduntze Koordinakundea|AEK]]. The case was dropped in 2001.
\n* Another trial against ''Ekin'', accusing [[Iker Casnova]] of managing the finances of ETA.
\n* A trial against the association of Basque municipalities [[Udalbiltza]].
\n* The closing of the newspaper [[Euskaldunon Egunkaria]] in 2003 and the imprisonment and trial of its editor, [[Martxelo Otamendi]], due to links with ETA accounting and fundraising, and other journalists (some of whom reported torture)<ref name="Otamendi">[http://www.englishpen.org/writersintranslation/magazineofliteratureintranslat/basquecountry/martxelootamendi/ Testimony by Martxelo Otamendi] at the [[Universal Forum of Cultures]], Barcelona (May 2004).</ref>.
\n
\n{{As of|2007|alt=As of June 2007}}, indicted members of the youth movements Haika, Segi and Jarrai have been found guilty (January 2007) of a crime of [[connivance]] with terrorism. Most of the other trials are still under process.
\n
\nOn Tuesday 20 May 2008, leading ETA figures were arrested in [[Bordeaux]], France. [[Francisco Javier Lopez Pena]], also known as 'Thierry,' had been on the run for twenty years before his arrest.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10511726 ETA terror leader's arrest hailed as 'heavy blow' - 22 May 2008 - NZ Herald: World / International News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A final total of arrests brought in six people, including ETA members and supporters, including the ex-[[Mayor]] of [[Andoain]], [[José Antonio Barandiarán]], who is rumoured to have led police to 'Thierry'.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1809271,00.html The Fall of Spain's Most Wanted - TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The Spanish Interior Ministry claimed the relevance of the arrests would come in time with the investigation. Furthermore, the Interior Minister said that those members of ETA now arrested had ordered the latest terrorist attacks, and that the man considered to be the head of the terrorists, Francisco Javier López Peña was "not just another arrest because he is, in all probability, the man who has most political and military weight in the terrorist group." <ref>http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_16604.shtml</ref>
\n
\nAfter the major coup of Lopez Pena's arrest, along with the [[Basque referendum, 2008|Basque referendum]] being put on hold, police work has been on the rise. On July 22, 2008 Spanish police dismantled the most active cell of ETA by detaining nine suspected members of the group. [[Interior Minister]] [[Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba]] said about the arrests: "We can't say this is the only ETA unit but it was the most active, most dynamic and of course the most wanted one."<ref>http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5imMCVAth4FzitUIFYwyNXdvxPeYw</ref> Four days later French police also arrested two suspects believed to be tied to the same active cell. The two suspects were: Asier Eceiza, considered a top aide to a senior ETA operative still sought by police, and Olga Comes, whom authorities have linked to the ETA suspects.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/25/france.eta/</ref>
\n
\n=== International response ===
\n{{globalise-section}}
\n
\nThe [[European Union]] and the [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|United States]] list ETA as a [[terrorist organization]] in their relevant watch lists. The [[United Kingdom]] lists ETA as a terrorist group in the Terrorism Act of 2000. The [[Canada|Canadian Parliament]] listed ETA as a terrorist organization on April 2, 2003 <ref>[http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp Currently listed entities<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
\n
\nFrance and Spain have often showed co-operation in the fight against ETA, despite France's lack of co-operation during the Franco era. In late 2007, two Spanish guards were shot to death in France when on a joint operation with their French counterparts. Furthermore, in May 2008 the arrests of four persons in Bordeaux led to a major breakthrough against ETA, according to the Spanish Interior Ministry.<ref>http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10511726</ref>
\n
\nColombian [[Vice President]] [[Francisco Santos]] made the claim that FARC have attempted to lodge ties with ETA for an attack in Spain.
\n<blockquote>The FARC's contacts with ETA and drug traffickers exporting cocaine to Europe are not new, and when they are secure in Colombia, they try to do harm overseas, <br>
\nIn any case, the police and defense ministry continue to do intelligence analysis on the FARC's relationship with ETA but that (foreign operations) is one of the risks you have to take.<ref>http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=170006</ref></blockquote>
\nThis was later denied by the [[Anncol news agency]] which said the government mistook a city by the name of [[Madrid, Colombia|Madrid]] in northern Colombia for the Spanish capital.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
\n
\nOn October 2, 2008, as ETA activity increased, France increased its pressure on ETA by arresting more ETA suspects, including an alleged ETA member, [[Esteban Murillo Zubiri]], in [[Bidarrain]]. He had been wanted by the Spanish authorities since 2007 when a [[europol]] arrest warrant was issued against him. French judicial authorities had already ordered that he be held in prison on remand. His was the third arrest of an ETA terrorist in less than two weeks in France following the detention of [[Unai Fano]] and [[María Lizarraga]] on September 23.<ref>http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18290.shtml</ref> In addition to [[France]], [[Spain]] has also sought cooperation from the [[United Kingdom]] in dealing with the ETA-IRA ties. In November 2008, this came to light when the contemporaneously recent release from prison, [[Inaki de Juana Chaos]], moved to [[Belfast]] and thought to be staying at an [[Provisional IRA|IRA]] safe house and was sought by the Spanish authorities. Interpol notified the justice, Eloy Velasco, that he was in either the [[Republic of Ireland]] or [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5150232.ece</ref>
\n
\n== ETA's 2006 declaration of a "permanent ceasefire" and current events ==
\n[[Image:Atentado de ETA en el aeropuerto de Madrid Barajas4.jpg|thumb|Barajas Airport parking after the bomb.]]
\n{{Main|ETA's 2006 "permanent ceasefire"}}
\n{{Main|2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing}}
\n
\nIn the context of negotiation with the Spanish government, ETA has declared what it has described as "truce" a number of times since its creation.
\n
\nThe most recent is the one of 22 March 2006, when ETA sent a DVD message to the Basque Network [[Euskal Irrati-Telebista]]<ref>[http://www.eitb24.com/portal/eitb24/noticia/en/politics/effective-on-march-24-eta-cease-fire?itemId=D20829&cl=%2Feitb24%2Fpolitica&idioma=en ETA cease-fire], ''eitb24'', 23 March 2006.</ref> and the journals ''[[Gara]]''<ref>{{es icon}} {{fr icon}} {{eu icon}} [http://gara.net/idatzia/20060323/art156940.php ETA declara un alto el fuego permanente para impulsar un proceso democrático] ("ETA declares a permanent ceasefire to give impetus to a democratic process"), ''Gara'', 3 March 2006 (article in Spanish, text of announcement in Basque, Spanish and French.</ref> and [[Berria]] with a communiqué from the organization announcing what it called a "permanent ceasefire" that was broadcast over Spanish TV.
\n
\nTalks with the group were then officially opened by Spanish ''Presidente del Gobierno'' [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]].
\n
\nThese took place all over 2006, not free from incidents such as an ETA cell stealing some 300 handguns, ammunition and spare parts in France on October 2006.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.gara.net/idatzia/20061025/art186010.php La Policía sospecha que fue ETA quien robó anteayer 350 pistolas en Nimes] ("The police suspect that it was ETA who stole 350 guns yesterday in Nîmes"), ''Gara'', 25 October 2006</ref> or a series of warnings made by ETA such as the one of September 23, when masked ETA militants declared that the organization would "keep taking up arms" until achieving "independence and socialism in the Basque country"<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/24/espana/1159091695.html El Mundo] 24 September 2006</ref>, which were regarded by some as a way to increase pressure on the talks, by others as a tactic to reinforce ETA's position in the negotiations.
\n
\nFinally, on [[2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing|30 December 2006 ETA detonated a van bomb]] after three confusing warning calls, in a parking building at the [[Madrid]] Barajas international airport. The explosion caused the collapse of the building and killed two Ecuadorian immigrants who were napping inside their cars in the parking building.<ref>{{es icon}}
\n[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETA/cargo/bomba/Barajas/200/kilos/explosivo/elpepuesp/20061230elpepunac_1/Tes ETA cargó la bomba de Barajas con al menos 200 kilos de explosivo] El País, 30 December 2006</ref> At 6:00 P.M., José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero released a statement stating that the "peace process" had been discontinued.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Zapatero/He/ordenado/suspender/todas/iniciativas/desarrollar/dialogo/ETA/elpepuesp/20061230elpepunac_4/Tes Zapatero: "He ordenado suspender todas las iniciativas para desarrollar el diálogo con ETA"] El País, 30 December 2006</ref>
\n
\n===Current events===
\n{{See also|List of ETA attacks}}
\n<!-- For length reasons, please do not add text covering whatever latest attack here, that has its own specific article [[List of ETA attacks]] -->
\nIn January 2008, ETA stated that its call for independence is similar to that of the [[Kosovo status process|Kosovo status]] and [[Scottish independence|Scotland]].<ref>[http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=01&dd=05&nav_id=46703 B92 ETA to follow Kosovo example]</ref>
\n{{Wikinews|ETA chief arrested in southern France}}
\n{{Wikinews|Wikinews_Shorts:_August_10,_2009#Three bombs explode in Majorca|Three bombs explode in Majorca}}
\nIn the week of September 8, 2008 two Basque political parties were banned by a Spanish court for their secretive links to ETA. In an other case in the same week, 21 people were convicted whose work on behalf of ETA prisoners actually belied secretive links to the armed separatists themselves.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}ETA reacted to this actions by placing three major car bombs in less than 24 hours in northern Spain.
\n
\nIn April 2009 [[Jurdan Martitegi]] was arrested, making the fourth consecutive of ETA's military chiefs being captured within a single year, an unprecedented police record further weakening the group.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>
\n
\nThe group, and therefore the violence resurged in summer 2009, with several ETA attacks leaving three people dead and dozens injured around Spain. According to the Basque newspaper [[GARA]], ETA member Jon Anza was killed and buried by Spanish police in April 2009.
\n
\nIn December 2009, Spain raised its terror alert after warning that ETA could be planning major attacks or a high-profile kidnappings during Spain's European Union presidency. The next day, after being asked by the opposition, [[Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba]] said that warning was part of a strategy.
\n
\n== Other related armed groups ==
\n===Disbanded violent groups===
\n* Anti-ETA groups:
\n** ''[[Acción Nacional Española]]
\n** ''ATE ([[Anti-Terrorismo ETA]])''
\n** ''[[Batallón Vasco Español]]''
\n** ''[[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]]'' (GAL)
\n** ''[[Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey]]''
\n* Minor Basque nationalist and radical left wing groups:
\n** ''[[Iparretarrak]]''
\n** ''[[Iraultza]]''
\n** ''[[Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas]]''
\n** ''[[Euskal Zuzentasuna]]''
\n** ''[[Hordago]]''{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
\n
\n===Extant===
\n* ''[[Irrintzi (group)|Irrintzi]]''
\n
\n=== International links ===
\n* ETA is known to have had 'fraternal' contacts with the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; the two groups have both, at times, characterized their struggles as parallel. It has also had links with other militant left-wing movements in Europe and in other places throughout the world.
\n* ETA commandos teamed in 1999 with the (now self-dissolved) [[Breton Revolutionary Army]] to steal [[Titadyne|explosives]] from magazines in [[Brittany]].
\n* The Colombian government stated that there are contacts between ETA and the Colombian guerrilla [[FARC]]. The recent capture of FARC's leaders computers, and leaked email exchanges between both groups, shows that ETA members received training from the [[FARC]]. Apparently the [[FARC]] asked for help from ETA in order to conduct future attacks in Spain.<ref name="PeopleDaily">[http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/spanish/200108/17/sp20010817_48609.html Colombia: Sospechan relación de ETA con las FARC] General Commander [[Fernando Tapias]] on August 2001.</ref><ref name="France 24">[http://www.france24.com/en/20080530-colombia-farc-sought-launch-attack-with-eta-colombia-spain-terrorism&navi=MONDE Colombia: FARC sought to launch attack with ETA.]</ref><ref>http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=170006 Colombia VP says FARC sought ETA ties for attack in Spain</ref> Following a judicial investigation, it was reported that FARC and ETA held meetings in Colombia, exchanging information about combat tactics and methods of activating explosives through mobile phones. The two organizations were said to have met at least three times. One of the meetings involved two ETA representatives and two FARC leaders, at a FARC camp, lasted a week in 2003. FARC also offered to hide ETA fugitives while requesting anti-air missiles, as well as asking for ETA to supply medical experts who could work at FARC prison camps for more than a year. In addition, and more controversially, FARC also asked ETA to stage attacks and kidnappings on its behalf in Europe.<ref>http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/241544,farc-and-eta-exchanged-information-about-military-tactics--report.html</ref>
\n*[[Italy|Italian]] author and [[mafia]] specialist [[Roberto Saviano]] points out to a relationship of the group with the mafia. According to this view, ETA trafficks with [[cocaine]] which it gets via its FARC contacts, then trades it with the mafia for guns<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Saviano/dice/ETA/paramafiosa/trafica/cocaina/elpepucul/20090831elpepucul_5/Tes]</ref>.
\n* Some ex-militants have received [[political asylum]] in [[Latin America]]n countries, such as [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]].
\n* Several ex-militants were sent from France through [[Panama]] to reside in [[Cuba]] after an agreement of the Spanish government (under [[Felipe González]]) with Cuba.<ref name="Cuban">''[http://www3.itu.int/MISSIONS/Cuba/Atlapa.htm Conferencia de Prensa] ofrecida por [[Felipe Pérez Roque]], Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. Centro de Convenciones “[[Atlapa]]” de la Ciudad de Panamá''. 7 November 2000.</ref> The [[United States Department of State]] has no information on their activities on Cuban territory<ref name="DoS">[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64337.htm Country Reports on Terrorism: Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism] (April 28, 2006): ''The Government of Cuba maintains close relationships with other state sponsors of terrorism such as [[Iran]] and [[North Korea]], and has provided safe haven to members of'' ETA'', FARC, and the [[ELN]].'' There is no information concerning activities of these or other organizations on Cuban territory. Press reports indicate that fugitives from US justice and ETA members are living legally in Cuba, just like fugitives from Cuban justice live legally in the US. The United States says it is not aware of specific terrorist enclaves in the country.</ref>.
\n
\n== Documentary films ==
\n[[Documentary film]]s about ETA
\n
\n* {{imdb title|id=0291024|title=Asesinato en febrero (2001)}}, about the families of Basque politician [[Fernando Buesa]] and his bodyguard, both killed by ETA.
\n* ''[[The Basque Ball|The Basque Ball: The Skin Against the Stone]]'', (''La Pelota Vasca'', 2003) about the Basque conflict by filmmaker [[Julio Medem]]: interviews about Basque nationalism and politics. Includes testimonials of ETA victims and relatives of ETA prisoners.
\n* {{imdb title|id=0442407|title=Perseguidos (2004)}}, [[Eterio Ortega]] and [[Elías Querejeta]] interview local councillors threatened by ETA.
\n* {{imdb title|id=0486499|title=Trece entre mil (2005)}}, the testimony of some of ETA's victims in the last 30 years by filmmaker [[Iñaki Arteta]].
\n* 48 horas : A movie about the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Blanco and his subsequent murder
\n
\n== Other films ==
\n===Other fact-based films about ETA===
\n* ''Commando Txikia'' (José Luis Madrid, 1977)
\n* ''[[Operacion Ogro (film)|Operación Ogro]]'' (Operation [[Ogre]], 1979), [[Gillo Pontecorvo]]'s film about the murder of Luis Carrero Blanco.
\n* ''El proceso de Burgos'' ("The Burgos Trial", Imanol Uribe, 1979)
\n* {{imdb title|id=0082424|title=Escape from Segovia (1981)}}, ETA prisoners escape from the [[Segovia]] prison.
\n* {{imdb title|id=0098131|title=Proceso a ETA}} ("The Trial of ETA", Manuel Macià, 1988)
\n* {{imdb title|id=0242154|title=Yoyes (2000)}}, María Dolores Katarain, also known as [[Yoyes]], tries to abandon ETA and is murdered by her former fellows.
\n* {{imdb title|id=0385842|title=Lobo (2004)}}, based on the life of [[Mikel Lejarza]], who, prompted by the Spanish police, entered ETA to be a [[double agent]].
\n* ''{{imdb title|id=0498800|title=GAL (2006)}}'', about the journalistic research leading to the uncovering of the state-supported GAL.
\n* Tiro en la Cabeza (2008) (A bullet in the head), about the life of a ETA member the day he will kill two Spanish Policemen in Capbreton, France.
\n* {{imdb title|id=1298818|title=Una Bala Para el Rey}} ("A Bullet for the King", March 2009) about ETA's failed plot to murder [[Juan Carlos I]] during his holidays in [[Majorca]] in 1995.
\n
\n===Fictional films featuring ETA members and actions===
\n* ''El caso Almería'' ("The Almería Case", [[Pedro Costa]], 1983)
\n* ''La muerte de Mikel'' ("The Death of Mikel", [[Imanol Uribe]], 1983). A young Basque man dies in a plot involving ETA and drug traffic.
\n* ''Goma 2'' ([[José Antonio de la Loma]], 1984)
\n* ''Ander y Yul'' ("Ander and Yul", [[Ana Díez]], 1988)
\n* ''Días de humo'' ("Days of Smoke", [[Antton Eceiza]], 1989)
\n* ''Sombras en una batalla'' ("Shadows in a Battle", [[Mario Camus]], 1993)
\n* ''Días contados'' ("Counted Days", Imanol Uribe, 1994)
\n* ''A ciegas'' ("Blindly", [[Daniel Calparsoro]], 1997)
\n* ''[[The Jackal (film)|The Jackal]]'', [[Michael Caton-Jones]], 1997
\n* ''El viaje de Arián'' ("Arián's Voyage", [[Eduard Bosch]], 2001)
\n* ''La voz de su amo'' ("His Master's Voice", [[Emilio Martinez|Emilio Martínez]] Lázaro, 2001)
\n* ''Esos cielos'' ("Those skies", [[Aitzpea Goenaga]], 2006)
\n* ''[http://imdb.com/title/tt0922641 Todos estamos invitados]'' ("We are all invited", [[Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón]], 2008)
\n* ''La casa de mi padre'' ("My Father's House", [[Gorka Merchán]], 2008)
\n
\n== Novels ==
\n[[Novels]] about ETA
\n
\n* ''The Spanish Game'' ([[Charles Cumming]], 2006)
\n* [[The Sands of Time]] ([[Sidney Sheldon]], 1988)
\n
\n== References ==
\n; General
\n* This article makes use of material translated from the [[:es:ETA|corresponding article]] in the Spanish-language Wikipedia.
\n* Enric Martinez-Herrera, {{PDFlink|[http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n1martinez.pdf "National Extremism and Outcomes of State Policies in the Basque Country, 1979–2001"]|119 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 122625 bytes -->}}, originally published in the ''International Journal on Multicultural Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 1, 2002.
\n; Specific
\n
\n<div class="references-2column">{{reflist}}</div>
\n
\n== External links ==
\n*[http://www.argia.com/argia-astekaria/2207/william-a-douglass-2?pdf William A. Douglass, The unknown mediator in the Basque peace process of 2006]
\n*[http://city-journal.org/2008/18_2_basque_terrorists.html The Other Terrorism, ''City Journal,'' Spring 2008]
\n{{Commons category|ETA}}
\n* http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=31 - MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base (ETA)
\n* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3500728.stm Who are Eta?] - A [[BBC]] profile (including a map of the territory "claimed" by ETA)
\n* [http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/03/22/eta.ceasefire.text.reut/ Text of ETA cease-fire statement]
\n* {{es icon}} [http://clientes.vianetworks.es/personal/angelberto/fotos.htm Fotos del Horror], photos and other documentation of ETA members, attacks, and popular protests against ETA.
\n* {{es icon}} [http://clientes.vianetworks.es/personal/angelberto/ Resumen de Atentados de ETA]
\n* [http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr161.html The Basque Conflict: New Ideas and Prospects for Peace] [[U.S. Institute of Peace]] Special Report, April 2006
\n* [http://www.amnesty.org/results/is/eng?query=eta ETA] and [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/esp-summary-eng Spain], according to [[Amnesty International]]
\n* {{es icon}} [http://www.avt.org/ Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo] Biggest organisation in Spain for support to the victims of terrorist
\n* {{es icon}} [http://www.fundacionvt.org/ Fundación Víctimas del terrorismo] Organisation for the victims's support
\n* {{es icon}} [http://www.bastaya.org/ Basta Ya], Basque organisation protesting against Basque nationalist violence and threats.
\n* {{es icon}} [http://www.paralalibertad.org/ Fundación para la Libertad] Organisation against terrorist murders, threats and daily violence
\n* {{es icon}} [http://www.fmiguelangelblanco.es/ Fundación Miguel Ángel Blanco] Founded by the family of [[Miguel Ángel Blanco]], a symbolic victim of ETA
\n* [http://www.foroermua.com/english/index.php Foro de Ermua] Organisation created after the murder of [[Miguel Ángel Blanco]]
\n* [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/eta.htm on FAS Intelligence Resource Program]
\n* {{es icon}} [http://web.archive.org/web/20060214214012/http://www.gara.net/dosierrak/euskalgatazka/euskalpresoak/ A dossier] from [[Gara]] (now in the [[Internet Archive#Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]]) about the prisoner dispersion including [http://web.archive.org/web/20041205162619/http://www.gara.net/dosierrak/euskalgatazka/euskalpresoak/mapa.htm a map] of the distribution of ETA prisoners in Spain and France. It defines the arrested terrorists as "political prisoners"
\n* [http://momsword.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101:eta-needs-to-stop&catid=1:latest-reviews&Itemid=50/ Interesting Article on ETA]
\n*{{es icon}} [http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20080607/81275/es/ R. Sola, ''Benta-Haundi-cruce-caminos-para-historia Benta Haundi, cruce the caminos para la historia'']. Article in Gara newspaper on the historical events that lead to the beginning of ETA's armed actions in 1968 (in the 40th anniversary).
\n* {{es icon}} [http://www.elmundo.es/eta/index.html El Mundo] Section in '''El Mundo''' newspaper about ETA and its actions
\n* {{en icon}} [http://www.etxerat.info/] Group asking the repatriation of Basque prisoners to Basque prisons.
\n* {{en icon}} [http://www.stoptortura.com/] Association that works against torture in the Basque Country. They collect pictures and material trying to prove that Spanish police torture.
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Eta}}
\n[[Category:Acronyms]]
\n[[Category:Anti-Francoism]]
\n[[Category:Basque history]]
\n[[Category:Basque politics]]
\n[[Category:Francoist Spain]]
\n[[Category:Irregular military]]
\n[[Category:National liberation movements]]
\n[[Category:Far-left politics]]
\n[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist in Europe]]
\n[[Category:European Union designated terrorist organizations]]
\n[[Category:Politics of Spain]]
\n[[Category:Secessionist organizations in Europe]]
\n[[Category:Terrorism in Spain]]
\n[[Category:U.S. State Department designated terrorist organizations]]
\n[[Category:Canada Public Safety designated terrorist entities]]
\n[[Category:United Kingdom Home Office designated terrorist groups]]
\n
\n[[ar:إيتا]]
\n[[an:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[ast:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[be-x-old:ЭТА]]
\n[[bs:ETA]]
\n[[br:ETA]]
\n[[bg:ЕТА]]
\n[[ca:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[cs:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[cy:ETA]]
\n[[da:ETA]]
\n[[de:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[et:Euskadi ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[el:ΕΤΑ]]
\n[[es:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[eo:ETA]]
\n[[eu:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[fa:اتا]]
\n[[fr:Euskadi ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[fy:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[ga:ETA]]
\n[[gl:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[ko:자유조국바스크]]
\n[[hr:ETA]]
\n[[it:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[he:אט"א]]
\n[[ka:ეტა (ორგანიზაცია)]]
\n[[kw:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[la:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[lv:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[lb:Euskadi ta Azkatasuna]]
\n[[lt:ETA]]
\n[[hu:ETA]]
\n[[mk:ЕТА]]
\n[[mwl:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[nl:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[ja:ETA (民族組織)]]
\n[[no:ETA]]
\n[[nn:ETA]]
\n[[nds:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[pl:ETA]]
\n[[pt:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[ro:ETA]]
\n[[ru:ЭТА]]
\n[[simple:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[sk:Baskicko a jeho sloboda]]
\n[[sl:ETA]]
\n[[sr:ЕТА (организација)]]
\n[[sh:ETA]]
\n[[fi:ETA (järjestö)]]
\n[[sv:Euskadi ta Askatasuna]]
\n[[tr:ETA]]
\n[[uk:ЕТА]]
\n[[vi:ETA]]
\n[[wa:ETA]]
\n[[wuu:ETA (民族组织)]]
\n[[zh:埃塔]]
Gregology: changed estimate to forecast for population as per the reference
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\n{{pp-move-indef}}
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\n{{Infobox European Union}}
\nThe '''European Union''' ('''EU''') is an [[economic and monetary union|economic]] and political union of 27 [[Member State of the European Union|member states]],<ref name="Oxford Dictionary of English">{{cite web|title='''Oxford Dictionary of English''': ''European'' 5 b. spec. Designating a developing series of economic and political unions between certain countries of western (and later also eastern) Europe from 1952 onwards, as European Economic Community, European Community, European Union.|url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50078844?query_type=word&queryword=European&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=2&search_id=XNLm-9KGPpN-8152&hilite=50078844}}</ref> located primarily<!--Please do not remove this. Parts of Spain and France are outside Europe, and the geographical location of Cyprus is not clear. This word has been extensively discussed.--> in [[Europe]]. Committed to [[European integration|regional integration]], the EU was established by the [[Maastricht Treaty|Treaty of Maastricht]] on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the [[European Communities]].<ref name="EU1993"/> With over 500 million citizens,<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-047/EN/KS-QA-09-047-EN.PDF |title=First demographic estimates for 2009 |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref> the EU combined generates an estimated 30% share (US$ 18.4 trillion in 2008) of the [[list of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal gross world product]] and about 22% (US$15.2 trillion in 2008) of the [[list of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP gross world product]].<ref name="GDP IMF"/>
\n
\nThe EU has developed a [[single market]] through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the [[Four Freedoms (European Union)|free movement of people, goods, services, and capital]].<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{cite web|title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|accessdate=27 September 2007}}<br/>{{cite web|title=Activities of the European Union: Internal Market|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/pol/singl/index_en.htm|accessdate=29 June 2007}}</ref> It maintains common policies on trade,<ref>{{cite web|title=Common commercial policy|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/commercial_policy_en.htm|work=Europa Glossary|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=6 September 2008}}</ref> [[Common Agricultural Policy|agriculture]], [[Common Fisheries Policy|fisheries]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Council of the European Union|title=Agriculture and Fisheries Council|url=http://www.consilium.eu.int/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=414&lang=en&mode=g|accessdate=6 September 2008}}</ref> and [[Regional policy of the European Union|regional development]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of the European Union activities: Regional Policy|url=http://europa.eu/pol/reg/overview_en.htm|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=6 September 2008}}</ref> Sixteen member states have adopted a common currency, the [[euro]], constituting the [[Eurozone]]. The EU has developed a limited role in foreign policy, having representation at the [[World Trade Organization]], [[G8]], [[G-20 major economies]] and at the [[United Nations]]. It enacts legislation in justice and [[Interior ministry|home affairs]], including the abolition of passport controls by the [[Schengen Agreement]] between [[Schengen Area|22 EU and 3 non-EU states]].<ref name="Internal borders">{{cite web |title=Abolition of internal borders and creation of a single EU external frontier |publisher=Europa web portal |url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/freetravel/schengen/printer/fsj_freetravel_schengen_en.htm |accessdate=10 February 2007}}</ref>
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\nAs an [[international organization|international organisation]], the EU operates through a hybrid system of [[supranationalism]] and [[intergovernmentalism]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=European Union|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |accessdate=1 July 2009 |quote=[[international organization|international organisation]] comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies....}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=European Union |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html |accessdate=11 October 2009 |quote=The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighbouring states in 1951 to today's [[international organization|supranational organisation]] of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history....}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anneli Albi|contribution=Implications of the European constitution|title=EU enlargement and the constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GXDxmx_1RmcC&pg=PA204&dq=%22European+union%22+%22Sui+generis%22+%22supranational+organisation%22&ei=CS5RSuvfGZWOyASXgfnrAg|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2008|publication-place=Cambridge, UK|isbn=9067042854|page=204|postscript=: "In practical terms, the EU is perhaps still best characterised as a ‘[[International organization|supranational organisation]] ''[[sui generis]]''’: this term has proved relatively uncontroversial in respect of national constitutional sensitivities, being at the same time capable of embracing new facets of integration."}}</ref> In certain areas, decisions are made through negotiation between member states, while in others, independent supranational institutions are responsible without a requirement for unanimity between member states. Important [[Institutions of the European Union|institutions of the EU]] include the [[European Commission]], the [[Council of the European Union]], the [[European Council]], the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]], and the [[European Central Bank]]. The [[European Parliament]] is elected every five years by member states' citizens, to whom the [[citizenship of the European Union]] is guaranteed.
\n
\nThe EU traces its origins from the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] formed among [[Inner Six|six countries]] in 1951 and the [[Treaties of Rome|Treaty of Rome]] formed in 1957 by the same states. Since then, the EU has grown in size through [[enlargement of the European Union|enlargement]], and in power through the addition of policy areas to its remit.
\n
\n==History==
\n{{Main|History of the European Union}}
\n[[File:Schuman Declaration.jpg|thumb|left|[[Robert Schuman]] [[Schuman Declaration|proposing]] the [[European Coal and Steel Community|Coal and Steel Community]] in 1950]]
\n[[File:Rometreaty.jpg|thumb|left|The 1957 [[Treaties of Rome|Rome Treaty]] created the [[European Community|European Economic Community]].]]
\nAfter [[World War II]], moves towards European integration were seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of [[nationalism]] which had devastated the continent.<ref>{{cite web|title=The political consequences|publisher=[[European NAvigator]]|url=http://www.ena.lu/?doc=242&lang=3|accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref> One such attempt to unite Europeans was the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] which, while having the modest aim of centralised control of the previously national coal and [[steel|steel industries]] of its member states, was declared to be "a first step in the federation of Europe".<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of 9 May 1950|url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref> The originators and supporters of the Community include [[Jean Monnet]], [[Robert Schuman]], [[Paul-Henri Spaak|Paul Henri Spaak]], and [[Alcide De Gasperi|Alcide de Gasperi]]. The founding members of the Community were [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[West Germany]].<ref name="Europa History 45-59">{{cite web|title=A peaceful Europe - the beginnings of cooperation|publisher=European Commission|url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1945-1959/index_en.htm|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref>
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\nIn 1957, these six countries signed the [[Treaties of Rome]] which extended the earlier cooperation within the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] and created the [[European Economic Community]], (EEC) establishing a [[European Union Customs Union|customs union]] and the [[European Atomic Energy Community]] (Euratom) for cooperation in developing [[nuclear energy]].<ref name="Europa History 45-59"/> In 1967 the [[Merger Treaty]] created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the ''[[European Communities]]'' (EC), although commonly just as the ''European Community''.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{cite web|title=Merging the executives|publisher=[[European NAvigator]]|url=http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=473|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref>
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\nIn 1973, the Communities enlarged to include [[Denmark]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{cite web|title=The first enlargement|publisher=[[European NAvigator]]|url=http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=555|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref> [[Norway]] had negotiated to join at the same time but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum and so Norway remained outside. In 1979, the [[European Parliament election, 1979|first direct, democratic elections]] to the European Parliament were held.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{cite web|title=The new European Parliament|publisher=[[European NAvigator]]|url=http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=571|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref>
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\n[[Greece]] joined in 1981, and [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] in 1986.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{cite web|title=Negotiations for enlargement|publisher=[[European NAvigator]]|url=http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=6525|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref> In 1985, the [[Schengen Agreement]] led the way toward the creation of [[border control|open borders]] without [[passport]] controls between most member states and some non-member states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schengen agreement |date=30 April 2001 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=18 September 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm}}</ref> In 1986, the [[Flag of Europe|European flag]] began to be used by the Community<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the flag|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm|accessdate=13 March 2009}}</ref> and the [[Single European Act]] was signed.
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\n[[File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG|thumb|The [[Iron Curtain]]'s fall enabled eastward [[Enlargement of the European Union|enlargement]]. ([[Berlin Wall]])]]
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\nIn 1990, after the fall of the [[Iron Curtain]], the former [[East Germany]] became part of the Community as part of a newly united Germany.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{cite web|title=1980-1989 The changing face of Europe - the fall of the Berlin Wall|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref> With enlargement towards [[East-Central Europe|Eastern and Central Europe]] on the agenda, the [[Copenhagen criteria]] for candidate members to join the European Union were agreed.
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\nThe European Union was formally established when the [[Maastricht Treaty]] came into force on 1 November 1993,<ref name="EU1993">{{cite book|last=Craig|first=Paul|coauthors=Grainne De Burca , P. P. Craig|title=EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials|edition=4th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-927389-8|page=15}}; {{cite web|title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm|work=Activities of the European Union|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=20 October 2007}}</ref> and in 1995 [[Austria]], [[Sweden]], and [[Finland]] joined the newly established EU. In 2002, [[euro]] notes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the [[eurozone]] has increased to encompass sixteen countries. In 2004, the EU saw [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|its biggest enlargement to date]] when [[Malta]], [[Cyprus]], [[Slovenia]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Hungary]] joined the Union.<ref name="Europa History 00">{{cite web|title=A decade of further expansion|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/2000_today/index_en.htm|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref>
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\nOn 1 January 2007, [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] became the EU's newest members and [[Slovenia]] adopted the euro.<ref name="Europa History 00"/> In June 2009, the [[European Parliament election, 2009|2009 Parliament elections]] were held leading to a renewal of Barroso's Commission Presidency, and in July 2009 [[Iceland]] formally applied for EU membership. On 1 December 2009, the [[Treaty of Lisbon|Lisbon Treaty]] came into force after a protracted and controversial birth. This reformed many aspects of the EU but in particular created a permanent [[President of the European Council]], the first of which is [[Herman Van Rompuy|Herman van Rompuy]], and a strengthened [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]], [[Catherine Ashton]].
\n
\n===Treaties timeline===
\n{{EU evolution timeline}}
\n
\n==Member states==
\n{{Main|Member State of the European Union}}
\n{{See also|Special Member State territories and the European Union|Enlargement of the European Union|Future enlargement of the European Union|Withdrawal from the European Union}}
\n{{European Union Labelled Map (blue)}}
\nThe European Union is composed of 27 [[sovereign state|sovereign]] Member States: [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=European Countries|url=http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/index_en.htm|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref>
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\nThe Union's membership has grown from the original [[Inner Six|six founding states]]–Belgium, France, (then-[[West Germany|West) Germany]], Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands–to the present day 27 by successive enlargements as countries acceded to the [[Treaties of the European Union|treaties]] and by doing so, pooled their sovereignty in exchange for representation in the [[Institutions of the European Union|institutions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=EU institutions and other bodies|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|accessdate=4 September 2009}}</ref>
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\nTo join the EU a country must meet the [[Copenhagen criteria]], defined at the 1993 Copenhagen European Council. These require a stable democracy that respects [[human rights]] and the [[rule of law]]; a functioning [[market economy]] capable of competition within the EU; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the [[European Council]].<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{cite web|title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref>
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\nNo member state has ever left the Union, although [[Greenland]] (an [[autonomous area|autonomous province]] of [[Denmark]]) withdrew in 1985. The [[Treaty of Lisbon|Lisbon Treaty]] now provides a clause dealing with how a member leaves the EU.
\n
\nThere are three official candidate countries, [[Croatia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] and [[Turkey]]. [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]] and [[Iceland]] are officially recognised as potential candidates.<ref name="Europa Enlargement">{{cite web|title=European Commission - Enlargement - Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref> [[Kosovo]] is also listed as a potential candidate but the European Commission does not list it as an independent country because not all member states recognise it as an independent country separate from Serbia.<ref name="EC Kosovo Newsletter">{{cite web|title=Enlargement Newsletter|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/press_corner/newsletter/index_en.htm|accessdate=24 November 2008}}</ref>
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\nFour [[Western Europe]]an countries that have chosen not to join the EU have partly committed to the EU's economy and regulations: [[Iceland]], which has now applied for membership, [[Liechtenstein]] and [[Norway]], which are a part of the [[single market]] through the [[European Economic Area]], and [[Switzerland]], which has similar ties through [[Switzerland and the European Union|bilateral treaties]].<ref name="EEA"/><ref name="CH">{{cite web|title=The EU's relations with Switzerland|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/switzerland/intro/index.htm|accessdate=16 September 2007}}</ref> The relationships of the [[Microstates and the European Union|European microstates]], [[Andorra]], [[Monaco]], [[San Marino]] and the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] include the use of the [[euro]] and other areas of co-operation.<ref name="euro use world"/>
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\n===Geography===
\n{{Main|Geography of the European Union}}
\n[[File:Mont Blanc depuis la gare des glaciers.jpg|thumb|[[Mont Blanc]] in the [[Alps]] is the highest peak in the EU.]]
\n
\nThe territory of the EU consists of the combined territories of its 27 member states with some exceptions, outlined below. The territory of the EU is not the same as that of [[Geography of Europe|Europe]], as parts of the continent are outside the EU, such as [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], European [[Russia]], and [[Iceland]]. Some parts of member states are not part of the EU, despite forming part of the European continent (for example the [[Isle of Man]] and [[Channel Islands]] (two [[Crown Dependencies]]), and the [[Faroe Islands]] (a territory of Denmark)). The [[island country]] of [[Cyprus]], a member of the EU, is closer to [[Turkey]] than to [[continental Europe]] and is often considered part of [[Asia]].<ref>[http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia UN]</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=cyprus&Mode=d National Geographic]</ref>
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\n[[File:Bay of Balos.jpg|thumb|left|The EU's climate is influenced by its {{convert|65993|km|0|abbr=on}} [[coast]]line. ([[Crete]])]]
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\nSeveral territories associated with member states that are outside geographic Europe are also not part of the EU (such as [[Greenland]], [[Aruba]], the [[Netherlands Antilles]], and all the non-European [[British overseas territories]]). Some [[Special Member State territories and the European Union|overseas territories]] are part of the EU even though geographically not part of Europe, such as the [[Azores]], the [[Canary Islands]], [[Madeira]], [[Lampedusa]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Martinique]] and [[Réunion]], [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]].<!-- Please note that this is not meant as a comprehensive list! --> As well, although being technically part of the EU,<ref name="northern cyprus">{{cite web|title=Turkish Cypriot Community|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/turkish_cypriot_community/index_en.htm|accessdate=19 April 2009}}</ref> EU law is suspended in [[Northern Cyprus]] as it is under the ''de facto'' control of the ''[[Northern Cyprus|Turkish Republic of North Cyprus]]'', a self-proclaimed state that is recognised only by Turkey.
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\nThe EU's member states cover an area of {{convert|4422773|km2|sqmi|0}}.<ref name="Area.and.population.figure">Figure including the four [[overseas department|French overseas departments]] ([[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Réunion]]), which are an integral part of the EU, but excluding the [[Overseas collectivity|French overseas collectivities]] and [[Overseas territory (France)|territories]], which are not part of the EU.</ref> The EU is larger in area than all but [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|six countries]], and its highest peak is [[Mont Blanc]] in the [[Graian Alps]], {{convert|4807|m|ft|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]]. The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline, which is {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} long. The EU has the world's second-longest coastline, after [[Canada]]. The combined member states share [[countries bordering the European Union|land borders]] with 19 non-member states for a total of {{convert|12441|km|mi|0}}, the fifth-longest border in the world.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Europa Members">{{cite web|title=European countries|publisher=Europa web portal|year=2007|url=http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/index_en.htm|accessdate=29 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="Longest coasts">{{cite web|title=Countries of the Earth|publisher=home.comcast.net|year=2006|url=http://home.comcast.net/~igpl/Countries.html|accessdate=8 August 2007}}<!--If anyone has a more academic source, please replace this--></ref>
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\nIncluding the overseas territories of member states, the EU experiences most [[Köppen climate classification|types of climate]] from [[Polar climate|Arctic]] to [[tropical climate|tropical]], rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of the population lives in areas with a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Southern Europe]]), a temperate [[oceanic climate|maritime climate]] ([[Western Europe]]), or a warm summer continental or [[hemiboreal]] climate ([[Eastern Europe]]).<ref name="Humid Continental climate">{{cite web|title=Humid Continental Climate|work=The physical environment|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]]|year=2007|url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/humid_continental.html|accessdate=29 June 2007}}</ref>
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\nThe EU's population is also incredibly urbanised, with some 75% of people (and growing, projected to be 90% in 7 states by 2020) living in urban areas. Cities are largely spread out across the EU, although with a large grouping in and around the [[Benelux]] and a large amount of urbanisation in Spain since it joined the EU. An increasing percentage of this is due to low density urban sprawl which is extending into natural areas. In some cases this urban growth has been due to the influx of EU funds into a region.<ref>[http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2006_10/eea_report_10_2006.pdf Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge] European Environmental Agency</ref>
\n
\n==Governance==
\n{{Main|Politics of the European Union|Institutions of the European Union}}
\n{{Politics of the European Union}}
\nThe institutions of the EU operate solely within those competencies conferred on it upon the [[Treaties of the European Union|treaties]] and according to the principle of [[Subsidiarity#European Union law|subsidiarity]] (which dictates that action by the EU should only be taken where an objective cannot be sufficiently achieved by the member states alone). [[Law of the European Union|Law made by the EU institutions]] is passed in a variety of forms, primarily that which comes into direct force and that which must be passed in a refined form by [[National parliaments of the European Union|national parliaments]].
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\nLegislative competencies are divided equally, with some exceptions, between the [[European Parliament]] and the [[Council of the European Union]] while executive tasks are carried out by the [[European Commission]] and in a limited capacity by the [[European Council]] (not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union). The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]]. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area.
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\n===European Council===
\n[[File:Herman Van Rompuy portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[President of the European Council]], [[Herman Van Rompuy]]]]
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\nThe EU receives its political leadership from the [[European Council]], which usually meets four times a year. It comprises one representative per member state—either its [[head of state]] or [[head of government]]—plus its [[President of the European Council|President]] as well as the [[President of the European Commission|President of the Commission]]. The member states' representatives are assisted by their [[Foreign minister|Foreign Minister]]s. The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. The European Council should not be mistaken for the [[Council of Europe]], an international organisation independent from the EU.
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\nOn 19 November 2009, [[Herman Van Rompuy]] was chosen as the first [[President of the European Council]] and [[Catherine Ashton]] was chosen as the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]]. They both assumed office on 1 December 2009.
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\n===Council===
\nThe [[Council of the European Union|Council]] (also called "Council of the European Union"<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ Official website of the Council] retrieved on 16 January 2010.</ref> and sometimes referred to as the "Council of Ministers"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/pol/inst/index_en.htm |title=Institutional affairs: Council of the European Union |date=2010-01-06 |work=Europa |publisher=[[European Commission]] |quote=It is commonly called the Council of Ministers}}</ref>) forms one half of the EU's [[legislature]]. It consists of a [[minister (government)|government minister]] from each member state and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed. Notwithstanding its different compositions, it is considered to be one single body.<ref name="Europa Institutions Council">{{cite web|title=Institutions: The Council of the European Union|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/council/index_en.htm|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref> In addition to its legislative functions, the Council also exercises [[executive functions]] in relations to the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]].
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\n===Commission===
\n[[File:José Manuel Barroso MEDEF 2.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[President of the European Commission|Commission President]] [[José Manuel Barroso]]]]
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\nThe [[European Commission]] acts as the EU's [[executive (government)|executive arm]] and is responsible for [[legislative initiative|initiating legislation]] and the day-to-day running of the EU. It is intended to act solely in the interest of the EU as a whole, as opposed to the Council which consists of leaders of member states who reflect national interests. The commission is also seen as the motor of [[European integration]]. It is currently composed of 27 [[European Commissioner|commissioners]] for different areas of policy, one from each member state. The [[President of the European Commission|President of the Commission]] and all the other commissioners are nominated by the Council. Appointment of the Commission President, and also the Commission in its entirety, have to be confirmed by Parliament.<ref name="Europa Institutions Commission">{{cite web|title=Institutions: The European Commission|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref>
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\n===Parliament===
\n[[File:Hemicycle du conseil de l E.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg|seat of the European Parliament]] in [[Strasbourg]].]]
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\nThe [[European Parliament]] forms the other half of the EU's [[legislature]]. The 736 (soon to be 750) [[Member of the European Parliament|Members of the European Parliament]] (MEPs) are directly elected by [[Citizenship of the European Union|EU citizens]] every five years. Although MEPs are elected on a national basis, they sit according to [[Political groups of the European Parliament|political groups]] rather than their nationality. Each country has a set number of seats and in some cases is divided into [[European Parliament constituency|sub-national constituencies]]. The Parliament and the Council of Ministers pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas under the [[European Union legislative procedure#Ordinary legislative procedure|ordinary legislative procedure]]. This also applies to the EU budget. Finally, the Commission is accountable to Parliament, requiring its approval to take office, having to report back to it and subject to motions of censure from it. The [[President of the European Parliament]] carries out the role of [[speaker (politics)|speaker]] in parliament and represents it externally. The president and vice presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years.<ref name="Europa Institutions Parliament">{{cite web|title=Institutions: The European Parliament|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/parliament/index_en.htm|accessdate=25 June 2007}}</ref>
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\n===Courts===
\nThe [[judiciary|judicial branch]] of the EU—formally called the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]]—consists of three courts: the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]], the [[General Court (European Union)|General Court]], and the [[Civil Service Tribunal (European Union)|European Union Civil Service Tribunal]]. Together they interpret and apply the treaties and the law of the EU.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union]</ref>
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\nThe Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the institutions, and [[Preliminary ruling|cases referred to it]] by the courts of member states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court of Justice: presentation |url=http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7024/#competences |publisher=Europa web portal |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts,<ref>{{cite web |title=General Court: presentation |url=http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7033/#compet |publisher=Europa web portal |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and [[European Civil Service|its civil service]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Civil Service Tribunal: presentation |url=http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/T5_5230/#compétence |publisher=Europa web portal |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a [[Question of law|point of law]].<ref>Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML]</ref>
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\n==Legal system==
\n{{See|Law of the European Union|Treaties of the European Union|European Union legislative procedure}}
\n
\nThe EU is based on a series of treaties. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sources of EU law|url=http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/general_information/legal_information_and_eu_law/sources_eu_law/index_en.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080228193407/http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/general_information/legal_information_and_eu_law/sources_eu_law/index_en.htm|archivedate=2008-02-28|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref> These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation<ref name="art249">See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML]</ref> which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants.<ref name="Direct Effect">According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in {{cite court|litigants=Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen|reporter=Eur-Lex|court=European Court of Justice|year=1963|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML}}. See: Craig and de Búrca, ch. 5.</ref> Under the principle of [[supremacy (European Union law)|supremacy]], national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions.<ref name="Supremacy">According to the principle of [[European Union law#Supremacy|Supremacy]] as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, ''Falminio Costa v. ENEL'' [1964] ECR 585. See Craig and de Búrca, ch. 7. See also: [[Factortame case|''Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603'']], ''Solange II'' (''Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft'', BVerfG decision of 22 Oct. 1986 [1987] 3 CMLR 225,265) and ''Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze'' [1974] 2 CMLR 372; ''Raoul George Nicolo'' [1990] 1 CMLR 173.</ref>
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\n[[File:EUCoJ.jpg|thumb|left|The [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]] in [[Luxembourg]] can judge member states over [[Law of the European Union|EU law]].]]
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\nThe main legal acts of the EU come in three forms: [[Regulation (European Union)|regulations]], [[Directive (European Union)|directives]], and [[European Union decision|decisions]]. Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,<ref>See: Case 34/73, ''Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze'' [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&numdoc=61973J0034&lg=en <nowiki>[1973]</nowiki> ECR 981].</ref> and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions.<ref name="art249"/> Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states.<ref>To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 27 member states. See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115</ref>
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\nWhen the time limit for implementing directives passes, they may, under certain conditions, have [[direct effect]] in national law against member states. Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. They are most often used in Competition Law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy.
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\nOne of the complicating features of the EU's legal system is the multiplicity of legislative procedures used to enact legislation. The treaties [[Micromanagement|micro-manage]] the EU's powers, indicating different ways of adopting legislation for different policy areas and for different areas within the same policy areas.<ref>For a good example of this see Title IV of Part Three of the Treaty of Rome, Council Decision (2004/927/EC) of 22 December 2004 providing for certain areas covered by Title IV of Part Three of the Treaty establishing the European Community to be governed by the procedure laid down in Article 251 of that Treaty and the Protocol on Article 67 of the Treaty establishing the European Community attached to the Nice Treaty.</ref> A common feature of the EU's legislative procedures, however, is that almost all legislation must be initiated by the Commission, rather than member states or European parliamentarians.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision-making in the European Union|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/decision-making/index_en.htm|accessdate=14 September 2007}} See: [[European Union legislative procedure]].</ref> The two most common procedures are co-decision, under which the European Parliament can veto proposed legislation, and consultation, under which Parliament is only permitted to give an opinion which can be ignored by European leaders. In most cases legislation must be agreed by the council.<ref name="decision making">{{cite web|title=Decision-making in the European Union|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://europa.eu/institutions/decision-making/index_en.htm|accessdate=18 September 2007}}</ref>
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\nNational courts within the member states play a key role in the EU as enforcers of EU law, and a "spirit of cooperation" between EU and national courts is laid down in the Treaties. National courts can apply EU law in domestic cases, and if they require clarification on the interpretation or validity of any EU legislation related to the case it may make a reference for a preliminary ruling to the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]]. The right to declare EU legislation invalid however is reserved to the EU courts.
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\n===Fundamental rights===
\nAs a product of efforts to establish a written [[fundamental rights]] code, the EU drew up the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights]] in 2000. The Charter is legally binding since the Lisbon Treaty has come into force.<ref>By virtue of Article 1(8) of the Lisbon Treaty</ref> Also, the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]] gives judgements on fundamental rights derived from the "constitutional traditions common to the member states,"<ref>Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr und Vorratstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel; Article 6(2) of the Maastrict Treaty (as amended).</ref> and may even invalidate EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to these fundamental rights.<ref name="europarl-rights">{{cite web|title=Respect for fundamental rights in the EU - general development|publisher=The [[European Parliament]]|work=European Parliament Fact Sheets|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/2_1_1_en.htm|accessdate=6 September 2008}}</ref>
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\nAlthough signing the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership,<ref>It is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria [http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta08/ERES1610.htm]. It should be noted that this is a political and not a legal requirement for membership.</ref> the EU itself is not covered by the convention as it is neither a state<ref>The European Convention on Human Rights is currently only open to members of the [[Council of Europe]] (Article 59.1 of the Convention) [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm], and only states may become member of the Council of Europe (Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe) [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/001.htm].</ref> nor has the competence to accede.<ref>Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms" [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61994V0002:FR:HTML 1996 E.C.R. I-1759] (in French), ruled that the European Community did not have the competence to accede to the ECHR.</ref> Nonetheless the Court of Justice and [[European Court of Human Rights]] [[Cooperation|co-operate]] to ensure their case-law does not conflict.<ref name="Juncker Council">{{cite web|last=Juncker|first=Jean-Claude|authorlink=Jean-Claude Juncker|title=Council of Europe - European Union: "A sole ambition for the European continent"|year=2006|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|url=http://assembly.coe.int/Sessions/2006/speeches/20060411_report_JCJuncker_EN.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref> Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has been required to accede to the ECHR.<ref>By virtue of Article 1(8) of the Lisbon Treaty, however this will only become possible when Protocol 14 of the ECHR, which allows for EU accession to the ECHR, comes into force.</ref> The EU opposes the [[capital punishment|death penalty]] and promotes its world wide abolition.<ref>{{cite web|title=EU Policy on Death Penalty|author=European Commission|publisher=Europa Web Portal|accessdate=27 August 2009|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/human_rights/adp/index_en.htm}}</ref> Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership.<ref>{{cite web|title=The death penalty in Europe|author=European Commission|publisher=Europa Web Portal|accessdate=27 August 2009|url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/information_dossiers/conference_death_penalty/page_2_en.htm}}</ref>
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\n==Foreign relations==
\n{{Main|Foreign relations of the European Union|Common Foreign and Security Policy}}
\n[[File:Eirepas.JPG|thumb|130px|right|EU member states have a [[Passports of the European Union|standardised passport]] design, [[burgundy (color)|burgundy]] coloured with the name of the member state, [[Coat of arms|Coat of Arms]] and with the words "European Union" given in their official language(s) at the top; in this case those of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].]]
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\nForeign policy cooperation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in [[international trade]] negotiations under the Common [[Commercial policy|Commercial Policy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Qualified-Majority Voting: Common commercial policy|url=http://ec.europa.eu/archives/igc2000/geninfo/fact-sheets/fact-sheet6/index_en.htm|accessdate=3 September 2007|publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> Steps for a more wide ranging coordination in [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] began in 1970 with the establishment of [[European Political Cooperation]] which created an informal consultation process between member states with the aim of forming common foreign policies. It was not, however, until 1987 when European Political Cooperation was introduced on a formal basis by the [[Single European Act]]. EPC was renamed as the ''[[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]'' (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty.<ref name="EPC">{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/european_political_cooperation_en.htm|title=European political co-operation (EPC)|accessdate=3 September 2007|publisher=Europa web portal|author=The European commission|work=Europa Glossary}}</ref>
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\nThe Maastricht Treaty gives the CFSP the aims of promoting both the EU's own interests and those of the [[international community]] as a whole. This includes promoting international co-operation, respect for [[human rights]], [[democracy]], and the [[rule of law]].<ref name="art11 Union">Article 21 of the [[Treaty on European Union]] (as inserted by the [[Treaty of Lisbon]]). [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML]</ref>
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\n[[File:Baroness Ashton headshot.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Catherine Ashton]] is the EU's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]] in foreign policy.]]
\nThe [[Amsterdam Treaty]] created the office of the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (currently held by [[Catherine Ashton]]) to co-ordinate the EU's foreign policy.<ref name="Europa CFSP">{{cite web|title=Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) - Overview|publisher=Europa web portal|year=2002|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/intro/index.htm|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref> The High Representative, in conjunction with the current [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|Presidency]], speaks on behalf of the EU in foreign policy matters and can have the task of articulating ambiguous policy positions created by disagreements among member states. The [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] requires unanimity among the now 27 member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP makes disagreements, such as those which occurred over the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]],<ref name="BBC Iraq statement">{{cite news|title=Divided EU agrees Iraq statement|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=27 January 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2697667.stm|accessdate=13 March 2009}}</ref> not uncommon.
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\nBesides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international influence of the EU is also felt through [[Enlargement of the European Union|enlargement]]. The perceived benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of former [[Communist state|Communist countries]] in [[Central Europe|Central and Eastern Europe]].<ref name="Enlargement voice">{{cite web|title=EU enlargement - voices from the debate|publisher=British [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1139992114487|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref> This influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as "[[soft power]]", as opposed to military "hard power".<ref name="Soft Power">{{cite web|last=Bildt|first=Carl|authorlink=Carl Bildt|title=Europe must keep its 'soft power'|publisher=[[Financial Times]] on [[Centre for European Reform]]|year=2005|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/bildt_ft_1june05.html|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref>
\n[[File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg|thumb|right|The EU participates in all [[G8]] summits. ([[33rd G8 summit|Heiligendamm, Germany]])]]
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\nIn the UN, as an observer and working together, the EU has gained influence in areas such as aid due to its large contributions in that field (see below).<ref name="EUObserver UN Seat">{{cite web|title=EU heading for single UN seat, UN official says|publisher=[[EUobserver]]|year=2007|url=http://euobserver.com/24/22553|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref> In the [[G8]], the [[European Union and the G8|EU has rights of membership]] besides chairing/hosting summit meetings and is represented at meetings by the presidents of the Commission and the Council.<ref name="EC G8">{{cite web|title=EU and the G8|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Delegation of the European Commission to Japan|url=http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php|accessdate=26 September 2007}}</ref> In the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]] (WTO), where all 27 member states are represented, the EU as a body is represented by [[European Commissioner for Trade|Trade Commissioner]] [[Karel De Gucht]].<ref name="Europa Trade">{{cite web|title=The EU and the world trade organisation|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/index_en.htm|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref>
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\n===Military and defence===
\n{{Main|Common Security and Defence Policy|Military of the European Union}}
\n[[File:Typhoon f2 zj910 arp.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Eurofighter]] is built by a consortium of four EU countries.]]
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\nThe predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a strong [[Collective security#Collective defense|military alliance]] because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Paul|title=International Relations|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=100|quote=The EU states have never felt the need to make the organization into a powerful military alliance. They already have NATO to undertake that task.}}</ref> Twenty-one [[Member State of the European Union|EU members]] are members of [[NATO]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NATO Member Countries|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries.htm|accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref> while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality.<ref>{{cite conference|first=Finn|last=Laursen|title=The EU 'neutrals,' the CFSP and defence policy|booktitle=Biennial Conference of the European Union Studies Association|pages=27|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|date=29 May-1 June 1997|location=Seattle, WA.|url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2657/|accessdate=2009-07-24}}</ref> The [[Western European Union]] (WEU) is a European security organisation related to the EU. In 1992, the WEU's relationship with the EU was defined, when the EU assigned it the "[[Petersberg tasks]]" (humanitarian missions such as peacekeeping and [[crisis management]]). These tasks were later transferred from the WEU to the EU by the Amsterdam Treaty and now form part of the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] and the [[Common Security and Defence Policy]]. Elements of the WEU are currently being merged into the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]], and the President of the WEU is currently the EU's foreign policy chief.<ref name="Europa ESDP">{{cite web|title=EU Security Police & the role of the European Commission|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/esdp/index.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080208234309/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/esdp/index.htm|archivedate=2008-02-08|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="Europa Chronology">{{cite web|title=EU Security Police & the role of the European Commission: Chronology|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/esdp/chrono.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071226072715/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/esdp/chrono.htm|archivedate=2007-12-26|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref>
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\n[[File:Eufor222.jpg|thumb|right|[[Common Foreign and Security Policy|CFSP]] forces are peacekeeping in parts of the [[Balkans]] and [[Africa]].]]
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\nFollowing the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999, the European Council agreed that "the Union must have the capacity for [[Autonomous Action|autonomous action]], backed by credible [[Armed forces|military forces]], the means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises [[prejudice (legal procedure)|without prejudice]] to actions by NATO". To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the [[Helsinki Headline Goal]] process. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the [[Battlegroup of the European Union|EU Battlegroups]] initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel.<ref name="Council Capabilities">{{cite web|title=Military Capabilities|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Council of the European Union|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1349&lang=EN|accessdate=9 October 2007}}</ref>
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\nEU forces have been deployed on [[peacekeeping]] missions from [[Africa]] to the former [[Yugoslavia]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Council Operations">{{cite web|title=EU security and defence Operations|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Council of the European Union|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=268&lang=EN&mode=g|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref> EU [[military operation]]s are supported by a number of bodies, including the [[European Defence Agency]], [[European Union Satellite Centre|satellite centre]] and the [[European Union Military Staff|military staff]].<ref name="Council Structures">{{cite web|title=ESPD Structures|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Council of the European Union|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=279&lang=EN&mode=g|accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref> In an EU consisting of 27 members, substantial security and defence cooperation is increasingly relying on great power cooperation.<ref>[http://www.diis.dk/sw87465.asp?csref=RSS The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert, Danish ''Institute of International Studies''.]</ref>
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\n===Humanitarian aid===
\n{{See|ECHO (European Commission)}}
\n[[File:ECHO plane.jpg|thumb|Collectively, the EU is the largest contributor of [[European Community Humanitarian Aid Office|foreign aid]] in the world.]]
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\nThe [[ECHO (European Commission)|European Commissions Humanitarian Aid Office]], or "ECHO", provides [[humanitarian aid]] from the EU to [[developing country|developing countries]]. In 2006 its budget amounted to €671 million, 48% of which went to the [[African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States|African, Caribbean and Pacific countries]].<ref name="ECHO 2006">{{cite web|title=DG for humanitarian aid - ECHO, financial report 2006|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|year=2006|url=http://ec.europa.eu/echo/pdf_files/financial_report.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080307042553/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/pdf_files/financial_report.pdf|archivedate=2008-03-07|format=PDF|accessdate=13 August 2007}}</ref> Counting the EU's own contributions and those of its member states together, the EU is the largest aid donor in the world.<ref name="ODA volumes: Europe and the world">{{cite web|title=Euromapping 2008|author=[[German Foundation for World Population]]|date=29 September 2008|url=http://www.euroresources.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Euromapping/Euromapping_Final.pdf|accessdate=3 April 2009}}</ref>
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\nThe EU's aid has previously been criticised by the [[euroscepticism|eurosceptic]] [[think tank|think-tank]] [[Open Europe]] for being inefficient, mis-targeted and linked to economic objectives.<ref name="BBC Aid Inefficient">{{cite news|last=Mulvey|first=Stephen|title=EU attacked for 'inefficient' aid|publisher=BBC News|date=30 May 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6705773.stm|accessdate=13 August 2007}}</ref> Furthermore, some charities have claimed European governments have inflated the amount they have spent on aid by incorrectly including money spent on [[debt relief]], [[International student|foreign students]], and refugees. Under the de-inflated figures, the EU as a whole did not reach its internal aid target in 2006<ref name="Indy Inflated Aid">{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Jerome|title=EU accused of artificially inflating its aid figures|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=11 May 2007|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/eu-accused-of-artificially-inflating-its-aid-figures-448343.html|accessdate=13 August 2007}}</ref> and is expected not to reach the international target of 0.7% of [[gross national income]] until 2015.<ref name="Development aid from OECD countries fell 5.1% in 2006">{{cite web|title=Development aid from OECD countries fell 5.1% in 2006|author=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|date=3 April 2007|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/17/0,2340,en_2649_201185_38341265_1_1_1_1,00.html|accessdate=6 April 2009}}</ref>
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\nHowever, four countries have reached that target, most notably [[Sweden]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] and [[Denmark]].<ref name="ODA volumes: Europe and the world"/> In 2005 EU aid was 0.34% of the GNP which was higher than that of either the United States or [[Japan]].<ref name="ECHO Overview">{{cite web|title=Overviews of the European Union activities: Development|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://europa.eu/pol/dev/overview_en.htm|accessdate=13 August 2007}}</ref> The previous [[European Commissioner for Development & Humanitarian Aid|commissioner for aid]], [[Louis Michel]], has called for aid to be delivered more rapidly, to greater effect, and on humanitarian principles.<ref name="Aid Consensus">{{cite web|title=Commission calls for a European consensus to boost impact of humanitarian aid|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|date=13 June 2007|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/814&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en|accessdate=13 August 2007}}</ref>
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\n==Justice and home affairs==
\n{{See|Area of freedom, security and justice}}
\n[[File:OffeneGrenzeNiederndorf-Oberaudorf.jpg|thumb||The [[Schengen Area]] comprises most member states ensuring open borders.]]
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\nSince the creating of the EU in 1993, it has developed its competencies in the area of justice and home affairs, initially at an intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism. To this end, agencies have been established that co-ordinate associated actions: [[Europol]] for co-operation of police forces,<ref>{{cite web|title=European police office now in full swing|url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/police/europol/fsj_police_europol_en.htm|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=4 September 2007}}</ref> [[Eurojust]] for co-operation between prosecutors,<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU level|url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/criminal/eurojust/fsj_criminal_eurojust_en.htm|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=4 September 2007}}</ref> and [[Frontex]] for co-operation between border control authorities.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Frontex?|url=http://www.frontex.europa.eu/|author=Frontex|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=4 September 2007}}</ref> The EU also operates the [[Schengen Information System]]<ref name="Internal borders"/> which provides a common database for police and immigration authorities. This cooperation had to particularly be developed with the advent of open borders through the [[Schengen Agreement]] and the associated cross border crime.
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\nFurthermore, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,<ref>{{cite web|title=European arrest warrant replaces extradition between EU Member States|url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/criminal/extradition/fsj_criminal_extradition_en.htm|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=4 September 2007}}</ref> [[family law]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33194.htm|title=Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility (Brussels II)|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=5 September 2008}}</ref> asylum law,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33150.htm|title=Minimum standards on the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=5 September 2008}}</ref> and [[criminal justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l10110.htm|title=Specific Programme: 'Criminal Justice'|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=5 September 2008}}</ref> Prohibitions against sexual and nationality discrimination have a long standing in the treaties.<ref name="art39/141 Rome">See Articles 157 (ex Article 141) of the [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]]. [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML]</ref> In more recent years, these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and [[sexual orientation]].<ref name="art2(7) Amsterdam">See Article 2(7) of the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]]. [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11997D/htm/11997D.html#0001010001]</ref> By virtue of these powers, the EU has enacted legislation on [[sexism|sexual discrimination]] in the work-place, [[ageism|age discrimination]], and [[racism|racial discrimination]].<ref>Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of [[Egalitarianism|equal treatment]] between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 22–26); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16–22).</ref> By virtue of the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], the EU is now bound by its [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights]] which consolidates a large array of citizens rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Q&A: Charter of Fundamental Rights|date=6 July 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6225580.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref>
\n
\n==Economy==
\n{{Main|Economy of the European Union}}
\n[[File:Nominal GDP IMF 2008 millions of USD.jpg|300px|thumb|The EU and the next ten largest economies in the world by nominal GDP (IMF, 2008)]]
\nSince its origin, the EU has established a single economic market across the territory of all its members. Currently, a single currency is in use between the 16 members of the [[eurozone]].<ref name="euro website"/><ref name="Europa Single Market"/> If considered as a single economy, the EU generated an estimated nominal [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of [[United States dollar|US$]]18.39 trillion (15.247 trillion international dollars based on [[purchasing power]] parity) in 2008, <!-- Please do not use projected figures --> amounting to over 22% of the world's total [[output (economics)|economic output]] in terms of purchasing power parity,<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=001%2C998&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPSH&grp=1&a=1&pr.x=50&pr.y=9|accessdate=24 April 2009|date=April 2009|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009 Edition|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|
\nquote=<br/>
\nGross domestic product, current prices; U.S. dollars, Billions; <br/>
\n2007=16,927.173 <br/>
\n2008=18,394.115 <br/>
\n2009=16,190.981 [projection]<br/>
\nGross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP; Current international dollar, Billions; <br/>
\n2007=14,762.109 <br/>
\n2008=15,247.163 <br/>
\n2009=14,851.385 [projection]<br/>
\nGDP based on PPP share of world total<br/>
\n2007=22.605% <br/>
\n2008=22.131%
\n2009=21.519% [projection]<br/>
\nWorld "GDP", current prices; U.S. dollars, Billions; <br/>
\n2007=54,840.873 <br/>
\n2008=60,689.812 <br/>
\n2009=57,228.373 [projection]<br/>
\nThese data were published in 2009. Data for 2009 are projections based on a number of assumptions.
\n<!--IMF GDP data published in April 2008; so please do not use the IMF *projections*for 2009 -->
\n}}</ref> which makes it the largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the second largest [[trade bloc]] economy in the world by PPP valuation of GDP. It is also the largest exporter ,<ref name="CIA exports">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html|title=Rank Order - Exports|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|work=[[The World Factbook]]|accessdate=21 August 2007}}</ref> and largest importer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/world_trade_report09_e.pdf|title=World trade report 2009|publisher=WTO information website|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> of [[goods and services]], and the biggest trading partner to several large countries such as [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[India]].<ref name="Trade China">{{cite web|title=China now EU's biggest import market|publisher=People's Daily Online|date=31 January 2007|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200701/31/eng20070131_346408.html|accessdate=22 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Trade China-EU">{{cite web|title=EU now biggest trading partner of China|publisher=Chinese Embassy|date=15 September 2006|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/xw/t272113.htm|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="Trade India-EU">{{cite web|title=India and the EU: strategic partners?|publisher=Centre for European Reform|date=February/March 2006|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/46_grant.html|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
\n
\n178 of the top 500 largest corporations measured by revenue ([[Fortune Global 500]]) have their headquarters in the EU.<ref name="Fortune 500">{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/countries/Australia.html|title=Fortune Global 500 2009|date=20 July 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=22 September 2009}}</ref>{{Update after|2010|07|23|reason=next update of list expected approx. 2010-07-23}}
\n
\nIn May 2007 unemployment in the EU stood at 7%<ref name="UNEMP">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_07/3-03072007-EN-AP.PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080307042549/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_07/3-03072007-EN-AP.PDF|archivedate=2008-03-07|format=PDF|title=Euro area and EU 27 unemployment down to 7.0%|date=3 July 2007|publisher=Europa web portal|accessdate=1 November 2007}}</ref> while investment was at 21.4% of GDP, inflation at 2.2% and public deficit at −0.9% of GDP.<ref name="IMF all but GDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=80&pr1.y=6&c=998&s=NID_NGDP%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPIPCH%2CGGB_NGDP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=1&a=1=Eur4|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007|date=April 2007|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=29 November 2007}}</ref> There is a great deal of variance for annual per capita income within individual EU states, these range from US$7,000 to US$69,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Union |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html |accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref>
\n
\n===Single market===
\n{{See|Four Freedoms (European Union)}}
\n
\nTwo of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a [[Single market|common market]], subsequently renamed the [[single market]], and a [[European Union Customs Union|customs union]] between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of [[good (economics)|goods]], [[capital (economics)|capital]], [[Freedom of movement for workers|people]] and [[service (economics)|services]] within the EU,<ref name="Europa Single Market">{{cite web|title=The Single Market|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref> and the customs union involves the application of a [[common external tariff]] on all goods entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they can not be subjected to [[customs|customs duties]], discriminatory taxes or [[import quota]]s, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of [[Iceland]], [[Norway]], [[Liechtenstein]] and [[Switzerland]] participate in the single market but not in the customs union.<ref name="EEA">{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/eea/ |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |publisher=Europa web portal |author=European Commission |accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref> Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.<ref name="Europa Single Market G">{{cite web|title=A Single Market for goods|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_18_en.htm|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nFree movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{cite web|title=A Single Market for Capital|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref> Until the drive towards [[Economic and monetary union|Economic and Monetary Union]] the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as that it is granted equally to non-member states.
\n
\n[[File:European Central Bank 041107.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[European Central Bank]] in [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] governs the [[eurozone]]'s monetary policy.]]
\n
\nThe free movement of persons means [[Citizenship of the European Union|citizens]] can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.<ref name="Europa Single Market P">{{cite web|title=Living and working in the Single Market|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_15_en.htm|author=European Commission|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe free movement of services and of establishment allows [[Self-employment|self-employed]] persons to move between member states in order to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. While services account for between sixty and seventy percent of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed [[Directive on services in the internal market]] which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{cite web|title=A Single Market for Services|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm|author=European Commission|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref> According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised.
\n
\n===Monetary union===
\n{{See also|Euro|Eurozone|Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union}}
\n
\nThe creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the EU in 1969. However, it was only with the advent of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 that member states were legally bound to start the [[Currency union|monetary union]] no later than 1 January 1999. On this date the [[euro]] was duly [[Introduction of the euro|launched by eleven]] of the then fifteen member states of the EU. It remained an accounting currency until 1 January 2002, when [[euro banknotes|euro notes]] and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the [[eurozone]], which by then consisted of twelve member states. The eurozone has since grown to sixteen countries, the most recent being [[Slovakia]] which joined on 1 January 2009.
\n
\n[[File:Euro coins version II.png|thumb|uprigth|left|16 EU countries have introduced the [[euro]] as their sole currency.]]
\n
\nAll other EU member states, except Denmark and the United Kingdom, are legally bound to join the euro<ref>{{cite news |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |first1=Lucia |last1=Kubosova |first1=Teresa |last1=Kuchler |publisher=EUobserver.com |date=25 October 2006 |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |accessdate=26 December 2006}}</ref> when the [[Euro convergence criteria|convergence criteria]] are met, however only a few countries have set target dates for accession. Sweden has circumvented the requirement to join the euro by not meeting the membership criteria.<ref>In order to meet the [[euro convergence criteria]] it is necessary first to join the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]], something Sweden has declined to do: {{cite web |title=ERM II |publisher=Danish Finance Ministry |date=20 March 2009 |url=http://uk.fm.dk/Portfolio/International%20cooperation/EU%20economic%20and%20political%20coordination/ERM2.aspx |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>
\n
\nThe euro is designed to help build a single market by, for example: easing travel of citizens and goods, eliminating [[exchange rate]] problems, providing price transparency, creating a single [[financial market]], [[Inflation|price stability]] and low [[interest rate]]s, and providing a currency used internationally and protected against shocks by the large amount of internal trade within the eurozone. It is also intended as a political symbol of integration and stimulus for more.<ref name="euro website"/> Since its launch the euro has become the second [[reserve currency]] in the world with a quarter of foreign exchanges reserves being in euro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_DE-PROD/PROD0000000000209994.PDF|title=Euro riding high as an inter- national reserve currency|date=4 May 2007|format=PDF|publisher=[[Deutsche Bank]] AG|author=DB Research|accessdate≈3 September 2009}}</ref>
\n
\nThe euro, and the monetary policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the control of the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html|title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem|publisher=[[European Central Bank]]|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref> There are [[Currencies of the European Union|eleven other currencies]] used in the EU<ref name="euro website">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/our_currency_en.htm|title=The Euro: our currency|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|accessdate≈12 November 2007}}</ref> with all but two legally obliged to be switched to the euro. A number of other countries outside the EU, such as [[Montenegro]], use the euro without formal agreement with the ECB.<ref name="euro use world">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/the_euro/euro_in_world9369_en.htm|title=
\nUse of the euro in the world|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|work=The euro outside the euro area|accessdate=27 February 2008}}</ref>
\n
\n===Competition===
\n{{see|European Community competition law|European Commissioner for Competition}}
\n
\nThe EU operates a [[competition law|competition policy]] intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market.<ref>Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> The Commission as the [[competition regulator]] for the single market is responsible for [[competition law|antitrust]] issues, approving [[mergers and acquisitions|mergers]], breaking up [[cartel]]s, working for [[economic liberalism|economic liberalisation]] and preventing [[subsidy|state aid]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Europa web portal|title=Competition: making markets work better|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/index_en.html|accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe [[European Commissioner for Competition|Competition Commissioner]], currently [[Joaquín Almunia]], is one of the most powerful positions in the Commission, notable for the ability to affect the commercial interests of trans-national corporations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lungescu|first=Oana|publisher=BBC News|title=Examining the EU executive|date=23 July 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/3921303.stm|accessdate=18 September 2007}}</ref> For example, in 2001 the Commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the [[United States]] ([[General Electric|GE]] and [[Honeywell]]) which had already been approved by their national authority.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Europa web portal|title=The Commission prohibits GE's acquisition of Honeywell|date=3 July 2001|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/01/939|accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref> Another high profile case [[European Union Microsoft competition case|against Microsoft]], resulted in the Commission fining [[Microsoft]] over €777 million following nine years of [[Law|legal action]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gow|first=David|publisher=Guardian|title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission|date=22 October 2007|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft|accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n[[File:EU Budget 2006 - Total expenditure.svg|thumb|2006 EU total expenditure. {{legend|#990000|Agriculture: 46.7%}} {{legend|#FF0000|Structural Actions: 30.4%}} {{legend|#FF9900|Internal Policies: 8.5%}} {{legend|#FFFF00|Administration: 6.3%}} {{legend|#00FF00|External Actions: 4.9%}} {{legend|#3399FF|Pre-Accession Strategy: 2.1%}} {{legend|#0000FF|Compensations: 1.0%}} {{legend|#000000|Reserves: 0.1%}}]]
\n
\nIn negotiations on the Treaty of Lisbon, [[President of France|French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] succeeded in removing the words "free and undistorted competition" from the treaties. However, the requirement is maintained in an annex and it is unclear whether this will have any [[practical effect]] on EU policy.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|title=EU competition to remain in place|date=22 June 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6231684.stm|accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n===Budget===
\n{{Main|Budget of the European Union}}
\n
\nThe twenty-seven member state EU had an agreed budget of €120.7 billion for the year 2007 and €864.3 billion for the period 2007–2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/06/204&format=HTML|title=Q&A on Interinstitutional Agreement on Budgetary Discipline and Sound Financial Management 2007-2013}}</ref> representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27's [[Gross national income|GNI]] forecast for the respective periods. By comparison, the United Kingdom's expenditure for 2004 was estimated to be €759 billion, and France was estimated to have spent €801 billion. In 1960, the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP.<ref>{{cite book |flast1=Smith |first1=David |publisher=Profile Books |place=London |year=1999 |isbn=1861971028 |url=http://www.euro-know.org/articles/wew.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071021003416/http://www.euro-know.org/articles/wew.html |archivedate=2007-10-21 |origurl=http://www.euro-know.org/articles/wew.html |accessdate=13 March 2009 |author=David Smith. |title=Will Europe work?}}</ref>
\n
\nIn the 2006 budget, the largest single expenditure item was [[Common Agricultural Policy|agriculture]] with around 46.7% of the total budget.<ref name="ECDetail20002007">{{cite web|title=Detailed data 2000-2007|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/budget/library/publications/fin_reports/fin_report_07_data_en.pdf|accessdate=7 July 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> Next came structural and cohesion funds with approximately 30.4% of the total.<ref name="ECDetail20002007"/> Internal policies took up around 8.5%. Administration accounted for around 6.3%. External actions, the pre-accession strategy, compensations and reserves brought up the rear with approximately 4.9%, 2.1%, 1% and 0.1% respectively.<ref name="ECDetail20002007"/>
\n
\n==Development==
\n===Agriculture===
\n{{Main|Common Agricultural Policy}}
\n
\nThe [[Common Agricultural Policy]] (CAP) is one of the oldest policies of the European Community, and was one of its core aims.<ref name="stead">{{cite web|last=Stead|first=David|coauthors=Robert Whaples (eds)|title=Common Agricultural Policy|publisher=EH.Net Encyclopedia|date=22 June 2007|url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Stead.CAP|accessdate=30 August 2007}}</ref> The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural production, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high [[quality of life]] for farmers, stabilising markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.<ref>Article 39 (ex Article 33) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML]</ref> It was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then [[European Community]]'s annual budget, and still accounts for around 35%.<ref name="stead"/>
\n
\n[[File:Bodega Granbazan.jpg|thumb|left|EU farms are supported by the [[Common Agricultural Policy|CAP]], the largest [[Budget of the European Union|budgetary]] expenditure. ([[Vineyard]] in [[Spain]])]]
\n
\nThe policy's [[Incomes policy|price controls]] and market interventions led to considerable overproduction, resulting in so-called ''butter mountains'' and ''wine lakes''. These were [[intervention storage|intervention stores]] of produce bought up by the Community to maintain minimum [[price level]]s. In order to dispose of surplus stores, they were often sold on the world market at prices considerably below Community guaranteed prices, or farmers were offered subsidies (amounting to the difference between the Community and world prices) to export their produce outside the Community. This system has been criticised for under-cutting farmers in the [[Third World|developing world]].<ref name="Guardian CAP">{{cite web|last=Jeffery|first=Simon|title=The EU common agricultural policy|publisher=Guardian|date=26 June 2007|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jun/26/eu.politics1|accessdate=30 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe [[overproduction]] has also been criticised for encouraging environmentally unfriendly [[intensive farming]] methods.<ref name="Guardian CAP"/> Supporters of CAP say that the economic support which it gives to farmers provides them with a reasonable [[standard of living]], in what would otherwise be an economically unviable way of life. However, the EU's small farmers receive only 8% of CAP's available subsidies.<ref name="Guardian CAP"/>
\n
\nSince the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms. Initially these reforms included the introduction of [[set-aside]] in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas (by the McSharry reforms in 1992) and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004). Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce, toward direct payments based on farm size. This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels, while maintaining agricultural income levels.<ref name="stead"/> One of these reforms entailed the abolition of the EU's sugar regime, which previously divided the sugar market between member states and certain African-Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the EU.<ref name="EC CAP">{{cite web|title=Sugar: Commission proposes more market-, consumer- and trade-friendly regime|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|date=14 April 2007|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/915&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en|accessdate=30 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n===Energy===
\n{{Main|Energy policy of the European Union}}
\n<div style="font-size: 90%">
\n{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"
\n|-
\n!style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"|EU energy production
\n|-
\n!style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"|46% of total EU primary energy use
\n|-
\n|Nuclear energy<ref>Note that although almost all Uranium is imported,<br/> Nuclear Power is considered primary energy produced in the EU</ref>||29.3%
\n|-
\n|Coal & lignite||21.9%
\n|-
\n|Gas||19.4%
\n|-
\n|Renewable energy||14.6%
\n|-
\n|Oil||13.4%
\n|-
\n|Other||1.4%
\n|-
\n!style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"|Net imports of energy
\n|-
\n!style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"|54% of total primary EU energy use
\n|-
\n|Oil & petroleum products||60.2%
\n|-
\n|Gas||26.4%
\n|-
\n|Other||13.4%
\n|}
\n</div>
\n
\nIn 2006, the 27 member states of the EU had a gross inland [[World energy resources and consumption|energy consumption]] of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe).<ref name="EurostatEnergy">
\n{{cite press release|title=Energy consumption and production: EU27 energy dependence rate at 54% in 2006: Energy consumption stable|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=10 July 2008|format=PDF|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_07/8-10072008-EN-AP.PDF|accessdate=12 September 2008|quote=<br/>
\nIn the EU27, gross inland energy consumption was 1 825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) in 2006, stable compared with 2005, while energy production decreased by 2.3% to 871 mn toe...<br/>
\nGross inland consumption is defined as primary production plus imports, recovered products and stock change, less exports and fuel supply to maritime bunkers (for seagoing ships of all flags)...
\n<br/>
\nA tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a standardised unit defined on the basis of one tonne of oil having a net calorific value of 41.868 Gigajoules.}}</ref> Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54% was imported.<ref name="EurostatEnergy"/> In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as [[primary energy]] produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less than 3% is produced in the EU.<ref name="Euratom2007">{{cite book|title=Euratom Supply Agency — Annual Report 2007|url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=1 March 2009|year=2008|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities|location=Luxembourg|isbn=978-92-79-09437-8|page=22|chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels|quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3 % of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU).}} <br/> Nuclear energy and renewable energy are treated differently from oil, gas , and coal in this respect.</ref>
\n
\nThe EU has had legislative power in the area of [[energy policy]] for most of its existence; this has its roots in the original [[European Coal and Steel Community]]. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January 2007.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{cite news|title=Q&A: EU energy plans|publisher=BBC|date=9 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe Commission has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the [[internal market]], encourage investment and boost interconnections between [[electricity distribution|electricity grids]]; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in [[Central Asia]]<ref name=oies>{{cite paper|author=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/NG25.pdf|title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes|publisher=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies|format=PDF|date=November 2008|accessdate=12 November 2008}}</ref> and [[North Africa]]; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing use of renewable energy; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies.<ref name="Energy Q&A"/>
\n
\nThe EU currently imports 82% of its [[petroleum|oil]], 57% of its [[natural gas|gas]]<ref name="low carb prop">{{cite web|title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16560106/|accessdate=24 January 2007}}</ref> and 97.48% of its [[uranium]]<ref name="Euratom2007"/> demands. There are concerns that [[Russia in the European energy sector|Europe's dependence on Russian energy]] is endangering the Union and its member countries. The EU is attempting to diversify its [[energy supply]].<ref name="Energy Russia">{{cite web|title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute — call for stronger EU energy policy|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Parliament|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0|accessdate=27 February 2008}}</ref>
\n
\n===Infrastructure===
\n{{See|European Commissioner for Transport|European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry}}<!--Galileo comes under the latter, not Transport-->
\n[[File:Oresundsbroen HCS.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The [[Oresund Bridge|Öresund Bridge]] between [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]] is part of the [[Trans-European Networks]].]]
\n
\nThe EU is working to improve cross-border [[infrastructure]] within the EU, for example through the [[Trans-European Networks]] (TEN). Projects under TEN include the [[Channel Tunnel]], [[LGV Est]], the [[Fréjus Rail Tunnel]], the [[Oresund Bridge|Öresund Bridge]] and the [[Brenner Base Tunnel]]. In 2001 it was estimated that by 2010 the network would cover: {{convert|75200|km}} of roads; {{convert|78000|km}} of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.<ref>{{cite web|title=The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules|[[European Commission]]|date=1 October 2003|url=http://ec.europa.eu/ten/transport/revision/doc/revision_1692_memo_en.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=15 August 2007|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mirea|first=Silvia|title=The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules|publisher=The Railway Journal|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/engleza/0304/ten-t.htm|accessdate=15 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Paper on Transport|publisher=Euractiv|date=22 September 2004|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/transport/white-paper-transport/article-129628|accessdate=15 August 2007}}</ref> The [[Roads and expressways in Poland|Polish road network]] in particular was in poor condition: at Poland's accession to the EU, 4,600 roads needed to be upgraded to EU standards, demanding approximately €17 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transport – How Quickly will Polish Roads Improve After Accession|publisher=Urząd Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej|date=29 May 2003|url=http://www.ukie.gov.pl/WWW/en.nsf/0/574AB36381D2F551C1256E82004F9470?Open|format=|accessdate=15 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nAnother infrastructure project is the [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo positioning system]]. Galileo is a proposed [[Global navigation satellite system|Global Navigation Satellite System]], to be built by the EU and launched by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), and is to be operational by 2010. The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated [[Global Positioning System]], but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for far greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.<ref name="Barrot">{{cite web|last=Barrot|first=Jacques|title=Jacques Barrot Home Page, Commission vice president for transport|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/barrot/index_en.htm|accessdate=21 July 2007}}</ref> It has been criticised by some due to costs, delays, and their perception of redundancy given the existence of the GPS system.<ref>{{cite web|last=McKie|first=Robin|title=Sat-nav rival could crash and burn|publisher=Guardian|date=15 July 2007|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/jul/15/spaceexploration.europeanunion|accessdate=11 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n===Regional development===
\n{{See|Regional policy of the European Union}}
\n[[File:Dálnice D8 u Lovosic.jpg|thumb|right|[[Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds|EU funds]] finance infrastructure such as the motorway [[Prague]]–[[Berlin]] ([[Highway D8 (Czech Republic)|D8]]/[[Bundesautobahn 17|A17]]) pictured near [[Lovosice]], [[Czech Republic]]]]
\n
\nThere are substantial economical disparities across the EU. Even corrected for purchasing power, the difference between the richest and poorest regions (271 NUTS-2 regions of the [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]) ranged, in 2007, from 26% of the EU27 average in the region of [[Severozapaden]] in [[Bulgaria]], to 334% of the average in [[Inner London]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. On the high end, [[Inner London]] has €83,200 [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] per capita, [[Luxembourg]] €68,500, and [[Brussels|Bruxelles-Cap]] €55,000, while the poorest regions, are [[Severozapaden]] with €6,400 PPP per capita, [[Nord-Est (development region)|Nord-Est]] and [[Severen tsentralen]] with €6,600 and [[Yuzhen tsentralen]] with €6,800.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional GDP per inhabitant in 2007|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Eurostat|date=18 February 2010|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> Compared to the EU average, the United States GDP per capita is 35% higher and the Japanese GDP per capita is approximately 15% higher.<ref name="STAT/06/166">{{cite web|title=GDP per capita in the Member States ranged from 48% to 251% of the EU25 average in 2005|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Eurostat|date=18 December 2006|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/06/166&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThere are a number of [[Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds]] to support development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the [[History of the European Union|new member states]] of [[East-Central Europe]].<ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{cite web|title=EU Structural and Cohesion Funds|publisher=Business 2000|url=http://www.business2000.ie/cases/cases_8th/case12.htm|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref> Several funds provide [[emergency management|emergency aid]], support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard ([[Phare]], [[Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession|ISPA]], and [[Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development|SAPARD]]), and support to the [[Post-Soviet states|former USSR]] [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] ([[Technical Aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States|TACIS]]). TACIS has now become part of the worldwide [[EuropeAid Co-operation Office|EuropeAid]] programme. The EU [[Seventh Framework Programme|Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)]] sponsors research conducted by consortia from all EU members to work towards a single [[European Research Area]].<ref name="Euractiv FP7">{{cite web|title=7th Research Framework Programme (FP7)|publisher=Euractiv|year=2004|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/science/7th-research-framework-programme-fp7/article-117494|accessdate=27 June 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n===Environment===
\n{{See|European Commissioner for the Environment|European Climate Change Programme}}
\n
\nThe first [[environmental policy]] of the European Community was launched in 1972. Since then it has addressed issues such as [[acid rain]], the thinning of the [[ozone layer]], [[Air Quality Index|air quality]], [[noise pollution]], [[waste]] and [[Water supply and sanitation in the European Union|water pollution]]. The [[Water Framework Directive]] is an example of a water policy, aiming for rivers, lakes, ground and coastal waters to be of "good quality" by 2015. Wildlife is protected through the [[Natura 2000]] programme and covers 30,000 sites throughout Europe.<ref name="BBC Dimas">{{cite news|last=Dimas|first=Stavros|title=Celebrating the Environmental Union|publisher=BBC News|date=23 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6476273.stm|accessdate=15 August 2007}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Politics of Poland|Polish government]] sought to build a motorway through the [[Rospuda|Rospuda valley]], but the Commission has been blocking construction as the valley is a [[Protected area|wildlife area]] covered by the programme.<ref name="FT Respuda">{{cite web|last=Easton|first=Adam|title=Poland ends stand-off with EU over road plans|publisher=[[Financial Times]]|date=31 July 2007|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/640968f2-3f5b-11dc-b034-0000779fd2ac.html|accessdate=15 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n[[File:Rospudavalley.jpg|left|thumb|The Commission have managed to protect the [[Rospuda|Rospuda valley]] in [[Poland]].]]
\n
\nThe [[Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals|REACH regulation]] was a piece of EU legislation designed to ensure that 30,000 chemicals in daily use are tested for their safety.<ref name="RTE REACH">{{cite web|title=EU chemicals directive agreed|publisher=[[RTÉ News and Current Affairs|RTÉ News And Current Affairs]]|date=1 December 2006|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1201/reach.html|accessdate=15 August 2007}}</ref> In 2006, [[2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump|toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire]], from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation regarding [[toxic waste]]. With members such as Spain now having criminal laws against shipping toxic waste, the Commission proposed to create criminal sentences for "ecological crimes". Although the Commission's right to propose [[criminal law]] was contested, it was confirmed in this case by the Court of Justice.<ref name="E!Sharp0507 Legal">{{cite news|last=Charter|first=David|title=A new legal environment|work=E!Sharp|pages=23–5|publisher=People Power Process|year=2007}}</ref>
\n
\nIn 2007, member states agreed that the EU is to use 20% [[renewable energy]] in the future and that is has to reduce [[carbon dioxide]] [[Greenhouse gas|emissions]] in 2020 by at least 20% compared to 1990 levels.<ref name="EUO energy">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1|title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts|accessdate=29 February 2008|publisher=[[The Guardian|guardian.co.uk]]|first=Jessica|last=Aldred}}</ref> This includes measures that in 2020, one-tenth of all cars and trucks in [[Treaty of Accession 2005|EU 27]] should be running on [[biofuel]]s. This is considered to be one of the most ambitious moves of an important industrialised region to fight [[global warming]].<ref name="Discovery energy">{{cite web|last=Ames|first=Paul|title=European Union agrees on ambitious plan to fight global warming|publisher=[[Discovery Channel]], on Valcent Products website|date=9 March 2007|url=http://www.valcent.net/s/RelatedArticles.asp?ReportID=183114&_Type=Related-Articles&_Title=European-Union-agrees-on-ambitious-plan-to-fight-global-warming|accessdate=9 March 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nAt the [[2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], dealing with the successor to the [[Kyoto Protocol]], the EU has proposed at 50% cut in greenhouse gases by 2050.<ref name="PostKyoto">{{cite web|title=In Bali, EU Floats 50% Greenhouse Gas Cut|publisher=[[BusinessWeek]]|date=4 December 2007|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb2007124_968205.htm?chan=globalbiz_europe+index+page_top+stories|accessdate=7 December 2007}}</ref> The EU's attempts to cut its [[carbon footprint]] appear to have also been aided by an expansion of Europe's forests which, between 1990 and 2005, grew 10% in western Europe and 15% in Eastern Europe. During this period they soaked up 126 million [[tonne|metric tons]] of carbon dioxide, equivalent to 11% of EU emissions from human activities.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Expanding EU forests may aid climate goals|publisher=Reuters|date=29 November 2007|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUKL2920316220071129|accessdate=7 December 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n===Education and research===
\n{{See|Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development}}
\n[[File:Windkraftanlagen Dänemark gross.jpg|thumb|[[Renewable energy]] is one priority in transnational research activities such as the [[Seventh Framework Programme|FP7]].]]
\n
\nEducation and science are areas where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. In education, the policy was mainly developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been the [[Erasmus Programme|ERASMUS programme]], a university exchange programme which began in 1987. In its first 20 years it has supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and has become a symbol of European student life.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Erasmus programme celebrates its 20th anniversary|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/news/erasmus20_en.html|accessdate=21 July 2007}}; {{cite web|last=Jean-Sébastien|first=Lefebvre|title=Erasmus turns 20 - time to grow up?|date=22 January 2007|publisher=Café Babel|url=http://www.cafebabel.com/en/article.asp?T=T&Id=9702|accessdate=10 August 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThere are now similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in [[vocational education|vocational education and training]], and for [[adult learner]]s in the [[Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013]]. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU.<ref>{{cite web|author=EACEA|title=About the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/index.htm|accessdate=21 July 2007}}; {{cite web|title=Lifelong Learning Programme|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/llp/national_en.html|accessdate=21 July 2007}}</ref> Through its support of the [[Bologna process]] the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe.
\n
\n[[File:Ariane 5 10 2007.ogg|thumb|left|16 EU countries are members of the [[European Space Agency]]. (Launch of an [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane rocket]] in [[Guiana Space Centre|Guiana]])]]
\n
\nScientific development is facilitated through the EU's [[Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes]], the first of which started in 1984. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. The independent [[European Research Council]] allocates EU funds to European or national research projects.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the ERC?|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Research Council|url=http://erc.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.display&topicID=12|accessdate=21 July 2007}}</ref> The [[Seventh Framework Programme|Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)]] deals in a number of areas, for example energy where it aims to develop a diverse mix of [[renewable energy]] for the environment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm?pg=energy|accessdate=12 November 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nSince January 2000 the [[European Commission]] has set its sights on a more ambitious objective, known as the [[European Research Area]], and has extensively funded research in a few key areas. This has the support of all member states, and extends the existing financing structure of the frameworks. It aims to focus on co-ordination, sharing knowledge, ensuring mobility of researchers around Europe, improving conditions for researchers and encouraging links with [[business|business and industry]] as well as removing any legal and administrative barriers.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the European Research Area?|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.html|accessdate=21 July 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe EU is involved with six other countries to develop [[ITER]], a [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] [[nuclear reactor technology|reactor]] which will be built in the EU at [[Cadarache]]. ITER builds on the previous project, [[Joint European Torus]], which is currently the largest nuclear fusion reactor in the world.<ref name="ITER">{{cite web|title=ITER fusion research project|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/3_2_iter_en.htm|author=Fusion for energy|accessdate=24 September 2007}}</ref> The Commission foresees this technology to be generating energy in the EU by 2050.<ref name="Energy Q&A"/><!-- is this part of "European Research Area" collaboration?-->
\nIt has [[observer status]] within [[CERN]], there are various agreements with [[European Space Agency|ESA]] and there is collaboration with [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].<ref name="ESO">{{cite web|title=Astronomical research collaborations|url=http://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/collaborations.html|publisher=[[European Southern Observatory|ESO]]|accessdate=29 February 2008}}</ref> These organisations are not under the framework of the EU, but membership heavily overlaps between them.
\n
\n==Demographics==
\n{{Main|Demographics of the European Union}}
\n<!-- The above are in alphabetical order.
\nPlease note that the design of this table was agreed after considerable discussion. Please submit proposed changes to the discussion page before editing. -->
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; text-align:right; line-height:1.4em; margin-left:20px;"
\n|+ {{nowrap|Population of the 5 largest cities in the EU<ref>LUZ figures all for 2004 {{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx|title=Data that can be accessed|accessdate=31 July 2008|work=Urban Audit|publisher=European Commission, Directorate-General Regional Policy, Unit D2 Urban Actions}}<br/>
\nUrban areas: all figures for 2005 (est.):
\n{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMPTEF01103&tab_id=18|title=Pays, villes d'Europe et du monde|accessdate=6 February 2008|publisher=InsInstitut National de la Statistiqueet des Études Économiques}}<br/>
\nCity limits figures: <br/>
\nLondon as at 1 July 2006:
\n{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D9664.csv|title=Mid-2006 Population Estimates|format=CSV|accessdate=6 February 2008|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}<br/>
\nBerlin as at September 2007:
\n{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_bl.asp|title=Bevölkerung Berlin|accessdate=6 February 2008|publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder (German statistics office)}}<br/>
\nMadrid as at 1 january 2007:
\n{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do|title=Cifras de población|accessdate=6 February 2008|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spanish national statistics office)}}<br/>
\nParis as at 1 July 2005:
\n{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/grandes-villes.htm#P|title=Résultats des enquêtes annuelles de recensement de 2004 à 2007 pour les grandes villes|accessdate=6 February 2008|publisher=Institut National de la Statistique
\net des Études Économiques (French national institute for statistics)}}<br/>
\nRome as at 31 December 2007
\n{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2007gen/index02.html|title=Bilancio demografico Anno 2007|accessdate=6 February 2008|publisher=ISTAT (Italian national statistics office)}}<br/>
\n</ref>
\n}}
\n| style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center; text-align:center;"|'''City'''
\n! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center; text-align:center;"|[[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|'''City limits''']]<br/><small>(2006)</small><br/>
\n! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center; text-align:center;"|'''Density <div class="center">/km²</div>''' <small>(city limits)</small><br/>
\n! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center; text-align:center;"|'''Density <div class="center">/sq mi</div>''' <small>(city limits)</small><br/>
\n! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center; text-align:center;"|[[Largest urban areas of the European Union|Urban area]] <br/><small>(2005)</small>
\n! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:center; text-align:center;"|[[Larger Urban Zones|LUZ]]<br/><small>(2004)</small>
\n|-
\n!align=left|'''[[Berlin]]'''
\n|align=right|3,410,000||3,815<!--/km2-->||9,880<!--/sqmi-->||3,761,000||4,971,331
\n|-
\n!align=left|'''[[London]]'''
\n|align=right|7,512,400||4,761<!--/km2-->||12,330<!--/sqmi-->||9,332,000||11,917,000
\n|-
\n!align=left|'''[[Madrid]]'''
\n|align=right|3,228,359||5,198<!--/km2-->||13,460<!--/sqmi-->||4,990,000||5,804,829
\n|-
\n!align=left|'''[[Paris]]'''
\n|align=right|2,153,600||24,672<!--/km2-->||63,900<!--/sqmi-->||9,928,000||11,089,124
\n|-
\n!align=left|'''[[Rome]]'''
\n|align=right|2,708,395||2,105<!--/km2-->||5,450<!--/sqmi-->||2,867,000||3,457,690
\n|}
\n
\nThe combined population of all 27 member states has been forecast at 501,259,840 as of January 2010.<ref name="population"/><ref name="eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Total population as of 1 January|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref>
\n
\nThe EU's population is 7.3% of the world total, yet the EU covers just 3% of the Earth's land, amounting to a [[population density]] of {{convert|113|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} making the EU one of the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated regions of the world]]. One third of EU citizens live in cities of over a million people, rising to 80% living in [[urban area]]s generally.<ref name="urban dens">{{cite web|title=A densely populated area|publisher=Telsat Guide|url=http://telsat.belspo.be/beo/en/profs/europe-population.asp?section=6.3.3|accessdate=22 July 2007}}</ref> The EU is home to more [[global city|global cities]] than any other region in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC|publisher=Loughborough University|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citymap.html|accessdate=29 June 2007}}</ref> It contains 16 cities with populations of over one million.
\n
\nBesides many large cities, the EU also includes several densely populated regions that have no single core but have emerged from the connection of several cites and now encompass large [[metropolitan area]]s. The largest are [[Rhine-Ruhr]] having approximately 11.5 million inhabitants ([[Cologne]], [[Dortmund]], [[Düsseldorf]] et al.), [[Randstad]] approx. 7 million ([[Amsterdam]], [[Rotterdam]], [[The Hague]], [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] et al.), [[Frankfurt/Rhine-Main]] approx. 5.8 million ([[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]], [[Wiesbaden]] et al.), the [[Flemish Diamond|Flemish diamond]] approx. 5.5 million (urban area in between [[Antwerp]], [[Brussels]], [[Leuven]] and [[Ghent]]), the [[Upper Silesian Industrial Region]] approx. 3.5 million ([[Katowice]], [[Sosnowiec]] et al.), and the [[Oresund Region|Öresund Region]] approx. 2.5 million ([[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] and [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]).<ref name="Eurostat Urban zones">{{cite web|title=Indicators for larger urban zones 1999 - 2003|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Eurostat|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,45323734&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=welcomeref&open=/&product=EU_MASTER_urban_audit&depth=2|accessdate=25 January 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n===Languages===
\n{{Main|Languages of the European Union}}
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:0.9em; border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right;"
\n|+ '''European official languages report (EU-25<sup>'''1'''</sup>''')
\n|-
\n! style="width:40px;"|Language
\n! style="width:40px;"|[[First language|Native Speakers]]
\n! style="width:40px;"|Total
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[English language|English]]
\n|13%
\n|'''51%'''
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[German language|German]]
\n|'''18%'''
\n|32%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[French language|French]]
\n|12%
\n|26%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Italian language|Italian]]
\n|13%
\n|16%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
\n|9%
\n|15%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Polish language|Polish]]
\n|9%
\n|10%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
\n|5%
\n|6%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Greek language|Greek]]
\n|3%
\n|3%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Czech language|Czech]]
\n|2%
\n|3%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
\n|2%
\n|3%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
\n|2%
\n|2%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
\n|2%
\n|2%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
\n|1%
\n|2%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
\n|1%
\n|2%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Danish language|Danish]]
\n|1%
\n|1%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
\n|1%
\n|1%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
\n|1%
\n|1%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
\n|1%
\n|1%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
\n|1%
\n|1%
\n|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
\n|align=left|[[Slovene language|Slovene]]
\n|1%
\n|1%
\n|- style="line-height:1em; background:#f2f2f2;" class="sortbottom"
\n| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|
\n<sup>'''1'''</sup><small>Published in 2006, before the<br/>[[2007 enlargement of the European Union|accession of Bulgaria and Romania]].<br/>
\nNative: Native language<ref name=nativeLanguages>{{cite
\n|work=Special [[Eurobarometer]] 243
\n|title=Europeans and their Languages
\n|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]
\n|author=European Commission
\n|year=2006
\n|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf
\n|format=PDF
\n|pages=141–143
\n|accessdate=19 November 2008}}</ref><br/>
\nTotal: EU citizens able to hold a<br/>conversation in this language<ref name=totalLanguages>{{cite
\n|work=Special [[Eurobarometer]] 243
\n|title=Europeans and their Languages
\n|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]
\n|author=European Commission
\n|year=2006
\n|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf
\n|format=PDF
\n|pages=152–154
\n|accessdate=19 November 2008}}</ref></small>
\n|}
\nAmong the many languages and dialects used in the EU, it has 23 [[official language|official]] and [[working language]]s: [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]].<ref name="Official Languages">{{cite web|title=Council Regulation (EC) No 1791/2006 of 20 November 2006|publisher=Europa web portal|author=EUR-Lex|work=[[Official Journal of the European Union]]|date=12 December 2006|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31958R0001:EN:NOT|accessdate=2 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Languages in Europe - Official EU Languages|publisher=EUROPA web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/languages-of-europe/doc135_en.htm|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language. The European Parliament provides translation into all languages for documents and its plenary sessions.<ref>{{cite web|title=europarltv, official webtv of the European Parliament, is also available in all UE languages|See|url=http://www.europarltv.europa.eu/StartPage.aspx}}</ref> Some institutions use only a handful of languages as internal working languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages and Europe. FAQ: Is every document generated by the EU translated into all the official languages?|publisher=Europa web portal|year=2004|url=http://europa.eu/languages/en/document/59#5|accessdate=3 February 2007}}</ref> [[Language policy]] is the responsibility of member states, but EU institutions promote the learning of other languages.<ref>See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of the [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]]. [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=European Parliament Fact Sheets: 4.16.3. Language policy|publisher=Europa web portal |author=European Parliament |year=2004 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/facts/4_16_3_en.htm |accessdate=3 February 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nGerman is the most widely spoken mother tongue (about 88.7 million people as of 2006), followed by English, Italian and French. English is by far the most spoken [[foreign language]] at over half (51%) of the population, with German and French following. 56% of European citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue.<ref name="Eurobarometer Languages">{{cite web|title=Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|year=2006|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=3 February 2007}}<br/>{{cite web|title=Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|year=2006|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf|format=PDF|doi=|accessdate=3 February 2007}}</ref> Most official languages of the EU belong to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]], except Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian, which belong to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, and Maltese, which is an [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language]]. Most EU official languages are written in the [[Latin alphabet]] except Bulgarian, written in [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]], and Greek, written in the [[Greek alphabet]].<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{cite web|title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union|publisher=Europa web portal|author=European Commission|year=2004|url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=3 February 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nBesides the 23 official languages, there are about 150 [[regional language|regional]] and [[minority language]]s, spoken by up to 50 million people.<ref name="Many tongues, one family"/> Of these, only the Spanish regional languages ([[Catalan language|Catalan/Valencian]], [[Galician language|Galician]], and the non-Indo-European [[Basque language|Basque]]), [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] <ref>{{cite|title=Welsh and Gaelic are official EU tongues|newspaper=The Times|author=Rory Watson|date=5 July 2008|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4272797.ece|accessdate=13 March 2009 | location=London}}</ref> can be used by citizens in communication with the main European institutions.<ref name="Mercator">{{cite web|title=Mercator Newsletter - n. 29|publisher=Mercator Central|year=2006|url=http://www.mercator-central.org/newsletter/newsletter29.htm#2|accessdate=1 February 2007}}</ref> Although EU programmes can support regional and minority languages, the protection of [[linguistic rights]] is a matter for the individual member states. Though the population of [[Romani language|Romani]] speakers is triple<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rom Ethnologue]</ref> that of Welsh speakers (despite the [[Porajmos]]) and the history of [[Romani people]] in Europe is seven centuries long, their language is not official in any EU state.
\n
\nBesides the many regional languages, a broad variety of languages from other parts of the world are spoken by [[immigration|immigrant]] communities in the member states: [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Maghrebi Arabic]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Languages of the Balkans|Balkan languages]] are spoken in many parts of the EU. Many older immigrant communities are [[Multilingualism|bilingual]], being fluent in both the local (EU) language and in that of their ancestral community. Migrant languages have no formal status or recognition in the EU or in the EU countries, although from 2007 they are eligible for support from the [[language education|language teaching]] section of the EU's [[Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013]].<ref name="Many tongues, one family"/>
\n
\n===Religion===
\n{{Main|Religion in the European Union}}
\n[[File:EU belief in god.png|thumb|left|200px|Percentage of Europeans in each member state who believe in [[Religion in the European Union|"a God"]]<ref name=believeInGod>{{cite|work=Special [[Eurobarometer]] 225|title=Social values, Science and Technology|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|author=European Commission|year=2005|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|format=PDF|pages=9|accessdate=19 May 2009}}</ref>]]<!---"a God" in quotes because of unusual capitalisation in source --->
\n
\nThe EU is a [[secularism|secular]] body with no formal connection with any [[religion]], but [[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Part One: Principles#Article 17|Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] recognises the "status under national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional organisations".<ref name="Consolidated Treaties"/> The [[preamble]] to the [[Treaty on European Union]] mentions the "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe".<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:SOM:EN:HTML Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union].</ref> Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention [[Christianity]] or [[God]]<!-- changed to uppercase on 20081028: in the context of the TEC, "god" was proposed as a reference to a monotheistic deity (i.e., references to the Hindu gods in the Treaty were not foreseen): being a proper noun in the context of any applicable monotheistic religion - including Islam, when using the word "god" to mean Allah - it needs to be capitalised, regardless of the specific denomination -->, or both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped.<ref name="EUO Merkel God">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/eu-celebrates-its-50th-birthday--with-a-row-about-religion-440976.html|title=EU celebrates 50th birthday-with a row about religion|publisher=[[The Independent]]|first=Stephen|last=Castle|date=21 March 2007|accessdate=4 March 2008}}</ref> This emphasis on Christianity stems from it being by far the largest [[religion in Europe]] as well as a cultural marker for, and vastly influential on, Europe and Western/European civilization. Other significant religions present in the EU are [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
\n
\nChristians in the EU are divided among followers of [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], numerous [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations (especially in [[northern Europe]]), and [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] (in south eastern Europe). Other religions, such as [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]], are also represented in the EU population. {{As of|2009}}, the EU had an estimated [[List of countries by Muslim population|Muslim population]] of 13 million,<ref name="mgmpPRC">{{Cite book | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Tracy | month = October | year = 2009 | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | title = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf | accessdate = 2009-11-11|pages=31–32 }}</ref> and an estimated [[Jewish population]] of over a million.<ref>Jewish population figures may be unreliable. {{cite web|url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/demography/demjpop.html|title=World Jewish Population (2002)|accessdate=3 May 2007|author=Sergio DellaPergola|work=American Jewish Year Book|publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel}}</ref>
\n
\n[[Eurostat]]'s [[Eurobarometer]] [[opinion poll]]s show that in 2005 the majority of EU citizens (52%) believed in a god, and that a majority had some form of belief system, with 21% seeing it as important. Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years.<ref name="About SecE">{{cite web|publisher=[[USA Today]]|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-21-god-europe_x.htm|title=What place for God in Europe|accessdate=24 July 2009|date=22 February 2005|first=Peter|last=Ford}}</ref> The 2005 Eurobarometer showed that of the European citizens (of the 25 members at that time), 52% believed in a god, 27% in "some sort of spirit or life force", and 18% had no form of belief. The countries where the fewest people reported a [[religious belief]] were the Czech Republic (19%) and Estonia (16%).<ref name="Eurostat Religion">{{cite web|title=Eurobarometer 225: Social values, Science & Technology|publisher=Europa web portal|author=Eurostat|year=2005|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=21 July 2007}}</ref>
\n
\nThe most religious countries are Malta (95%; predominantly Roman Catholic), and Cyprus and Romania both with about 90% of the citizens believing in God (both predominantly [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]). Across the EU, belief was higher among women, increased with age, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 with a [[basic education]], and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale (57%)."<ref name="Eurostat Religion"/>
\n
\n==Culture and sport==
\n{{See|Cultural policies of the European Union|Sport policies of the European Union}}
\n
\n[[File:Pecs - Hungary - EU.JPG|thumb|[[Pécs]], the Hungarian city is one of the three [[European Capital of Culture|European Capitals of Culture]] in 2010.]]
\n
\nPolicies affecting cultural matters are mainly set by individual member states.
\nCultural co-operation between member states has been a concern of the EU since its inclusion as a community competency in the [[Maastricht Treaty]].<ref name="Bozoki">{{cite web|last=Bozoki|first=Andras|title=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union|publisher=IECOB, Institute for Central Eastern and Balkan Europe|url=http://137.204.115.130/activities/download/Bozoki/Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref> Actions taken in the [[cultural area]] by the EU include the [[Culture 2000]] 7-year programme,<ref name="Bozoki"/> the [[European Cultural Month]] event,<ref name="Culture Month">{{cite web|title=European Culture Month|author=European Commission|publisher=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080202062436/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html|archivedate=2008-02-02|accessdate=27 February 2008}}</ref> the [[Media Plus]] programme,<ref name="Media Plus">{{cite web|title=Media programme|publisher=Europa web portal|date=5 July 2007|author=European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media/index_en.htm|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref> orchestras such as the [[European Union Youth Orchestra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euyo.org.uk/about/history.htm|title=An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra|publisher=The European Youth Orchestra|accessdate=12 August 2007}}</ref> and the [[European Capital of Culture]] programme{{ndash}} where one or more cities in the EU are selected for one year to assist the [[Sociocultural evolution|cultural development]] of that city.<ref name="Capital Culture">{{cite web |title=European Capitals of Culture|publisher=Europa web portal |author=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/present_cap_en.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071215093302/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/present_cap_en.html |archivedate=2007-12-15 |accessdate=27 February 2008}}</ref>
\n
\nIn addition, the EU gives grants to cultural projects (totalling 233 in 2004) and has launched a [[Web portal]] dedicated to Europe and culture, responding to the European Council's expressed desire to see the Commission and the member states "promote the networking of cultural information to enable all citizens to access European cultural content by the most advanced technological means".<ref name="Culture Portal">{{cite web |title=Cultural heritage as a vehicle of cultural identity |publisher=Europa web portal |date=3 May 2006 |accessdate=4 March 2008 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/portal/activities/heritage/cultural_heritage_vehic_en.htm}}</ref>
\n
\nSport is mainly the responsibility of individual member states or other international organisations rather than that of the EU. However, some EU policies have had an impact on sport, such as the free movement of workers which was at the core of the [[Bosman ruling]], which prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{cite news |last=Fordyce |first=Tom |title=10 years since Bosman|publisher=BBC News |date=11 July 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref> Under the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] sports were given a special status which exempted this sector from many of the EU's economic rules. This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the [[International Olympic Committee]] and [[FIFA]], due to objections over the applications of [[free market]] principles to sport which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs.<ref name="IHT RT">{{cite web|title=IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it breakthrough to give sports more power|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=19 October 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/19/sports/EU-SPT-OLY-EU-Treaty.php|accessdate=21 October 2007}}</ref>
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{portal|European Union|Flag of Europe.svg}}
\n{{Wikipedia-Books|European Union}}
\n*[[Outline of the European Union]]
\n{{-}}
\n
\n==References==
\n;Notes
\n{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}
\n
\n==Further reading==
\n{{refbegin}}
\n* Bindi, Federiga, ed. ''The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World'' (Brookings Institution Press; 2010) 367 pages; $E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its eastern neighbors.
\n*{{cite book | last1 = Craig | first1 = Paul | first2 = Gráinne | last2 = de Búrca | title = EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials | edition = 4th | year = 2007 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-927389-8 | author = Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca.}}
\n*{{cite book | title = Europe Recast: A History of European Union | first1 = Desmond | last1 = Dinan | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-333-98734-6 | author = Desmond Dinan.}}
\n*{{cite book | title = The Political System of the European Union | first1 = Simon | last1 = Hix | edition = 2nd | publisher = Palgrave MacMillan | series = The European Union Series | isbn = 0-333-96182-X | year = 2005 | author = Simon Hix.}}
\n* Kaiser, Wolfram. ''Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union'' (2007)
\n*{{cite book | title = The Institutions of the European Union | editor1-first = John | editor1-last = Peterson | editor2-first = Michael | editor2-last = Shackleton | edition = 2nd | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-19-870052-0 | author = ed. by John Peterson ...}}
\n* McCormick, John. ''The European Union: Politics and Policies'' (2007)
\n* Pinder, John, and Simon Usherwood. ''The European Union: A Very Short Introduction'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233977 excerpt and text search]
\n*Podmore, Will & Nicholls, Doug (2006), The EU: bad for Britain - a [[trade union]] view. Bread Books, ISBN 0-942112-5-1.
\n*{{cite book | title = The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream | first1 = Jeremy | last1 = Rifkin | publisher = Jeremy P. Tarcher | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-58542-345-3 | author = Jeremy Rifkin.}}
\n*{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Charles | authorlink = Charles Emrys Smith | coauthors = | title = International Trade and Globalisation, 3rd edition | publisher = Anforme | year = 2007 | location = Stocksfield | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-905504-10-1}}
\n* Staab, Andreas. ''The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0253220181 excerpt and text search]
\n*{{cite book | last1 = Steiner | first1 = Josephine | first2 = Lorna | last2 = Woods | first3 = Christian | last3 = Twigg-Flesner | title = EU Law | edition = 9th | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-927959-3 | author = Jo Steiner, Lorna Woods and Christian Twigg-Flesner.}}
\n*{{cite book | title = The European Union Collective: Enemy of its member states | first1 = Christopher | last1 = Story | publisher = Edward Harle | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-899798-01-3 | author = Christopher Story.}}
\n{{refend}}
\n* Yesilada, Birol A. and David M. Wood. ''The Emerging European Union'' (5th ed. 2009)
\n
\n==External links==
\n{{sisterlinks}}
\n;Official
\n*[http://europa.eu/index_en.htm EUROPA] – [[Europa (web portal)|official web portal]]
\n:*[http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm Institutions]
\n::*[http://european-council.europa.eu/home-page.aspx?lang=en European Council]
\n::*[http://www.ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm European Commission]
\n::*[http://consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=242&lang=EN Council]
\n::*[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm European Parliament]
\n::*[http://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html European Central Bank]
\n::*[http://curia.europa.eu/en/ Court of Justice of the European Union]
\n::*[http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home Court of Auditors]
\n:*[http://europa.eu/agencies/index_en.htm Agencies]
\n:*[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm EUR-Lex] – [[EUR-Lex|EU Laws]]
\n*[http://www.youtube.com/eutube EUtube]
\n;Overviews and data
\n*[http://ckan.net/tag/read/eutransparency Datasets related to the EU on CKAN]
\n*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080125045024/http://www.oecd.org/eu European Community] – [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] data
\n*{{CIA World Factbook link|ee|European Union}}
\n*[http://www.ena.lu/ European Navigator] – [[European NAvigator|Website on EU history]]
\n*[http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list/ British Pathé] Online newsreel archive of the 20th century
\n*[http://web.archive.org/web/20070923024648/http://aei.pitt.edu/view/subjects/C012.html The University of Pittsburgh] Archive of European Integration
\n
\n{{Template group
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\n[[nl:Europese Unie]]
\n[[nds-nl:Europese Unie]]
\n[[ne:युरोपेली संघ]]
\n[[new:युरोपियन युनियन]]
\n[[ja:欧州連合]]
\n[[no:Den europeiske union]]
\n[[nn:Den europeiske unionen]]
\n[[nrm:Unnion Ûropéenne]]
\n[[nov:Europan Unione]]
\n[[oc:Union Europèa]]
\n[[uz:Yevropa Ittifoqi]]
\n[[pap:Union Oropeo]]
\n[[ps:اروپايي اتحاد]]
\n[[km:សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប]]
\n[[pms:Union Europenga]]
\n[[nds:Europääsche Union]]
\n[[pl:Unia Europejska]]
\n[[pt:União Europeia]]
\n[[crh:Avropa Birligi]]
\n[[ksh:Europäish Unjon]]
\n[[ro:Uniunea Europeană]]
\n[[rmy:Europikano Ekipen]]
\n[[qu:Iwrupa Huñu]]
\n[[ru:Европейский союз]]
\n[[sah:Эуропа Холбоhуга]]
\n[[se:Eurohpa Uniovdna]]
\n[[sco:European Union]]
\n[[stq:Europäiske Union]]
\n[[sq:Bashkimi Evropian]]
\n[[scn:Unioni Europea]]
\n[[simple:European Union]]
\n[[sk:Európska únia]]
\n[[sl:Evropska unija]]
\n[[szl:Ojropejsko Uńijo]]
\n[[ckb:یەکێتی ئەوروپا]]
\n[[sr:Европска унија]]
\n[[sh:Evropska unija]]
\n[[fi:Euroopan unioni]]
\n[[sv:Europeiska unionen]]
\n[[tl:Unyong Europeo]]
\n[[ta:ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியம்]]
\n[[tt:Awrupa Berlege]]
\n[[te:ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య]]
\n[[tet:Uniaun Europeia]]
\n[[th:สหภาพยุโรป]]
\n[[tg:Иттиҳоди Аврупо]]
\n[[tr:Avrupa Birliği]]
\n[[uk:Європейський Союз]]
\n[[ur:یورپی اتحاد]]
\n[[vec:Union Eoropea]]
\n[[vi:Liên minh châu Âu]]
\n[[fiu-vro:Õuruupa Liit]]
\n[[wa:Union Uropeyinne]]
\n[[zh-classical:歐羅巴聯盟]]
\n[[vls:Europese Unie]]
\n[[war:Unyon Europeo]]
\n[[wuu:欧洲国家联盟]]
\n[[yi:אייראפעישער פארבאנד]]
\n[[yo:Ìṣọ̀kan Europe]]
\n[[zh-yue:歐洲聯盟]]
\n[[diq:Yewina Ewropa]]
\n[[bat-smg:Euruopas Sājonga]]
\n[[zh:欧洲联盟]]
Gregology: /* Interesting articles */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2010-05-04T13:17:04+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=360129810",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=360129810",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist and enjoy history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2010-05-04T19:21:28+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=416973136",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=416973136",
"description": "Gregology: /* About Gregology */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2011-03-03T21:40:55+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=416973601",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=416973601",
"description": "Gregology: /* Interesting People */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2011-03-03T21:43:38+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=416974061",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=416974061",
"description": "Gregology: /* Video */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[eBox]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://www.gho.st/ Gho.st]
",
"pubDate": "2011-03-03T21:46:29+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "Talk:Flying Spaghetti Monster",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&diff=440461376",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&diff=440461376",
"description": "Gregology: /* Pestofarian etc */ new section
\n
\n{{talk header|noarchive=yes}}
\n{{FAQ|collapsed=no|quickedit=no}}<!--Please leave the FAQ uncollapsed during media-triggered influx of newbies to avoid talk page floods. --slakr -->
\n{{notforum}}
\n{{ArticleHistory
\n|action1=AFD|action1date=August 23, 2005|action1link=Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Flying Spaghetti Monster|action1result=keep|action1oldid=21686807
\n|action2=GAN|action2date=26 October 2006|action2link=/GA1|action2result=pass|action2oldid=83902061
\n|action3=GAR|action3date=9 February 2007|action3link=/GA2|action3result=fail|action3oldid=106911772
\n|action4=GAN|action4date=20 September 2009|action4link=/GA3|action4result=fail|action4oldid=314891881
\n|action5=GAN|action5date=6 January 2010|action5link=/GA4|action5result=listed|action5oldid=336145162
\n|currentstatus=GA
\n|topic = Religion
\n}}
\n{{wpb|
\n{{WPReligion|class=GA}}
\n{{WikiProject intelligent design|class=GA|importance=Low}}
\n{{Rational Skepticism|class=GA|importance=}}
\n}}
\n{{pressmulti
\n| title=The 10 best wikipedia entries | author= [[Daniel Finkelstein]] | date=August 27, 2009 | url=http://timesonline.typepad.com/comment/2009/08/the-10-best-wikipedia-entries.html | org=''[[The Times]]''
\n| title2=But Is There Intelligent Spaghetti Out There? | author2=Sarah Boxer | date2=August 29, 2005 | url2=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/29/arts/design/29mons.html | org2=''[[The New York Times]]''
\n}}
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\n== Hyperbole and colloquial origins ==
\n
\nNOTE: While FSM was brought into the mainstream consciousness in 2005 with the "Intelligent Design" debate, it and its kin have been part of casual academic argument for much longer. However, without the proper context of an OPEN public debate, such parody of sacred beliefs often and historically falls upon deaf ears. As such, these types of arguments are dismissed out of hand as rude or ignorant. This note is a commentary, take it for what it is ... but don't think for a second that Henderson was the first to use such an argument. He just spoke up at the right time. Kudos. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 13:19, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*The editor above and I disagree about this edit: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=424520089&oldid=424166053], with the other editor making the argument above and in the edit summary (also at my talk page), and me arguing that we have sourcing for Bobby Henderson as the original proponent of the FSM, so that no citation-needed tag is necessary [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=425408076&oldid=425397747], and that, while there certainly have been other parody religions in the past, that is not the relevant point. This page is not an article about parody religions in general. Rather, it is about this particular phenomenon, the FSM specifically. As such, Henderson first described the FSM, and the fact that there were other, earlier parodies does not change that fact. It is incorrect to say that anyone before Henderson "created" the FSM, or that Henderson merely "brought to public attention" an FSM that previously existed, and it is equally incorrect to say that the FSM was "originally" intended as anything other than a protest against the Kansas board decision. What do other editors think? --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 19:54, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:* That might appear as [[Philosophic burden of proof|philosophical disagreement]] though I would think that we're speaking about concrete parody in this article and while ideas do float around, we'd need a concrete citation for prior usage of this specific parody, i.e. ''Flying Spaghetti Monster'', to cast a doubt, and not the other way around. [[User:AgadaUrbanit|AgadaUrbanit]] ([[User talk:AgadaUrbanit|talk]]) 20:20, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nIt was a plain and simple edit to make the statement ambiguous, in an attempt to avoid this type of debate. Perhaps it would've been more "persuasive"([[User_talk:Tryptofish#Flying_Spaghetti_Monster|Tryptofish]]) to not give my reasoning at all? ... If that's your methodology. Given that I do not have a citation at the ready to contradict your interpretation of just what happened I'll point you to the closest confirmation I could find. [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=flying+spaghetti+monster] Compare the ''earliest'' definition "first publicly postulated" (Aug 2, 2005), to the second earliest "created" (Aug 18, 2005). [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 20:52, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:Just FYI, Urban Dictionary does not qualify as a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 21:02, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:: Worth a shot. Although, it's by that same reasoning that unreferenced Wikipedia is not a reliable source. FYI. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 21:11, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:::That's why [[WP:RS|reliable 3rd party sources]] are used in articles. :P [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 22:02, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n::::It seems to me that this discussion, itself, is descending into parody. I think we are getting close to consensus that there would have to be reliable sourcing to justify the claim that previous religious parodies were actually about the FSM specifically. If all the IP editor can do is make snarky remarks at me and cherry-pick quotes from the Urban Dictionary, perhaps it is time to bid farewell to that unsourced claim. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 18:30, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
\n*Sorry, but what are we arguing about here? With all due respect to the IP editor, why make the statement ambiguous when it is clearly attested by, for example, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A18740559#back3 the ''BBC h2g2'' article] or [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/27/AR2005082700019.html?nav=most_emailed this ''Washington Post'' article]. Even if ''"it and its kin have been part of casual academic argument for much longer"'', Henderson is the person who created the ''unique'' concept of the FSM; although similar to the idea of [[Russell's teapot]] or the [[Invisible Pink Unicorn]] it is neither of these, which are both lacking in noodly appendages. [[User:Captain Screebo|Captain Screebo]] ([[User talk:Captain Screebo|talk]]) 12:48, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nDoes it state unequivocally that ORIGINAL intent for the argument of FSM was to target the KSSB? Omitting this word ("originally" in reference to Henderson's intent) is a simple concession to reason. The intent is still being stated. And the meaning is only just tweaked, so as to remove the presumption of knowledge unknown without verification. If left in, it either requires specific citation to the impetus of the "FSM" (conceding the historical record of Henderson as credited creator) being created for the KSSB letter, or it is original research. Though I personally will still go on record in stating that FLYING SPAGHETTI MONSTER was around (by that exact name) ''years'' if not decades before 2005. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 00:52, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:Yes ''they'' do, they being the sources, have you bothered to read them? If not, I have cherry-picked the best parts for you so that you can see that the references or citations that you seek are written in plain English:
\n*"There's been no lack of commentary since the Kansas State Board of Education began debating whether to teach "intelligent design" alongside evolution in the public schools. One of the more unusual submissions to the board came from Bobby Henderson, a 24-year-old graduate of Oregon State University with a degree in physics."<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/27/AR2005082700019.html?nav=most_emailed</ref>
\n*"The Flying Spaghetti Monster, or FSM, is a fictional deity which forms the basis of a religion founded in 2005 by Bobby Henderson, a graduate from Oregon State University, in order to protest against the inclusion of Intelligent Design in the Kansas School Board's curriculum."<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A18740559#back3</ref>
\n*"Not that he ever saw himself as a rival to Mohammed or Abraham. The divine inspiration that came to the 25-year-old one night earlier this year ''was originally intended as a satire'' on attempts by some Christian groups to change the way evolution is taught in science classes in some American schools."<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1498162/In-the-beginning-there-was-the-Flying-Spaghetti-Monster.html</ref> (my emphasis)
\n*"The FSM was born in a satirical letter Henderson sent last year to the Kansas Board of Education"<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2006-03-26-spaghetti-monster_x.htm</ref>
\n*"Now, Mr. Henderson says on his Web site, "over 10 million people have been touched by His Noodly Appendage." But what does that mean?"<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/29/arts/design/29mons.html?_r=1&ex=1178251200</ref>
\n:These quotes are taken from 5 of the first 13 sources to the article, there are 75, I didn't have the time or the inclination to open and read them all, and they include the ''Washington Post'', ''USA Today'' and the ''Daily Telegraph'' website.
\n:Three of them ''specifically'' mention the protest against KSSB and the FSM's creation for this purpose.
\n:One definitely says ''"was originally intended as a satire"''.
\n:Finally, the use of ''originally'' is justified not only because it is a sourced and [[WP:V|verifiable]] citation, but also because it underlines the huge difference between the original intent and the subsequent far-reaching and planet-wide impact it has had (see last quote).
\n
\n:As for going on record and so on, as you probably know (and are sick of hearing?) Wikipedia is about ''verifiability'' and reliable sources, so do some research ''and find an academic paper'', or find a book, that uses the exact term "Flying Spaghetti Monster" that predates Henderson's letter to the Kansas Board and then go ahead and modify the article accordingly. It's that simple. [[User:Captain Screebo|Captain Screebo]] ([[User talk:Captain Screebo|talk]]) 15:17, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
\n::Lazy logic and hobby worship. But I agree completely with your statement :
\n::'''"Wikipedia is about ''verifiability'' and reliable sources, ... do some research ..., or find a book, that uses ''('''counter-claim''')'' that predates ''('''claim''')'' and then go ahead and modify the article accordingly."''' Cheers. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 17:05, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:::It's not about claims and counter claims, it's about first mentions. If you claim there is an earlier mention than the earliest mention by an academic source specified, then by FSM you will provide an earlier academic source which mentions it. Should be easy if it was "going around for decades". <b>[[User_talk:Maurog|<span style="color:red;text-decoration:none">•</span>]] [[User:Maurog|<span style="color:black;text-decoration:none">Maurog</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Maurog|<span style="color:red;text-decoration:none">•</span>]]</b> 11:32, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Colander as religious head ==
\nIf anyone dares to include it in the article, in Austria a guy was allowed to wear a colander on a picture for his driving license, citing a rule that this is allowed for religious stuff.
\n[http://wien.orf.at/stories/526269/ Original Article in German]
\n[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=de&langpair=de|en&u=http://wien.orf.at/stories/526269/ Google Translate] [[User:TFTD|TFTD]] ([[User talk:TFTD|talk]]) 08:46, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:Seems trivial and needs more/better [[WP:RS|sources]]. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:15, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:Is the BBC acceptable? Sorry, but this is my first time contributing (sorry about the poor layout). I think this falls under influence as a cultural phenomenon heading as it demonstrates how the religion is becoming more mainstream and accepted, despite it being a parody. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14135523] <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/124.180.208.230|124.180.208.230]] ([[User talk:124.180.208.230|talk]]) 15:23, 13 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n:@DP76764 Just for my curiosity, did you check what/who [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] is? But as stated above, BBC should work to? Otherwise, [[Spiegel Online]] has it, too. [[User:TFTD|TFTD]] ([[User talk:TFTD|talk]]) 16:05, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::Spiegel or BBC would be great, and ORF, apparently (was not familiar with them). Preferably articles written in English, of course. Good enough coverage for a 1 sentence addition. Cheers! [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 18:07, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:::According to [http://derstandard.at/1310511140592/Fuehrerschein-Nudelsieb-doch-nicht-aus-religioesen-Gruenden-genehmigt this article (German)] the story isn't as reported and has grossly exaggerated "Even the rumored three-year waiting period was, according to the Vienna Police Department is not correct. "The license is completed since October 2009. He was not only picked up," said Reinthaler"" (Google translate). Al it has become notable I don't think we should revert the edit, but I suspect it needs qualifying as being disputed. [[User:Kiore|Kiore]] ([[User talk:Kiore|talk]]) 09:23, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::::The fact that the license was issued on 2009-10-12 appears to be corroborated by the photo in the article; see 4a on the license. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/85.127.217.163|85.127.217.163]] ([[User talk:85.127.217.163|talk]]) 19:23, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n==Article Name==
\nRealistically shouldn't this article be called Pastafarianism?
\nThe Christianity article isn't called God or Jesus as they are separate articles.
\nShouldn't this logic be used for all religious articles?
\nThanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 11:01, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:Past discussions about the title [[Talk:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster/Archive_1#Article_name.3F|here]] and [[Talk:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster/Archive_7#Move_to_Church_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster|here]], though neither mentioned "Pastafarianism". Wikipedia guideline at [[Wikipedia:Title#Deciding_on_an_article_title]]. No opinion either way myself, yet. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]<sup>([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]])</sup> 12:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:I agree with Jenova20. [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 13:22, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::As the name of a religion i propose a change from this name to [[Pastafarianism]].
\n::The previous 2 discussions decided the current name, not the name of the religion.
\n::Unless [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are renamed God and Allah then this article should be renamed.
\n::What do you think?
\n::<span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 14:49, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:This seems like a reasonable rename (with a redirect left for FSM (or a whole article, if there's enough material)). Would like to see more input on it first though. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:00, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*I've commented on the proposal below, but please note that we do, indeed, have articles about [[God]], [[Jesus]], [[Allah]], [[Buddha]], [[Krishna]], and so on. There's nothing mutually exclusive about having this page here, and another page on Pastafarianism. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 16:54, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== OFFICIALLY a religion, not a "parody" religion ==
\nWe have repeatedly tried to deal with this existing and further growing problem of ignorant individuals, sadly even mods, violating Wikipedias guidelines and rules to instantly revert any establishment that Pastafarianism is not solely a parody religion or even is held as legitimate for some members. It was a simple attempt: to comply with Wikipedias rules and define Pastafarianism as a religion first and a parody as a historical second. Easy and non-POV.
\n
\nAnd now...
\n
\nhttp://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8272651/pastafarian-wins-right-wear-colander-in-licence
\n
\nPastafarian Wins Religious Right To Wear Colander In Licence Photo.
\n
\nAustria has officially declared Pastafarianism to be a religion and has granted a member of that religion the legal right to wear previously denied items, a pasta strainer, in his government approved licence photo as part of his religion. That's right, this is now official. It doesn't matter how many ignorant posters cry and complain about it begining as a parody, it is an actual religion NOW. To deny the removal of the heading declaring this solely to be a "parody" religion is to allow such changes as declaring Scientology to be a "scam" religion instead of just 'religion'.
\n
\nNo, before you even start, im afraid the ridiculous fallacy of "he doesn't actually believe in it" or "nuh-uh! he's just doing it as a prank!" are not going to fly. Such claims are unsourced and not backed up by anything even remotely resembling ANYTHING accepted by Wikipedia. Strangely enough that ridiculous logic didn't fly when, despite sourced and detailed arguments from believers, those same people claimed every single one of them was "kidding". Anyone who attempts to claim that this man (who took his case to court to prove his dedication to his faith) is somehow lying or "doesn't actually believe it, come on" is proving nothing to this article.
\n
\nIn light of this new, sourced, evidence that a government officially recognizes Pastafarianism as a religion AND a member of the public officially believes in and follows the RELIGION of Pastafarianism it is all too clear that with the consensus in favour of the change (as we see in every archived discussion on the subject), the fact consensus (if it wasn't currently in favour of the change) against change is to be disregarded in the face of sourced facts, the mountain of sources stating it as both a religion and a parody religion, the complete POV pushing and against rules reverting of any attempt to fix the problem and now the undeniable fact that it is officially a religion, it is a REQUIREMENT that the POV use of solely "parody religion" in the lead description of this article be changed to "religion" and the use of "parody religion" moved to later contextual descriptions of it's origins.
\n
\nThe term "parody religion" is to be replaced with "religion".
\n
\nTo deny this is a violation of Wikipedias rules and clear POV pushing. It is well sourced and detailed it's parody religion origins. However it is now officially in the article stance as any other religious article where it is also against policy to declare it solely a parody religion in the lead sentence or description, especially as a first point.
\n
\nI encourage every user, every true Wikipedian, to report ANY and ALL (moderator vandalism especially) reverts or edits to this article trying to POV push the use of "parody religion" in replacement of "religion" to the lead as it's description.
\n
\nPastafarianism is finally, officially, an actual religion on Wikipedia. PASTAFARIANISM IS FINALLY, OFFICIALLY, AN ACTUAL RELIGION ON WIKIPEDIA!
\n
\nWe won guys, we won. :) [[Special:Contributions/203.206.82.196|203.206.82.196]] ([[User talk:203.206.82.196|talk]]) 12:13, 14 July 2011 (UTC) Sutter Cane
\n
\n:I'd give Niko Alm a [[Templeton Prize]] if I could. But the article you linked does not deny that FSMism is a parody, and there are plenty of reliable sources that confirm that it is. I'm sure I won't be the first to direct you to [[WP:BATTLEGROUND]] or [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not about winning]]. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]<sup>([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]])</sup> 12:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:"The next step, Mr Alm told the Austrian news agency APA, is to apply to the Austrian authorities for pastafarianism to become an officially recognised faith" [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14135523] sadly, they're not quite at the official religion in Austria stage... besides, whether or not a religion is "official" somewhere does not impact on whether or not that religion is a parody, or anything else. The phrase "parody religion" is well-sourced. See the FAQ. [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 13:02, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::It could be argued all religions are possible parodies as there is no scientific proof of a God.
\n::If we're doing this route then Wikipedia and the contributors can not logically reject a religion no matter how far-fetched as a parody, even if it admits itself to being one.
\n::Wikipedia is fact, not opinion Adrian.
\n::Thanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 14:52, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:::It could indeed be argued that all religions are possible parodies. However, such claims are not made in reliable source material. Verifiability! And you are correct that Wikipedia and the contributors cannot reject a religion on the grounds of being a parody. What is your point? [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 16:23, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:1 (or a few) sources contradicting a larger body of sources doesn't mean we need to change the article to reflect that viewpoint. Clearly this all started as a parody religion (well sourced) and the fact that people are taking it seriously now doesn't change that. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:04, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::Whether started as a parody or not this article is about a religion and should be treated as the others are.
\n::Wikipedia does not comment on the other religions possibly not being real and shouldn't on this one.
\n::The fact of the matter is that it can't be proved there is a God and so this religion, whether a parody or not is the same as the others that have been around for 1 year, 5 years or 1000 years.
\n::Thanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 15:08, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:::Disagree with your logic there. None of the other big religions have [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] covering their parody origins like this one does; thus your argument of equivalence with them is false. WP comments on what information sources provide; sources for this say it's a parody, thus that's what WP says. "The threshold for inclusion is verifiability, not truth". [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:17, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nMeanwhile, back here on Earth—all we have here, folks, is a determination in Austria that a person, who self-identifies as an atheist and who says in interviews that he was protesting a privilege given to religions, was allowed to use a colander as religious headgear. Is there any sourcing that Austria has made a legal decision that Pastafarianism is now listed on a government document as a recognized religion? Is there any sourcing that ''anywhere'' else in the world there is official recognition of it as a religion? Is there any independent, reliable news account of this that does not make note of the humorous or stretch-like nature of the event? No. All the wahoo-ing above is just POV-pushing or trolling. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 16:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n'''Comment:''' '''''OFFICIALLY an article, not a "parody" article''''' <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 17:15, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:<small>But the talk page does descend into parody... --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 17:18, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</small>
\n::<small>L.I.F.E. = Living In False Ecstasy (from one Pastafarian to another ;-) ) <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 17:45, 14 July 2011 (UTC) </small>
\n:::<small>I know you're just joking, but don't assume anyone is a Pastafarian just because they edit here. Someone who follows ''all'' of my edits would be hard-pressed to infer just what I do or do not believe. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 17:51, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</small>
\n::::<small>Of course, the wink says just joking, but is the parody of a parody the truth? And I only (try to) assume good faith. <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 18:01, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</small>
\n
\nThe proper treatment of this this issue would be to update the article to state that while multiple sources identify Pastafarianism as a parody religion, there are followers who by all accounts appear to be genuine, and there are cases where Pastafarianism has been officially recognized.[[User:Joshreeves11|Joshreeves11]] ([[User talk:Joshreeves11|talk]]) 02:56, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:Which cases?--[[User:Charlesdrakew|Charles]] ([[User talk:Charlesdrakew|talk]]) 08:33, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nI think it's worth pointing out that according to the much more nuanced and detailed coverage by the Austrian newspaper [[Der Standard]] (they also organised an online interview with Alm where everybody could ask him questions), there was no official recognition at all. It turns out that there was an information brochure with incorrect information: It ''claimed'' that there is a religious exception, but there is no legal basis for this. Anyway, being allowed to wear something on a driver's licence photograph, in a country in which everybody is obliged to have a proper passport or identity card, so that driver's licences don't double as proof of id, is a very minor achievement. [[User:Hans Adler|Hans]] [[User talk:Hans Adler|Adler]] 09:21, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nRead their website. It is not a "parody religion". Your "proof" means nothing. I could find "proof" of Christianity being a false religion, yet it is not claimed as so. You find "proof" of Pastafarianism being a "parody religion" so what makes that so? Christianity is only a religion because Christianity says it is. Pastafarianism is a religion because Pastafarianism says it is.
\nRead their site. It clearly states "Some claim that the church is purely a thought experiment, satire, illustrating that Intelligent Design is not science, but rather a pseudoscience manufactured by Christians to push Creationism into public schools. These people are mistaken. The Church of FSM is real, totally legit, and backed by hard science. Anything that comes across as humor or satire is purely coincidental. Pastafarianism is a real religion. " [[User:66.233.0.64|66.233.0.64]] <small>[[User talk:66.233.0.64|66.233.0.64]]</small> (talk) 06:08, 11 July 2011 (UTC) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.59.130.190|68.59.130.190]] ([[User talk:68.59.130.190|talk]]) </span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n:Read their website. Their website is a parody. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 21:49, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n*''the Church of FSM is real, totally legit, and backed by hard science'' and ''al dente'' pasta and juicy meatballs. <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 16:45, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Requested move ==
\n{{Requested move/dated|Pastafarianism}}
\n
\n[[Flying Spaghetti Monster]] → {{no redirect|1=Pastafarianism}} – This is the name of the religion and this article should be named after that rather than their worshipped deity.
\nBy the same logic that [[Christianity]] is not God and [[Budhism]] is not Budda, this article should be [[Pastafarianism]] not Flying Sphagetti Monster. <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 15:14, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n*'''Oppose'''. Those other deities have their own articles; FSM doesn't. As long as the deity and the religion are covered in the same article, we should use whichever term is more recognizable. FSM has that by a country mile. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 15:20, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:What's wrong with FSM as a redirect to Pastafarianism?
\n:Thanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 15:28, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::I already told you; FSM is more recognizable to the general public. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 17:17, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:A redirect from FSM does make sense. As LtPowers rightly says, the deities that Jenova20 states above also have their own articles, so this is more a discussion about whether this article should be titled FSM or Pastafarianism (or, I guess, have both as separate articles, though I am not backing that). See below for why I think the change would make sense. As for recongnisability of terms, FSM is much more recongnisable than Pastafarianism, I agree. But they are not synonyms; one describes the movement (or religion), one describes the deity. The movement encompasses the deity, so an article titled according to the movement rather than the deity makes more sense to me (if it is a choice between the two). [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 16:09, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::Normally, I'd agree, if this were a "real" religion. In this case, however, "Pastafarianism" is just the word that was coined to describe "worship" of the FSM; the FSM is the important figure and the originating concept. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 17:17, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''In favour'''. The article would flow better and encompass more if the focus were on the religious movement rather than the deity of the movement. Thinking in venn diagrams, Pastafarianism would completely cover the FSM, but the FSM does not completely cover Pastafarianism. It makes more sense to me to have an article which is already on the entire movement to be titled appropriately. [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 16:09, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose'''. Actually, we have pages about '''both''' the "deities" and the "religions", so there's no reason not to do so here. Keep this page, and start a new one called Pastafarianism. You can have your meatballs and eat them too! --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 16:39, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose'''. As a bit of a Pastafarian heretic, I would throw in some pesto too, to go with those meatballs. Go for it, there must already be different Pastafari branches so start the article - I can't wait to see the "major groupings of Pastafarianism" subsection:
\n**the "''al dente''" Pastafarians
\n**the "fresh, eggs only" Pastafarians
\n**the "let me tell you about my mother Mamma Mia!" Pastafarians
\n**the "we really, really, really believe this" Pastafarians
\n*and so on, hey, haven't any of you heard of [[The Church of the SubGenius]]? Or maybe organised religions are just parodies and this stuff is for real but now we're getting out of wiki-territory and into ''reality''. ;-) <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 17:11, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:How2title]]: (1) The topic is a ''named entity'' that has exactly one clear, natural and obvious name with regard to how reliable sources refer to this topic... Flying Spaghetti Monster, and (3) this name is not used to refer to any other topic, therefore (9) that's the title.<p>But, if you want to go through the principal naming criteria analysis anyway, [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]] wins on Recognizability and Naturalness, Precision is a wash, [[Pastafarianism]] wins only on Conciseness, and Consistency is not applicable (it's a unique case).<p>Finally, let's remember that this is not religion at all, but, rather, a parody of all religions, and its most notable aspect, by far, is the Flying Spaghetti Monster. --[[User:Born2cycle|Born2cycle]] ([[User talk:Born2cycle|talk]]) 19:53, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Further comment''': For what it's worth: Google hits for "Flying Spaghetti Monster": about 3,790,000. For "Pastafarianism": about 138,000. That's a huge differential in favor of the page title we have now. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 20:03, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Split eventually''' but not yet. In other, more -er- developed religions, we would have both articles, and a lot of the material here would be under [[Pastafarianism]]. But until this is too long for one article, there's no benefit to that; the reader curious about one will want to know about the other, and the Principle of Least Surprise suggests that we should use the more common title. [[User:Pmanderson|Septentrionalis]] <small>[[User talk:Pmanderson|PMAnderson]]</small> 19:27, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n** The FSM as an actual ''deity'' is solely notable in conjuction with the religion; there is absolutely nothing that can be said about the FSM other than that it is the figurehead for the parody religion in question. A split would simply be a concession to those trying to turn this into an article on a "real" religion, which we absolutely do not want to encourage. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 13:46, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
\n*'''Oppose''' FYI for any new editors out there, we have [[WP:UCN]]. You'd have to show that 'pastafarianism' is a more common term for a move, or that 'pastafarianism' meets [[WP:N]] without the FSM for a split. — [[User:Mann_jess|<b>Jess</b>]]<span style="margin:0 7px;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:0.9em">· [[Special:Contributions/Mann_jess|Δ]][[User_talk:Mann_jess|♥]]</span> 07:28, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
\n* Could those in support of this, like, actually read our naming guidelines? Thanks, folks. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 13:46, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
\n**That's kinda rude, don't you think? The support argument is not ''that'' far-fetched. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 13:29, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n* '''Comment''' I note that we have articles on [[Christianity]], [[Christian]], and [[God in Christianity]]. The corresponding articles here would be [[Pastafarianism]], [[Pastafarian]] and [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]. At least for now they're all combined in one article, and the name most commonly used in association with these topics is [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]. --[[User:Born2cycle|Born2cycle]] ([[User talk:Born2cycle|talk]]) 18:29, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n** And the corresponding terms for the Omnian religion would be [[Omnianism]], [[Omnian]] and [[The Great God Om]]. But it turns out that Omnianism is a construct of Terry Pratchett designed to highlight the potential tyrannies of the Church, rather than an actual religion, and as such we do not slavishly document its made-up customs as if they were real things (even if some people get carried away with the joke and actually carry them out. Hell, even if there were a ''Web forum'' for these people). [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 12:07, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Chris' edits ==
\n
\nI agree with Chris that there was no need for two columns in the see also section. But I respectfully disagree with the other edits, and am about to revert them per [[WP:BRD]]. Removing the sub-headers in the holiday section simply makes for more continuous text, and does nothing to help our readers. And changing "Beliefs" to "Purported beliefs", well, that really requires discussion before we make a change like that. Editing this page (which is, after all, a GA) involves running interference between those who are offended by the perceived insult to religion (please don't get me wrong: I'm not saying that of Chris), and those like the many above in this talk who are shocked, just shocked, that Wikipedia treats their "religion" as a "parody religion". Yes, of course it's humorous. But about that "tone" tag, are we ''really'' going to have to explain to our readers that, no, these holidays are not really holidays? Give me a break! Actually, I've argued before for more extensive use of scare quotes (as in "beliefs", etc.), and I'd be fine with revisiting that. But putting "Purported" in there? Please see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (words to watch)]]. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 18:37, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n: Unfortunately, yes we do. There are plenty of well-meaning editors who want to turn this article into a direct portrayal of "pastafarianism" as an actual religion, and if we don't ensure that every section of the article treats it as a parody uniformly then the beliefs section will be a cruft magnet. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=440061613&oldid=439987627 This], for example, is absolutely inappropriate for that reason. The "beliefs" are "purported" because ''nobody believes them''. The holidays section was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&oldid=336145162 part of the beliefs section when the article passed GA], and still belongs there because ''these aren't realy holidays''; they are simply part of the fake "belief system", and were only moved out a few months ago in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=421030408&oldid=420720724 this series of edits] (which are that editor's only WP contributions). That should have been undone at the time, as it lends totally undue weight to a minor part of the joke.
\n: So, yeah. The holidays section belongs back under the beliefs section with the headers removed. I personally feel that in order to discourage cruft we should make it plain that these are fake in the header, but if you want a compromise, how about "belief system" for that section's title? The holidays section still needs to be checked for tone and to make sure we're not making too big a deal of any particular fake holiday (such as, like, all three of the latter ones), but losing the headers and putting it back where it belongs is probably alright now that people are at least aware of the problem. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 10:53, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:: We're trying to describe an actual community here, and community practices. The fact is, many of these people do observe 'ramendan', 'pastover', etc. It is thus accurate to describe what they actually do. [[User:Lawrencekhoo|LK]] ([[User talk:Lawrencekhoo|talk]]) 11:19, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::: Consensus is quite plainly that this isn't actually the case. Even if we were to take that angle (which we aren't), that almost all of the holiday cruft is attributed solely to the main primary source (and to a ''forum'' on it, no less) provides absolutely no firm evidence that these events are at all notable. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 11:25, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::::Chris, perhaps you might consider that, in the diff you cited above as "absolutely inappropriate", the added language actually makes clear that the so-called holidays are parodies. On the other hand, I'll say to LK that I can see Chris' view, in that it's a little too self-serious to refer to Pastafarians as a "community". As I already said above, I'm in favor of making more extensive use of scare quotes, so I'd be fine with calling the section headers "Beliefs" and "Holidays", with the quote marks as part of the headers, and I'd be fine with using more quotes in the text as well. As for the tone tag itself, I'll note that I didn't revert it (just corrected it with a "section" parameter), and I'm receptive to making some edits for tone. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 19:27, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::::: The article is not actually supposed to document the customs of "the Pastafarian community". Said community is only actually notable for its various stunts resulting in a real-world event concerning religious tolerance, for instance the original ID letter, or the colander passport photo incident. As far as I'm concerned, the parts of the article covered by references 24 through 42 of the current revision should be pruned back to only what secondary sources consider noteworthy. For the time being, though, the way forward would be to reinstate the re-headering, though the header title can be left at Beliefs for now. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 06:50, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::: There are real people out there who actually practice these things. They are notable, as they have been written about in newpaper articles and academic journals. Did you read the referenced cites to the academic work done on the pastafarian community? I suggest looking at the google scholar search on [http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?q=flying%20spaghetti%20monster&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ws flying spaghetti monster] and [http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?q=pastafarian&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ws pastafarian] before dismissing the community and their practices as non-notable. I think rather that the dogmatic belief that the pastafarian community is all just fan fiction is the OR here. [[User:Lawrencekhoo|LK]] ([[User talk:Lawrencekhoo|talk]]) 12:25, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::: I'm not spending the time debunking this argument; we've got a megabyte of talk archives which do that. Suffice to say I'll be reinstating the old layout of the beliefs system in a few days unless there's a genuine argument for the current layout (and "it's a real religion cmon guyzzz" isn't one). [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 12:40, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::::::::Thank you for saying that you would wait a few days before taking action. In the mean time, I invite you to take a look at the further edits I have made, and consider whether you would be willing to discuss solutions that might be agreeable to a broader consensus of editors. You know, arguments about header formats are exactly the kinds of molehills from which Wikipedians construct mountains. This need not be a big drama. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 17:58, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n{{od}} Looks great. If we're done here I'm happy to move on. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 08:52, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Pestofarian etc ==
\n
\nCan we make mention of pestofarianism etc as offshoots of pastafarianism? I can't find any good references but it is an interesting twitter reaction.
Gregology: /* Pestofarian etc */
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\n== Hyperbole and colloquial origins ==
\n
\nNOTE: While FSM was brought into the mainstream consciousness in 2005 with the "Intelligent Design" debate, it and its kin have been part of casual academic argument for much longer. However, without the proper context of an OPEN public debate, such parody of sacred beliefs often and historically falls upon deaf ears. As such, these types of arguments are dismissed out of hand as rude or ignorant. This note is a commentary, take it for what it is ... but don't think for a second that Henderson was the first to use such an argument. He just spoke up at the right time. Kudos. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 13:19, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*The editor above and I disagree about this edit: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=424520089&oldid=424166053], with the other editor making the argument above and in the edit summary (also at my talk page), and me arguing that we have sourcing for Bobby Henderson as the original proponent of the FSM, so that no citation-needed tag is necessary [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=425408076&oldid=425397747], and that, while there certainly have been other parody religions in the past, that is not the relevant point. This page is not an article about parody religions in general. Rather, it is about this particular phenomenon, the FSM specifically. As such, Henderson first described the FSM, and the fact that there were other, earlier parodies does not change that fact. It is incorrect to say that anyone before Henderson "created" the FSM, or that Henderson merely "brought to public attention" an FSM that previously existed, and it is equally incorrect to say that the FSM was "originally" intended as anything other than a protest against the Kansas board decision. What do other editors think? --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 19:54, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:* That might appear as [[Philosophic burden of proof|philosophical disagreement]] though I would think that we're speaking about concrete parody in this article and while ideas do float around, we'd need a concrete citation for prior usage of this specific parody, i.e. ''Flying Spaghetti Monster'', to cast a doubt, and not the other way around. [[User:AgadaUrbanit|AgadaUrbanit]] ([[User talk:AgadaUrbanit|talk]]) 20:20, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nIt was a plain and simple edit to make the statement ambiguous, in an attempt to avoid this type of debate. Perhaps it would've been more "persuasive"([[User_talk:Tryptofish#Flying_Spaghetti_Monster|Tryptofish]]) to not give my reasoning at all? ... If that's your methodology. Given that I do not have a citation at the ready to contradict your interpretation of just what happened I'll point you to the closest confirmation I could find. [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=flying+spaghetti+monster] Compare the ''earliest'' definition "first publicly postulated" (Aug 2, 2005), to the second earliest "created" (Aug 18, 2005). [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 20:52, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:Just FYI, Urban Dictionary does not qualify as a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 21:02, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:: Worth a shot. Although, it's by that same reasoning that unreferenced Wikipedia is not a reliable source. FYI. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 21:11, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:::That's why [[WP:RS|reliable 3rd party sources]] are used in articles. :P [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 22:02, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
\n::::It seems to me that this discussion, itself, is descending into parody. I think we are getting close to consensus that there would have to be reliable sourcing to justify the claim that previous religious parodies were actually about the FSM specifically. If all the IP editor can do is make snarky remarks at me and cherry-pick quotes from the Urban Dictionary, perhaps it is time to bid farewell to that unsourced claim. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 18:30, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
\n*Sorry, but what are we arguing about here? With all due respect to the IP editor, why make the statement ambiguous when it is clearly attested by, for example, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A18740559#back3 the ''BBC h2g2'' article] or [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/27/AR2005082700019.html?nav=most_emailed this ''Washington Post'' article]. Even if ''"it and its kin have been part of casual academic argument for much longer"'', Henderson is the person who created the ''unique'' concept of the FSM; although similar to the idea of [[Russell's teapot]] or the [[Invisible Pink Unicorn]] it is neither of these, which are both lacking in noodly appendages. [[User:Captain Screebo|Captain Screebo]] ([[User talk:Captain Screebo|talk]]) 12:48, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nDoes it state unequivocally that ORIGINAL intent for the argument of FSM was to target the KSSB? Omitting this word ("originally" in reference to Henderson's intent) is a simple concession to reason. The intent is still being stated. And the meaning is only just tweaked, so as to remove the presumption of knowledge unknown without verification. If left in, it either requires specific citation to the impetus of the "FSM" (conceding the historical record of Henderson as credited creator) being created for the KSSB letter, or it is original research. Though I personally will still go on record in stating that FLYING SPAGHETTI MONSTER was around (by that exact name) ''years'' if not decades before 2005. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 00:52, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
\n:Yes ''they'' do, they being the sources, have you bothered to read them? If not, I have cherry-picked the best parts for you so that you can see that the references or citations that you seek are written in plain English:
\n*"There's been no lack of commentary since the Kansas State Board of Education began debating whether to teach "intelligent design" alongside evolution in the public schools. One of the more unusual submissions to the board came from Bobby Henderson, a 24-year-old graduate of Oregon State University with a degree in physics."<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/27/AR2005082700019.html?nav=most_emailed</ref>
\n*"The Flying Spaghetti Monster, or FSM, is a fictional deity which forms the basis of a religion founded in 2005 by Bobby Henderson, a graduate from Oregon State University, in order to protest against the inclusion of Intelligent Design in the Kansas School Board's curriculum."<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A18740559#back3</ref>
\n*"Not that he ever saw himself as a rival to Mohammed or Abraham. The divine inspiration that came to the 25-year-old one night earlier this year ''was originally intended as a satire'' on attempts by some Christian groups to change the way evolution is taught in science classes in some American schools."<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1498162/In-the-beginning-there-was-the-Flying-Spaghetti-Monster.html</ref> (my emphasis)
\n*"The FSM was born in a satirical letter Henderson sent last year to the Kansas Board of Education"<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2006-03-26-spaghetti-monster_x.htm</ref>
\n*"Now, Mr. Henderson says on his Web site, "over 10 million people have been touched by His Noodly Appendage." But what does that mean?"<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/29/arts/design/29mons.html?_r=1&ex=1178251200</ref>
\n:These quotes are taken from 5 of the first 13 sources to the article, there are 75, I didn't have the time or the inclination to open and read them all, and they include the ''Washington Post'', ''USA Today'' and the ''Daily Telegraph'' website.
\n:Three of them ''specifically'' mention the protest against KSSB and the FSM's creation for this purpose.
\n:One definitely says ''"was originally intended as a satire"''.
\n:Finally, the use of ''originally'' is justified not only because it is a sourced and [[WP:V|verifiable]] citation, but also because it underlines the huge difference between the original intent and the subsequent far-reaching and planet-wide impact it has had (see last quote).
\n
\n:As for going on record and so on, as you probably know (and are sick of hearing?) Wikipedia is about ''verifiability'' and reliable sources, so do some research ''and find an academic paper'', or find a book, that uses the exact term "Flying Spaghetti Monster" that predates Henderson's letter to the Kansas Board and then go ahead and modify the article accordingly. It's that simple. [[User:Captain Screebo|Captain Screebo]] ([[User talk:Captain Screebo|talk]]) 15:17, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
\n::Lazy logic and hobby worship. But I agree completely with your statement :
\n::'''"Wikipedia is about ''verifiability'' and reliable sources, ... do some research ..., or find a book, that uses ''('''counter-claim''')'' that predates ''('''claim''')'' and then go ahead and modify the article accordingly."''' Cheers. [[Special:Contributions/70.15.11.44|70.15.11.44]] ([[User talk:70.15.11.44|talk]]) 17:05, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:::It's not about claims and counter claims, it's about first mentions. If you claim there is an earlier mention than the earliest mention by an academic source specified, then by FSM you will provide an earlier academic source which mentions it. Should be easy if it was "going around for decades". <b>[[User_talk:Maurog|<span style="color:red;text-decoration:none">•</span>]] [[User:Maurog|<span style="color:black;text-decoration:none">Maurog</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Maurog|<span style="color:red;text-decoration:none">•</span>]]</b> 11:32, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Colander as religious head ==
\nIf anyone dares to include it in the article, in Austria a guy was allowed to wear a colander on a picture for his driving license, citing a rule that this is allowed for religious stuff.
\n[http://wien.orf.at/stories/526269/ Original Article in German]
\n[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=de&langpair=de|en&u=http://wien.orf.at/stories/526269/ Google Translate] [[User:TFTD|TFTD]] ([[User talk:TFTD|talk]]) 08:46, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:Seems trivial and needs more/better [[WP:RS|sources]]. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:15, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:Is the BBC acceptable? Sorry, but this is my first time contributing (sorry about the poor layout). I think this falls under influence as a cultural phenomenon heading as it demonstrates how the religion is becoming more mainstream and accepted, despite it being a parody. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14135523] <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/124.180.208.230|124.180.208.230]] ([[User talk:124.180.208.230|talk]]) 15:23, 13 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n:@DP76764 Just for my curiosity, did you check what/who [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] is? But as stated above, BBC should work to? Otherwise, [[Spiegel Online]] has it, too. [[User:TFTD|TFTD]] ([[User talk:TFTD|talk]]) 16:05, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::Spiegel or BBC would be great, and ORF, apparently (was not familiar with them). Preferably articles written in English, of course. Good enough coverage for a 1 sentence addition. Cheers! [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 18:07, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:::According to [http://derstandard.at/1310511140592/Fuehrerschein-Nudelsieb-doch-nicht-aus-religioesen-Gruenden-genehmigt this article (German)] the story isn't as reported and has grossly exaggerated "Even the rumored three-year waiting period was, according to the Vienna Police Department is not correct. "The license is completed since October 2009. He was not only picked up," said Reinthaler"" (Google translate). Al it has become notable I don't think we should revert the edit, but I suspect it needs qualifying as being disputed. [[User:Kiore|Kiore]] ([[User talk:Kiore|talk]]) 09:23, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::::The fact that the license was issued on 2009-10-12 appears to be corroborated by the photo in the article; see 4a on the license. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/85.127.217.163|85.127.217.163]] ([[User talk:85.127.217.163|talk]]) 19:23, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n==Article Name==
\nRealistically shouldn't this article be called Pastafarianism?
\nThe Christianity article isn't called God or Jesus as they are separate articles.
\nShouldn't this logic be used for all religious articles?
\nThanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 11:01, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:Past discussions about the title [[Talk:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster/Archive_1#Article_name.3F|here]] and [[Talk:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster/Archive_7#Move_to_Church_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster|here]], though neither mentioned "Pastafarianism". Wikipedia guideline at [[Wikipedia:Title#Deciding_on_an_article_title]]. No opinion either way myself, yet. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]<sup>([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]])</sup> 12:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:I agree with Jenova20. [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 13:22, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::As the name of a religion i propose a change from this name to [[Pastafarianism]].
\n::The previous 2 discussions decided the current name, not the name of the religion.
\n::Unless [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are renamed God and Allah then this article should be renamed.
\n::What do you think?
\n::<span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 14:49, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:This seems like a reasonable rename (with a redirect left for FSM (or a whole article, if there's enough material)). Would like to see more input on it first though. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:00, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*I've commented on the proposal below, but please note that we do, indeed, have articles about [[God]], [[Jesus]], [[Allah]], [[Buddha]], [[Krishna]], and so on. There's nothing mutually exclusive about having this page here, and another page on Pastafarianism. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 16:54, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== OFFICIALLY a religion, not a "parody" religion ==
\nWe have repeatedly tried to deal with this existing and further growing problem of ignorant individuals, sadly even mods, violating Wikipedias guidelines and rules to instantly revert any establishment that Pastafarianism is not solely a parody religion or even is held as legitimate for some members. It was a simple attempt: to comply with Wikipedias rules and define Pastafarianism as a religion first and a parody as a historical second. Easy and non-POV.
\n
\nAnd now...
\n
\nhttp://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8272651/pastafarian-wins-right-wear-colander-in-licence
\n
\nPastafarian Wins Religious Right To Wear Colander In Licence Photo.
\n
\nAustria has officially declared Pastafarianism to be a religion and has granted a member of that religion the legal right to wear previously denied items, a pasta strainer, in his government approved licence photo as part of his religion. That's right, this is now official. It doesn't matter how many ignorant posters cry and complain about it begining as a parody, it is an actual religion NOW. To deny the removal of the heading declaring this solely to be a "parody" religion is to allow such changes as declaring Scientology to be a "scam" religion instead of just 'religion'.
\n
\nNo, before you even start, im afraid the ridiculous fallacy of "he doesn't actually believe in it" or "nuh-uh! he's just doing it as a prank!" are not going to fly. Such claims are unsourced and not backed up by anything even remotely resembling ANYTHING accepted by Wikipedia. Strangely enough that ridiculous logic didn't fly when, despite sourced and detailed arguments from believers, those same people claimed every single one of them was "kidding". Anyone who attempts to claim that this man (who took his case to court to prove his dedication to his faith) is somehow lying or "doesn't actually believe it, come on" is proving nothing to this article.
\n
\nIn light of this new, sourced, evidence that a government officially recognizes Pastafarianism as a religion AND a member of the public officially believes in and follows the RELIGION of Pastafarianism it is all too clear that with the consensus in favour of the change (as we see in every archived discussion on the subject), the fact consensus (if it wasn't currently in favour of the change) against change is to be disregarded in the face of sourced facts, the mountain of sources stating it as both a religion and a parody religion, the complete POV pushing and against rules reverting of any attempt to fix the problem and now the undeniable fact that it is officially a religion, it is a REQUIREMENT that the POV use of solely "parody religion" in the lead description of this article be changed to "religion" and the use of "parody religion" moved to later contextual descriptions of it's origins.
\n
\nThe term "parody religion" is to be replaced with "religion".
\n
\nTo deny this is a violation of Wikipedias rules and clear POV pushing. It is well sourced and detailed it's parody religion origins. However it is now officially in the article stance as any other religious article where it is also against policy to declare it solely a parody religion in the lead sentence or description, especially as a first point.
\n
\nI encourage every user, every true Wikipedian, to report ANY and ALL (moderator vandalism especially) reverts or edits to this article trying to POV push the use of "parody religion" in replacement of "religion" to the lead as it's description.
\n
\nPastafarianism is finally, officially, an actual religion on Wikipedia. PASTAFARIANISM IS FINALLY, OFFICIALLY, AN ACTUAL RELIGION ON WIKIPEDIA!
\n
\nWe won guys, we won. :) [[Special:Contributions/203.206.82.196|203.206.82.196]] ([[User talk:203.206.82.196|talk]]) 12:13, 14 July 2011 (UTC) Sutter Cane
\n
\n:I'd give Niko Alm a [[Templeton Prize]] if I could. But the article you linked does not deny that FSMism is a parody, and there are plenty of reliable sources that confirm that it is. I'm sure I won't be the first to direct you to [[WP:BATTLEGROUND]] or [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not about winning]]. [[User:Adrian J. Hunter|Adrian '''J.''' Hunter]]<sup>([[User talk:Adrian J. Hunter|talk]]•[[Special:contributions/Adrian J. Hunter|contribs]])</sup> 12:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:"The next step, Mr Alm told the Austrian news agency APA, is to apply to the Austrian authorities for pastafarianism to become an officially recognised faith" [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14135523] sadly, they're not quite at the official religion in Austria stage... besides, whether or not a religion is "official" somewhere does not impact on whether or not that religion is a parody, or anything else. The phrase "parody religion" is well-sourced. See the FAQ. [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 13:02, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::It could be argued all religions are possible parodies as there is no scientific proof of a God.
\n::If we're doing this route then Wikipedia and the contributors can not logically reject a religion no matter how far-fetched as a parody, even if it admits itself to being one.
\n::Wikipedia is fact, not opinion Adrian.
\n::Thanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 14:52, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:::It could indeed be argued that all religions are possible parodies. However, such claims are not made in reliable source material. Verifiability! And you are correct that Wikipedia and the contributors cannot reject a religion on the grounds of being a parody. What is your point? [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 16:23, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:1 (or a few) sources contradicting a larger body of sources doesn't mean we need to change the article to reflect that viewpoint. Clearly this all started as a parody religion (well sourced) and the fact that people are taking it seriously now doesn't change that. [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:04, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::Whether started as a parody or not this article is about a religion and should be treated as the others are.
\n::Wikipedia does not comment on the other religions possibly not being real and shouldn't on this one.
\n::The fact of the matter is that it can't be proved there is a God and so this religion, whether a parody or not is the same as the others that have been around for 1 year, 5 years or 1000 years.
\n::Thanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 15:08, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:::Disagree with your logic there. None of the other big religions have [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] covering their parody origins like this one does; thus your argument of equivalence with them is false. WP comments on what information sources provide; sources for this say it's a parody, thus that's what WP says. "The threshold for inclusion is verifiability, not truth". [[User:Dp76764|<font color="#FF0000">DP</font><font color="#0000FF">76764</font>]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 15:17, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nMeanwhile, back here on Earth—all we have here, folks, is a determination in Austria that a person, who self-identifies as an atheist and who says in interviews that he was protesting a privilege given to religions, was allowed to use a colander as religious headgear. Is there any sourcing that Austria has made a legal decision that Pastafarianism is now listed on a government document as a recognized religion? Is there any sourcing that ''anywhere'' else in the world there is official recognition of it as a religion? Is there any independent, reliable news account of this that does not make note of the humorous or stretch-like nature of the event? No. All the wahoo-ing above is just POV-pushing or trolling. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 16:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n'''Comment:''' '''''OFFICIALLY an article, not a "parody" article''''' <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 17:15, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:<small>But the talk page does descend into parody... --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 17:18, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</small>
\n::<small>L.I.F.E. = Living In False Ecstasy (from one Pastafarian to another ;-) ) <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 17:45, 14 July 2011 (UTC) </small>
\n:::<small>I know you're just joking, but don't assume anyone is a Pastafarian just because they edit here. Someone who follows ''all'' of my edits would be hard-pressed to infer just what I do or do not believe. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 17:51, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</small>
\n::::<small>Of course, the wink says just joking, but is the parody of a parody the truth? And I only (try to) assume good faith. <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 18:01, 14 July 2011 (UTC)</small>
\n
\nThe proper treatment of this this issue would be to update the article to state that while multiple sources identify Pastafarianism as a parody religion, there are followers who by all accounts appear to be genuine, and there are cases where Pastafarianism has been officially recognized.[[User:Joshreeves11|Joshreeves11]] ([[User talk:Joshreeves11|talk]]) 02:56, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:Which cases?--[[User:Charlesdrakew|Charles]] ([[User talk:Charlesdrakew|talk]]) 08:33, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nI think it's worth pointing out that according to the much more nuanced and detailed coverage by the Austrian newspaper [[Der Standard]] (they also organised an online interview with Alm where everybody could ask him questions), there was no official recognition at all. It turns out that there was an information brochure with incorrect information: It ''claimed'' that there is a religious exception, but there is no legal basis for this. Anyway, being allowed to wear something on a driver's licence photograph, in a country in which everybody is obliged to have a proper passport or identity card, so that driver's licences don't double as proof of id, is a very minor achievement. [[User:Hans Adler|Hans]] [[User talk:Hans Adler|Adler]] 09:21, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nRead their website. It is not a "parody religion". Your "proof" means nothing. I could find "proof" of Christianity being a false religion, yet it is not claimed as so. You find "proof" of Pastafarianism being a "parody religion" so what makes that so? Christianity is only a religion because Christianity says it is. Pastafarianism is a religion because Pastafarianism says it is.
\nRead their site. It clearly states "Some claim that the church is purely a thought experiment, satire, illustrating that Intelligent Design is not science, but rather a pseudoscience manufactured by Christians to push Creationism into public schools. These people are mistaken. The Church of FSM is real, totally legit, and backed by hard science. Anything that comes across as humor or satire is purely coincidental. Pastafarianism is a real religion. " [[User:66.233.0.64|66.233.0.64]] <small>[[User talk:66.233.0.64|66.233.0.64]]</small> (talk) 06:08, 11 July 2011 (UTC) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.59.130.190|68.59.130.190]] ([[User talk:68.59.130.190|talk]]) </span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n:Read their website. Their website is a parody. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 21:49, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n*''the Church of FSM is real, totally legit, and backed by hard science'' and ''al dente'' pasta and juicy meatballs. <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 16:45, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Requested move ==
\n{{Requested move/dated|Pastafarianism}}
\n
\n[[Flying Spaghetti Monster]] → {{no redirect|1=Pastafarianism}} – This is the name of the religion and this article should be named after that rather than their worshipped deity.
\nBy the same logic that [[Christianity]] is not God and [[Budhism]] is not Budda, this article should be [[Pastafarianism]] not Flying Sphagetti Monster. <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 15:14, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n*'''Oppose'''. Those other deities have their own articles; FSM doesn't. As long as the deity and the religion are covered in the same article, we should use whichever term is more recognizable. FSM has that by a country mile. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 15:20, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n:What's wrong with FSM as a redirect to Pastafarianism?
\n:Thanks <span style="background:#000">[[User:Jenova20|'''<font color="red">J</font><font color="orange">e</font><font color="#FF0">n</font><font color="#0F0">o</font><font color="cyan">v</font><font color="#F0F">a</font>''']]</span>[[User talk:Jenova20|'''20''']] 15:28, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::I already told you; FSM is more recognizable to the general public. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 17:17, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:A redirect from FSM does make sense. As LtPowers rightly says, the deities that Jenova20 states above also have their own articles, so this is more a discussion about whether this article should be titled FSM or Pastafarianism (or, I guess, have both as separate articles, though I am not backing that). See below for why I think the change would make sense. As for recongnisability of terms, FSM is much more recongnisable than Pastafarianism, I agree. But they are not synonyms; one describes the movement (or religion), one describes the deity. The movement encompasses the deity, so an article titled according to the movement rather than the deity makes more sense to me (if it is a choice between the two). [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 16:09, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::Normally, I'd agree, if this were a "real" religion. In this case, however, "Pastafarianism" is just the word that was coined to describe "worship" of the FSM; the FSM is the important figure and the originating concept. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 17:17, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''In favour'''. The article would flow better and encompass more if the focus were on the religious movement rather than the deity of the movement. Thinking in venn diagrams, Pastafarianism would completely cover the FSM, but the FSM does not completely cover Pastafarianism. It makes more sense to me to have an article which is already on the entire movement to be titled appropriately. [[User:Gorton k|Gorton k]] ([[User talk:Gorton k|talk]]) 16:09, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose'''. Actually, we have pages about '''both''' the "deities" and the "religions", so there's no reason not to do so here. Keep this page, and start a new one called Pastafarianism. You can have your meatballs and eat them too! --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 16:39, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose'''. As a bit of a Pastafarian heretic, I would throw in some pesto too, to go with those meatballs. Go for it, there must already be different Pastafari branches so start the article - I can't wait to see the "major groupings of Pastafarianism" subsection:
\n**the "''al dente''" Pastafarians
\n**the "fresh, eggs only" Pastafarians
\n**the "let me tell you about my mother Mamma Mia!" Pastafarians
\n**the "we really, really, really believe this" Pastafarians
\n*and so on, hey, haven't any of you heard of [[The Church of the SubGenius]]? Or maybe organised religions are just parodies and this stuff is for real but now we're getting out of wiki-territory and into ''reality''. ;-) <b>[[User:Captain Screebo|<font color="B22222">Captain</font><font color="DAA520">Screebo</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:Captain_Screebo|<font color="32CD32">Parley!</font>]]</sup></b> 17:11, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:How2title]]: (1) The topic is a ''named entity'' that has exactly one clear, natural and obvious name with regard to how reliable sources refer to this topic... Flying Spaghetti Monster, and (3) this name is not used to refer to any other topic, therefore (9) that's the title.<p>But, if you want to go through the principal naming criteria analysis anyway, [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]] wins on Recognizability and Naturalness, Precision is a wash, [[Pastafarianism]] wins only on Conciseness, and Consistency is not applicable (it's a unique case).<p>Finally, let's remember that this is not religion at all, but, rather, a parody of all religions, and its most notable aspect, by far, is the Flying Spaghetti Monster. --[[User:Born2cycle|Born2cycle]] ([[User talk:Born2cycle|talk]]) 19:53, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Further comment''': For what it's worth: Google hits for "Flying Spaghetti Monster": about 3,790,000. For "Pastafarianism": about 138,000. That's a huge differential in favor of the page title we have now. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 20:03, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Split eventually''' but not yet. In other, more -er- developed religions, we would have both articles, and a lot of the material here would be under [[Pastafarianism]]. But until this is too long for one article, there's no benefit to that; the reader curious about one will want to know about the other, and the Principle of Least Surprise suggests that we should use the more common title. [[User:Pmanderson|Septentrionalis]] <small>[[User talk:Pmanderson|PMAnderson]]</small> 19:27, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
\n** The FSM as an actual ''deity'' is solely notable in conjuction with the religion; there is absolutely nothing that can be said about the FSM other than that it is the figurehead for the parody religion in question. A split would simply be a concession to those trying to turn this into an article on a "real" religion, which we absolutely do not want to encourage. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 13:46, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
\n*'''Oppose''' FYI for any new editors out there, we have [[WP:UCN]]. You'd have to show that 'pastafarianism' is a more common term for a move, or that 'pastafarianism' meets [[WP:N]] without the FSM for a split. — [[User:Mann_jess|<b>Jess</b>]]<span style="margin:0 7px;font-variant:small-caps;font-size:0.9em">· [[Special:Contributions/Mann_jess|Δ]][[User_talk:Mann_jess|♥]]</span> 07:28, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
\n* Could those in support of this, like, actually read our naming guidelines? Thanks, folks. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 13:46, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
\n**That's kinda rude, don't you think? The support argument is not ''that'' far-fetched. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] <sup><small><small>[[User talk:LtPowers|T]]</small></small></sup> 13:29, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n* '''Comment''' I note that we have articles on [[Christianity]], [[Christian]], and [[God in Christianity]]. The corresponding articles here would be [[Pastafarianism]], [[Pastafarian]] and [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]. At least for now they're all combined in one article, and the name most commonly used in association with these topics is [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]. --[[User:Born2cycle|Born2cycle]] ([[User talk:Born2cycle|talk]]) 18:29, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n** And the corresponding terms for the Omnian religion would be [[Omnianism]], [[Omnian]] and [[The Great God Om]]. But it turns out that Omnianism is a construct of Terry Pratchett designed to highlight the potential tyrannies of the Church, rather than an actual religion, and as such we do not slavishly document its made-up customs as if they were real things (even if some people get carried away with the joke and actually carry them out. Hell, even if there were a ''Web forum'' for these people). [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 12:07, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Chris' edits ==
\n
\nI agree with Chris that there was no need for two columns in the see also section. But I respectfully disagree with the other edits, and am about to revert them per [[WP:BRD]]. Removing the sub-headers in the holiday section simply makes for more continuous text, and does nothing to help our readers. And changing "Beliefs" to "Purported beliefs", well, that really requires discussion before we make a change like that. Editing this page (which is, after all, a GA) involves running interference between those who are offended by the perceived insult to religion (please don't get me wrong: I'm not saying that of Chris), and those like the many above in this talk who are shocked, just shocked, that Wikipedia treats their "religion" as a "parody religion". Yes, of course it's humorous. But about that "tone" tag, are we ''really'' going to have to explain to our readers that, no, these holidays are not really holidays? Give me a break! Actually, I've argued before for more extensive use of scare quotes (as in "beliefs", etc.), and I'd be fine with revisiting that. But putting "Purported" in there? Please see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (words to watch)]]. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 18:37, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n: Unfortunately, yes we do. There are plenty of well-meaning editors who want to turn this article into a direct portrayal of "pastafarianism" as an actual religion, and if we don't ensure that every section of the article treats it as a parody uniformly then the beliefs section will be a cruft magnet. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=440061613&oldid=439987627 This], for example, is absolutely inappropriate for that reason. The "beliefs" are "purported" because ''nobody believes them''. The holidays section was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&oldid=336145162 part of the beliefs section when the article passed GA], and still belongs there because ''these aren't realy holidays''; they are simply part of the fake "belief system", and were only moved out a few months ago in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=historysubmit&diff=421030408&oldid=420720724 this series of edits] (which are that editor's only WP contributions). That should have been undone at the time, as it lends totally undue weight to a minor part of the joke.
\n: So, yeah. The holidays section belongs back under the beliefs section with the headers removed. I personally feel that in order to discourage cruft we should make it plain that these are fake in the header, but if you want a compromise, how about "belief system" for that section's title? The holidays section still needs to be checked for tone and to make sure we're not making too big a deal of any particular fake holiday (such as, like, all three of the latter ones), but losing the headers and putting it back where it belongs is probably alright now that people are at least aware of the problem. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 10:53, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:: We're trying to describe an actual community here, and community practices. The fact is, many of these people do observe 'ramendan', 'pastover', etc. It is thus accurate to describe what they actually do. [[User:Lawrencekhoo|LK]] ([[User talk:Lawrencekhoo|talk]]) 11:19, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::: Consensus is quite plainly that this isn't actually the case. Even if we were to take that angle (which we aren't), that almost all of the holiday cruft is attributed solely to the main primary source (and to a ''forum'' on it, no less) provides absolutely no firm evidence that these events are at all notable. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 11:25, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::::Chris, perhaps you might consider that, in the diff you cited above as "absolutely inappropriate", the added language actually makes clear that the so-called holidays are parodies. On the other hand, I'll say to LK that I can see Chris' view, in that it's a little too self-serious to refer to Pastafarians as a "community". As I already said above, I'm in favor of making more extensive use of scare quotes, so I'd be fine with calling the section headers "Beliefs" and "Holidays", with the quote marks as part of the headers, and I'd be fine with using more quotes in the text as well. As for the tone tag itself, I'll note that I didn't revert it (just corrected it with a "section" parameter), and I'm receptive to making some edits for tone. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 19:27, 18 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::::: The article is not actually supposed to document the customs of "the Pastafarian community". Said community is only actually notable for its various stunts resulting in a real-world event concerning religious tolerance, for instance the original ID letter, or the colander passport photo incident. As far as I'm concerned, the parts of the article covered by references 24 through 42 of the current revision should be pruned back to only what secondary sources consider noteworthy. For the time being, though, the way forward would be to reinstate the re-headering, though the header title can be left at Beliefs for now. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 06:50, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::: There are real people out there who actually practice these things. They are notable, as they have been written about in newpaper articles and academic journals. Did you read the referenced cites to the academic work done on the pastafarian community? I suggest looking at the google scholar search on [http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?q=flying%20spaghetti%20monster&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ws flying spaghetti monster] and [http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?q=pastafarian&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ws pastafarian] before dismissing the community and their practices as non-notable. I think rather that the dogmatic belief that the pastafarian community is all just fan fiction is the OR here. [[User:Lawrencekhoo|LK]] ([[User talk:Lawrencekhoo|talk]]) 12:25, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::: I'm not spending the time debunking this argument; we've got a megabyte of talk archives which do that. Suffice to say I'll be reinstating the old layout of the beliefs system in a few days unless there's a genuine argument for the current layout (and "it's a real religion cmon guyzzz" isn't one). [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 12:40, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n::::::::Thank you for saying that you would wait a few days before taking action. In the mean time, I invite you to take a look at the further edits I have made, and consider whether you would be willing to discuss solutions that might be agreeable to a broader consensus of editors. You know, arguments about header formats are exactly the kinds of molehills from which Wikipedians construct mountains. This need not be a big drama. --[[User:Tryptofish|Tryptofish]] ([[User talk:Tryptofish|talk]]) 17:58, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n{{od}} Looks great. If we're done here I'm happy to move on. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 08:52, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Pestofarian etc ==
\n
\nCan we make mention of pestofarianism etc as offshoots of pastafarianism? I can't find any good references but it is an interesting twitter reaction.
\nGregology.net 10:39, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
Gregology: /* Gregology websites */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Zentyal]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://gho.st/ Gho.st]
\n* [http://wikijam.org/ WikiJam.org]
",
"pubDate": "2011-10-17T05:31:17+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology/Bur.st networking",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology/Bur.st_networking&diff=471405885",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology/Bur.st_networking&diff=471405885",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with '{{Infobox cooperative |name = Bur.st Networking |type = Nonprofit organisation |founder = Paul Day |...'
\n
\n{{Infobox cooperative
\n|name = Bur.st Networking
\n|type = [[Non profit organisation|Nonprofit organisation]]
\n|founder = Paul Day
\n|location_city = Perth
\n|location_country = Australia
\n|area_served = Australia
\n|key_people = Joshua Stewart, Chairman
\n|industry = Telecommunications
\n|services = Web hosting, Domain services, Unix shell access
\n|members = 2000 (2012)
\n|homepage = [http://bur.st Bur.st]
\n}}
\n
\nBur.st is one of Australia's few non-profit ISP's and provides assorted Internet services to Australian individuals and other non-profit organizations (clubs, associations etc).
\nToday Bur.st has over 2000 users and does hosting for over 4000 domains, enabling non-profit organisations, individuals and communities, access to essential internet services that are often too expensive if serviced by regular ISPs who are primarily focused on end user internet connectivity<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/about.html|title=About Bur.st Networking|publisher=Bur.st networking|date=2008|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>.
\n
\n==History==
\nBur.st was originally founded in August 1998. It was finally incorporated as a not-for-profit community association in October 2003 and given all ownership of Bur.st, its trademarks and its operations<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/inc_cert.pdf|title=Bur.st's certificate of Incorporation|publisher=Department of Consumer & Employment Protection, Government of Western Australia|date=23 October 2003|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Committe==
\nBur.st's current (2006-2007) committee consists of:
\n*Joshua Stewart (Chairman)
\n*Andrew Francis (Secretary)
\n*Simon Chalmers (Treasurer)
\n*Trent Lloyd
\n*Daniel Martin
\n*Rob Morgan
\nTerms on Bur.st's committee are for a period of two years, with 3 members retiring at each year's AGM.
\nIf you are interested in standing for a position on the committee, you must be a paid voting member. A call for nominations goes out to all Bur.st users and members before the AGM, which is held within four months of the end of the financial year<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/about.html|title=About Bur.st Networking|publisher=Bur.st networking|date=2008|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Planed closure==
\nIn early 2012 Bur.st announced on it's website and by email that operations will be shutting down as of 27 March 2012 due to lack of funding.
\n
\n{{Quotation|Dear Bur.st Users,
\n
\nWe won't beat around the bush - we are close to shutting down due to lack of funds and big changes in the market around the types of services that Bur.st has offered for the past 13 years. Over the years we have provided a variety of services to the wider Australian online population. In recent years due to time constraints on our executive committee and support team, we have found it difficult to keep up with the work that Bur.st requires, and the gap between donation levels and our costs has grown.
\n
\nWe expect Bur.st will stop providing services to the public on 27 March 2012. We are sending this email now because we want to give you as much notice as possible.
\n
\nIn January we will be sending you information about alternatives to Bur.st's most popular services, including email and web hosting. We are also investigating ways that others may continue to provide services to Bur.st users. If you are a person, organisation or company who may be able to provide continuity of service to Bur.st's users - we want to hear from you! Our priorities are keeping the promises we've made to users regarding privacy and security, and providing a smooth migration.
\n
\nWe thank you for your understanding and your support over the years.
\n
\nRegards,
\n
\n|Bur.st Support|Important announcement: Bur.st to close in March 2012|Bur.st}}
\n
\n==References==
\n<references />
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-14T23:24:31+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology/Bur.st_networking"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology/Bur.st networking",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology/Bur.st_networking&diff=471408317",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology/Bur.st_networking&diff=471408317",
"description": "Gregology: ←Created page with '{{Infobox cooperative |name = Bur.st Networking |type = Nonprofit organisation |founder = Paul Day |...'
\n
\n{{Infobox cooperative
\n|name = Bur.st Networking
\n|type = [[Non profit organisation|Nonprofit organisation]]
\n|founder = Paul Day
\n|location_city = Perth
\n|location_country = Australia
\n|area_served = Australia
\n|key_people = Joshua Stewart, Chairman
\n|industry = Telecommunications
\n|services = Web hosting, Domain services, Unix shell access
\n|members = 2000 (2012)
\n|homepage = [http://bur.st Bur.st]
\n}}
\n
\nBur.st is a community ISP offering various Internet services including email, web hosting, unix shell access, and DNS services<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/services.html|title=Bur.st Networking Services|publisher=Bur.st networking|date=2008|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>. Bur.st was founded in August 1998 by Paul Day and incorporated as a not-for-profit community association on the 23rd of October, 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/inc_cert.pdf|title=Bur.st's certificate of Incorporation|publisher=Department of Consumer & Employment Protection, Government of Western Australia|date=23 October 2003|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>.
\n
\n==Committee==
\nThe most recent committee was elected in 2006 and consists of<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/about.html|title=About Bur.st Networking|publisher=Bur.st networking|date=2008|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>:
\n*Joshua Stewart (Chairman)
\n*Andrew Francis (Secretary)
\n*Simon Chalmers (Treasurer)
\n*Trent Lloyd
\n*Daniel Martin
\n*Rob Morgan
\n
\n==Planed closure==
\nIn early 2012 Bur.st announced on it's website and by email that operations will be shutting down as of 27 March 2012 due to lack of funding<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bur.st/|title=Bur.st Networking|publisher=Bur.st networking|date=2012|accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>.
\n
\n==References==
\n<references />
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-14T23:43:34+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology/Bur.st_networking"
},
{
"title": "User talk:NawlinWiki/Archive 63",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63&diff=471410057",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63&diff=471410057",
"description": "Gregology: /* Bur.st Networking */ new section
\n
\nThis talk page is archived every month (if I remember). The older pages are indexed at [[User talk:NawlinWiki/Archives]].
\n
\nPlease sign your comments with four tildes (~).
\n
\nWondering why your article was speedily deleted? Check [[User:NawlinWiki/List of things that will get speedily deleted|this list]] first.
\n
\nDo you want to move a page that I've move-protected? Discuss the move first on the article's talk page. If there's a consensus for the move, let me know and I'll unlock the page.
\n
\nPlease add all comments at the '''bottom''' of the page (or I may not be able to find them).
\n
\n_______________________________________________________________________
\n
\n== ShareToGain ==
\nI have 5 in-depended refs and i spend 10 hours at http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=wikipedia-en-help for making it better. Authorities there approved it can be listed so i tried. Can you please explain me what more do you want ? I have ref to gamespot which is a trusted source at wikipedia. Also there are many same genre games listed with 0 refs. Because refs do not come if you don't spend millions of $ for advertising. For example this game is listed with almost 0 content and 0 ref : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout-Online <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:10, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*I have deleted [[Dugout-Online]], thanks. See [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS]]. The MonsterMMORPG article did not cite any reliable independent sources, other than Gamespot which was merely a directory listing. Whether or not references only come from advertising, our policy is that you have to have them. See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:WEB]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 16:15, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThank you. Please also delete all of these because they have lesser ref than mine. I will post all of the lesser ones. I am glad that i will be able to help. These are until C letter manually checked.
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Realms
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdventureQuest_Worlds
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang!_Howdy
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Punks
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Rugby
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wars
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_World
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Town
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Marrach
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Heroes
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilltime
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CivWorld
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Nations <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:33, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more: Manually checked until letter F
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dragons_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Frontier
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonSpires
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duels_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Eternal
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Avenue
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evernight_Games
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeciv.net
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freesky_Online
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FunOrb <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:42, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more non significant ref link having pages. Glad to be able to help :
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galava_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_of_Fellowland
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Farm
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunrox
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattrick
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Isle_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grip:_Lords_of_War <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:49, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more lesser ref links insignificant - done until letter P manually
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalydo
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Hope
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_green_dragon
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ultima
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxithlon
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilMo
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMA_Pro_Fighter
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadirim
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NukeZone
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_football_manager
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt_%28game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PerfectGoal
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarion
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_Guardian
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroto_Mountain <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 17:00, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nMore links - i will add more soon :
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_%28online_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivality
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbymania
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissyfight_2000
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrates
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoccerProject
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Combine <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 17:27, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n{{tps}} I have made a comment on your talk page ShareToGain. Please be aware that I think you may be running afoul of [[WP:POINT]] [[User:Gaijin42|Gaijin42]] ([[User talk:Gaijin42|talk]]) 21:22, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== 4Shared ==
\nAdded a new refrenced, hyperlinked, factful and non-promotionful article. Please feel-free to edit for more detail. But Admins - please stop deleting as this article follows guidelines.
\n
\n== Filter 58 ==
\n
\nHi, I see that filter 58 seems to be catching edits that seem legitimate (well, they are definitely not grawp) at first glance: [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&details=6043207] [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&details=6043514]. Can you have a look? Thanks! -- [[User:Luk|<span style="color:#002BB8;">Luk</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:Luk|<span style="color:#FF6633;">talk</span>]]</sup> 09:35, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Did some pruning, let's see if it helps. Thanks, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:23, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\nCould you please advise why the page has been deleted? I have seen many pages with their company promotions...please advise <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Francophonie|Francophonie]] ([[User talk:Francophonie|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francophonie|contribs]]) 16:00, 4 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Edit filter ==
\n
\nI was thinking of asking for edit filter permissions, would you have any objections to that? Feel free to reply by email. <span style="background-color:silver;color:black;">[[User:Egg Centric|Egg]] [[User_talk:Egg Centric|Centric]]</span> 12:48, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*I don't generally grant/deny/opine on those for anyone, sorry. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:25, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n**No problems, if you have any opinion on them in general please see [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#New user type: Nosy]] if you have a minute... <span style="background-color:silver;color:black;">[[User:Egg Centric|Egg]] [[User_talk:Egg Centric|Centric]]</span> 16:52, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Wikiquote talk ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki. I noticed that someone has posted a large dump on [http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki&action=history your Wikiquote talk page.] If this is just more harassment, would you like to have the page protected again? ~ [[User:Ningauble|Ningauble]] ([[User talk:Ningauble|talk]]) 13:33, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Yes, please semiprotect for a year or so, and please block the user. Thanks, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:08, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==CVISION==
\nHi NawlinWiki. I noticed that the CVISION Technologies page was recently taken down after I posted it. I was wondering why it was taken down because I have credible sources. We are an international company that has been in business for over 10 years. If you could give me any help as to how to create a page that will not be taken down, it will be greatly appreciated. [[User:Kcal17|Kcal17]] ([[User talk:Kcal17|talk]]) 15:26, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*You would need to cite independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) that show that the company meets the notability standards of [[WP:CORP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 15:50, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==DYNAMIC MEDIA==
\nHi -
\nI saw that you reoved the Dynamic Media page I just posted. I was wondering why it was taken down as I made the changes based on the direction of the prior editor (Darkfallen - I think)? Could you give me suggestions or help on how to reach the notability standards? I believe I have those in the references based on leading sites in the industry. Thanks for your time. [[User:Ryanpebble|Ryanpebble]] ([[User talk:Ryanpebble|talk]]) 16:10, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n<nowiki>== [[User:Invdtu/common.css]] ==
\n
\nI see that you deleted [[User:Invdtu]], and I looked through and reverted some of there contribs and I found [[User:Invdtu/common.css]] which appears to be spam, as I can't edit it because it has something to do with the user's settings I was just wandering if you want to delete it. [[User:Kgeee65|Kgeee65]] ([[User talk:Kgeee65|talk]]) 16:21, 3 January 2012 (UTC)</nowiki>
\n:Already been done. [[User:Kgeee65|Kgeee65]] ([[User talk:Kgeee65|talk]]) 16:22, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nAlso, just saw your comment regarding "the two were inspired by their passion for music" as not allowed as it is advertising. This is sourced and very similiar to the Starbucks page that states "The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment". Again - just looking for some pointers so I can fully understand and draft correctly. Thanks [[User:Ryanpebble|Ryanpebble]] ([[User talk:Ryanpebble|talk]]) 16:24, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI am not sure why the sources listed were not reliable/verifiable. here are some additional links, would they be considered reliable?
\n
\nhttp://www.inc.com/inc5000/profile/cvision-technologies
\nhttp://www.pdfa.org/organization/cvision-technologies
\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/eng/iip/sbir/2010_phaseII_conf_book.pdf
\n
\nPlease let me know what else I can do, I thought I followed all of the wikirules. [[User:Kcal17|Kcal17]] ([[User talk:Kcal17|talk]]) 18:40, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Source 2 is your company's own PR blurb. Source 3 just shows that this company, among many others, got a government grant. Source 1 shows that the company is no. 3199 on the Inc. 5000. This doesn't meet our notability guidelines, see [[WP:CORP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:14, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==Page Deleted?==
\n
\nHi, I am SaluteChicken you deleted my page about my [[Micronation]] of St. Robertsburg because you claimed it was a "Blatant Hoax". I have re-made the page and I was not claiming it to be a "nation" it's a [[Micronation]] and not a hoax. I have given more information stating it's a micronation. I have more information on St. Robertsburg to prove it's genuine:
\n
\n- [[http://.org.uk/index.php?title=St._Robertsburg]]
\n- [[http://micronations.wikia.com/wiki/St._Robertsburg]]
\n- [http://www.youtube.com/user/ShiptonShoveller]] <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:SaluteChciken|SaluteChciken]] ([[User talk:SaluteChciken|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/SaluteChciken|contribs]]) 16:51, 3 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*It's not enough for you to post links that you yourself created. You need to cite reliable independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) showing that the micronation is notable per [[WP:ORG]]. In general, see [[WP:MADEUP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 17:19, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== I was only trying to promote my micronation ==
\n
\nI was only trying to promote my micronation, not create a Blatant hoax.
\n
\n== Wow ==
\n
\nWow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_East_Derbyshire_Industrial_Archaeology_Society&action=edit&redlink=1 that] was fast! No sooner had I tagged it and it was gone :) [[User:Pol430|<font color="#00008B">'''Pol430'''</font>]] [[User talk:Pol430|''talk to me'']] 21:01, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:I'd like to second this for [[Cole Mullin]]; I tagged the page, went to check the revision history, and it came up as nonexistent. Nice! [[User:Writ Keeper|Writ Keeper]] [[User Talk: Writ Keeper|⚇]][[Special:Contributions/Writ_Keeper|♔]] 21:22, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== NawlinWiki ==
\n
\n{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
\n|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Azerbajiani_landscape.jpg|100px]]
\n|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Wiki Patroller'''
\n|-
\n|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hello, im Gio Provenzano, how are you? You recently deleted an article on Ryan M. Place from Detroit. Thank you for patrolling Wikipedia but i feel that Mr. Place is a notable person and worthy of being included, he's sort of a local legend in Michigan and nationally well-known in the film and writing communities. Mr. Place runs a film company, works for the Michigan Film Office, worked for DreamWorks on Transformers 3, he writes news articles as a freelance journalist, etc. I made the Ryan M. Place wiki page and cited reliable, independent sources and his prolific contributions to film and writing. Could you please un-delete his page or let me know what else is needed to qualify him? Thanks again NawlinWiki, take care! Giovanni Provenzano 21:57, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
\n|}
\n*Thanks for the note. None of the things you mentioned qualify Mr. Place as notable per our guidelines at [[WP:BIO]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:53, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Violence against men]] ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki. The [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Violence against men (2nd nomination)|article was deleted]] because it was empty and no sources available. Today I recreated it with a translation tag to another Wikipedia full of references. Please, restore my edit. Best regards. [[User:Emijrp|emijrp]] ([[User talk:Emijrp|talk]]) 17:28, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Would you be willing to translate the Spanish WP article and references? [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:56, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n::That is not the question. You deleted a stub that links to a valid article in another Wikipedia with references. That kind of stubs are allowed here. --[[User:Emijrp|emijrp]] ([[User talk:Emijrp|talk]]) 20:57, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::Fair enough, I've restored the stub, but I still think it would be helpful for you to do the translation work. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 21:22, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== A barnstar for you! ==
\n
\n{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
\n|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Administrator Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
\n|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
\n|-
\n|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For diligence in rigorously removing the cruft, hoaxes and vandalism that would otherwise overwhelm Wikipedia. [[User:Sparthorse|Sparthorse]] ([[User talk:Sparthorse|talk]]) 23:02, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n|}
\n
\n== repeated recreation of 4shared ==
\n
\nSalt? I have warned the user. [[User:Gaijin42|Gaijin42]] ([[User talk:Gaijin42|talk]]) 22:00, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Beg Bicycles ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki - wow, that was a really speedy deletion. Could you reinstate the entry, after all it's just a stub at the moment! It's perfectly in line with all the other bike manufacturer entries - and it's a new range so you may agree that it has to start somewhere, plus other "bikers" need the chance now to pick up on it and fill it out (along the lines of "Contributors sometimes create pages over several edits, so administrators should avoid deleting a page that appears incomplete too soon after its creation.") - Ta, KursaalFlier [[User:kursaalflier|kursaalflier]] (PS no excretions mentioned!) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:41, 6 January 2012 (UTC).</span><!--Template:Undated--> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*There was no indication in the article that this company, founded only in 2011, met the notability requirements of [[WP:CORP]]. Nor were any independent sources cited per [[WP:V]]. Finally, the article is written in promotional language, with phrases like "The range of Beg bicycles are vintage-inspired but manufactured using the very latest in bicycle technology." See [[WP:SPAM]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 03:44, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n::Cool, understood. Technical question then: if it gets stripped down/added to as per your concerns above, would that bring it into line with what a stub should be? I erroneously thought I was creating one but didn't use a stub template, obviously! - Ta, KursaalFlier [[User:kursaalflier|kursaalflier]] [[User:Kursaalflier|Kursaalflier]] ([[User talk:Kursaalflier|talk]]) 10:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::Sorry, that should have read "assessment template". [[User:Kursaalflier|Kursaalflier]] ([[User talk:Kursaalflier|talk]]) 10:58, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:::Yes, if you can find independent sources showing notability per [[WP:CORP]], and if you can write the article in neutral language, you can repost. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 12:33, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== The Yogscast ==
\nI am calling for the re-adding of the Yogscast's page. They now have 1.4 million subscribers on YouTube and are #1 in the UK. I am pretty sure that is eligible for a wiki page. To start off with, put a silver padlock on the page for a test. [[User:DeadlyDuck|DeadlyDuck]] ([[User talk:DeadlyDuck|talk]]) 18:48, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[User:Eva Premkumar]] ==
\n
\n[[User:Eva Premkumar]], who you just blocked, removed the block notice and replaced it with the same self-promotion that had been there before. I reverted the edit, but you may want to protect the user talk page (and, for good measure, that of [[User:Premkumarifb]]).--[[User:Opus 113|Opus 113]] ([[User talk:Opus 113|talk]]) 20:28, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Done, thanks. He's been posting this same thing, under multiple article names, for about six months now. Another one who believes "What I have to say is so important that I don't have to follow any of your rules." [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 20:31, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::Thanks. Yes, I've seen the last couple of recreations and tagged some of them for deletion. I'm glad you blocked the user, though, as I was starting to think I was going to have to go to go through a variety of complicated procedures (AIV wouldn't have worked because every time the article was deleted the warnings from the moved user talk page went with it) to end the recreations.--[[User:Opus 113|Opus 113]] ([[User talk:Opus 113|talk]]) 20:35, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== User:Verzannt ==
\nMy apologies... I thought I was posting within the Pennsylvania German Wikipedia. Is there a way to recover the text from the English Wikipedia so that I can copy it to the Pennsylvania German one? <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Verzannt|Verzannt]] ([[User talk:Verzannt|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Verzannt|contribs]]) 22:16, 8 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== PlayStation 4 ==
\nHi, NawlinWiki. I have an inquiry about a PlayStation 4 article, considering that you were the one who deleted the article several times in the past. I noticed that it is a locked title, so it will take a reversal of that to make the article again. I was wondering, considering that sources point to a relatively near-future unveiling, if the name could be unlocked so we might create a re-direct page, in the very least, to the PlayStation series page and have it go under the section of "Unannounced Upcoming Console", or something of that nature? I could understand if otherwise, but considering that there were pages for the Wii-U and more recently, the Xbox 720. [[User:DarthBotto|D<small>arth</small>B<small>otto</small>]]<sub> [[User talk:DarthBotto|talk]]•[[Special:Contributions/DarthBotto|cont]]</sub> 06:27, 09 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Changed to semiprotection for article creation - have at it. Regards, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 15:49, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Courtesy would be appreciated ==
\n
\nI suggest doing me the courtesy of posting to my talk page when PRODing an article I created, as is urged by the template. [[User:Allens|Allens]] ([[User talk:Allens|talk]]) 16:24, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Sorry, will do next time. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 16:25, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:M12PLAYOFFSIM]] ==
\n
\nSince you deleted the user page, can you please close the MfD? It was headed for deletion, but I should not close it. Thanks. -- [[User:Gogo Dodo|Gogo Dodo]] ([[User talk:Gogo Dodo|talk]]) 21:56, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Done, thanks. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 22:03, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Mountain Fish ==
\n
\nI was wondering if there was anyway to get the text from the [[mountain fish]] article you deleted? [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]]) 02:22, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Yes, but why would I do that for a blatant hoax article, and not a particularly funny one at that (young mountain fish are called "noobs"?) [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 02:25, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\nbecause you seem like a cool person, and its pregnant mountain fish that are called noobs, young ones are frys. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rossm1234|contribs]]) 02:27, 11 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*Fine, but if you try to post it to article space again, you will be blocked. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 02:30, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\nThanks! [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]]) 02:34, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== The Bulletproof Tiger ==
\nHello. What do i have to do to get my band page to stay up? We are listed in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_math_rock_groups , and I think people would be interested. Thanks
\n[[User:Dulbass|Dulbass]] ([[User talk:Dulbass|talk]]) 18:35, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*You would have to cite reliable independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) showing that the band meets the notability standards of [[WP:MUSIC]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 18:36, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Question ==
\n
\nAs you're the "expert of all trolls", I'm asking who this person I see in the edit filter adding tons of links and making strange lists is. (It says "Verizon vandal", but that isn't really specific...) <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">'''[[User:Hurricanefan25|<span style="color:#8B0000">HurricaneFan</span>]][[User talk:Hurricanefan25|<span style="color:#36648B">25</span>]]'''</span> 18:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:This appears to be related to my question. I saw an IP editor who had made two edits to [[List of Little Einsteins episodes]]... One to add a line break and one to format two paragraphs. Neither of these edits were remotely vandalism and neither seemed inappropriate in any way. I'm guessing you must be able to provide more context here? '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 19:17, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*The first edit to Little Einsteins ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_Einsteins_episodes&diff=prev&oldid=470983409 here]) was to add a nonsense list. The edit filter showed a bunch of wikifying common words. Both of these are hallmarks of the Verizon vandal a/k/a [[User:Clarify29]]. See [[User:AussieLegend/Vandals_etc#The_Verizon_vandal]] for more info. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:32, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::I'm still a bit confused here... the edit in question doesn't appear to have involved any wikification at all, and the "nonsense list" appears to be a song from the episode in question. See [http://www.google.co.uk/search?client=opera&rls=en&q=Mouse+has+cheese,+the+Knight+has+peas,+and+Joey+has+the+jumping+beans!&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&channel=suggest] '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 20:01, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::::The wikifications are in the edits blocked by Filter 405. Also, the Verizon vandal specializes in edits to kids' TV shows. Between those and the IP being in the Verizon range, I am confident that this is the same vandal. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 20:03, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:::::Got it... I hadn't seen the filtered edits. '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 21:57, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n== Ergun Kuran ==
\nHey Nawlinwiki, you deleted Ergun Kuran but he is an important person in Turkey, he was the chairman of TUPRAS which you can find in wikipedia!! [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:44, 13 January 2012 (UTC) MKURAN
\n:{{tps}}NawlinWiki does not appear to be online now. The fact that he was the chairman [[WP:Other stuff exists|is not a valid reason for notability]]. You cited [[WP:V|no sources]] (needed for [[WP:NOTABLE|notability]], and since it was about a [[WP:BLP|living person]], we couldn't keep it. If you are [[WP:COI|related to this person]] or [[WP:AUTOBIO|the person himself]], you must exercise some caution on this topic.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:47, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI understand your concern, however, a lot of living people have wikipedia articles, I was going to add a lot of sources but I wasn't done before you deleted it, what do I have to do to get this up? [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:50, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:We expect ''final drafts'' in the article space. In addition, [[WP:NPOV|we cannot be too flattering of article subjects]]. When I searched about this person on Google, however, I did not find enough sources for notability.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nSo being a chairman of Turkeys only oil refining company and being the board member of a petroleum company which is one of the richest companies in Turkey is not enough to have an article on wikipedia?? [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:55, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:Yes, unless you can also cite adequate sources. See [[WP:CITE]]. You may want to start with [[WP:MOS|the manual of style]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:58, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI can cite sources from these addresses http://www.poas.com.tr/PO_pdf/faaliyet_raporlari/POAS_1H08_Faaliyet%20Raporu.pdf, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75085327.html, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/1997/11/17/haber/cil.html,http://bigpara.ekolay.net/haber-detay/genel/genel-mudur-m-ergun-kuran-otomatik-fiyatlandirmamodeli--tuprasi-kara-gecirecek-/312630.asp... These are four article headlines that I found with a simple google search, there are many more ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:05, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:We don't consider that enough for notability and prefer, in general, English sources. Pay-to-view websites cannot, in general, be used either. The last link is broken.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:06, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThis person is Turkish, thus the sources SHOULD BE Turkish. If you make a google search for Ergun Kuran Tupras or Ergun Kuran Petrol Ofisi you can find numerous articles. If you claim that this person shouldn't have a wikipedia article, that means that you're saying that the articles written are unnecessary ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:10, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:I realized that, but since such a company is likely to be global, surely there are English sources? (I didn't find many of those). Wikipedia has different requirements for articles, and it's a lot to learn at once.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:12, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nThe company is not global, therefore turkish articles are the only articles. Also the companies EK worked for are in wikipedia([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:15, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:Save it for the Turkish Wikipedia then, unless you can make sure that the Turkish sources all can be deciphered by the common English speaker. [[WP:Other stuff exists|His companies' articles don't get him an article himself]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:21, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nIf I get permission I will keep on wirting, also people who will be reading this will most likely be Turkish and for the english speakers, they can translate the articles, Thank you... How do I keep on writing it ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:24, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:It'll have to be [[WP:USERFY|userfied]], and that's beyond my reach because only [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]] like NawlinWiki can restore deleted articles.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:27, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Looks to me like you should probably be contributing this to the Turkish Wikipedia, tr.wikipedia.org. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:36, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nYes but there are a number of english articles on EK as well such as http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=tupras-want-more-iraqi-oil-1997-09-30 ( [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:42, 13 January 2012 (UTC) )
\n**That's not an article *about* Mr. Kuran - it's a news story that merely quotes him. See [[WP:BIO]] and [[WP:V]]. Also, as I said on your talk page, your article is full of inappropriate promotional language, see [[WP:NPOV]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:45, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n
\n==The Journal Avant==
\nI see the page has been deleted. Two questions:
\n- it's a registered international academic journal, and it has a page on the Polish Wiki, hope that if I indicate that it is reason enough to keep it? Or at least vote for it? I mean similar reasons seem to be sufficient in a lot of other cases.
\n- could you revert the page for say 24h, or link to an archived version, or really anything that would save me the work I've already done once, typing the info in and editing it? I'd really appreciate that. Thanks in advance. [[User:Ariosto|Ariosto]] ([[User talk:Ariosto|talk]]) 14:50, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nOh, and the link - I figured you probably delete a lot of pages, so not to waste your time and to make the reply easier:
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant:_journal_of_the_philosophical-interdisciplinary_vanguard <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ariosto|Ariosto]] ([[User talk:Ariosto|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ariosto|contribs]]) 14:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n==Deletion review for [[GTA-Next Network]]==
\nAn editor has asked for a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#GTA-Next Network|deletion review]] of [[GTA-Next Network]]. Because you closed the deletion discussion for this page, speedily deleted it, or otherwise were interested in the page, you might want to participate in the deletion review. <!-- This originally was from the template {{subst:DRVNote|PAGE_NAME}} ~~~~ -->. The specific link is [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2012 January 13]], where you acted on a g11 tag that I placed. The page creator failed to inform either of us, or to request undeletion prior to drv. [[User:Syrthiss|Syrthiss]] ([[User talk:Syrthiss|talk]]) 13:46, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==Deletion of CodeCademy Page==
\nI don't know why this article was deleted literally seconds after I had created it, and was still in the process of editing. That is FAR FAR too hasty of a deletion. CodeCademy is a startup firm with $2.5 million in venture funding and is being talked above across the entire tech world. NOTABLE enough for you?!
\n
\n[[User:Kaabi|Kaabi]] ([[User talk:Kaabi|talk]]) 19:37, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*The article did not indicate how this "startup company" was notable per [[WP:CORP]]. If you can so indicate, and can cite to [[WP:V|reliable independent sources]], feel free to repost. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:38, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Bur.st Networking ==
\n
\nHello Nawlin,
\n
\nmy article on Bur.st Networking was deleted. Bur.st is an Australian community isp with 2000 users and has been around for 13 years. I think it is worthy of a wiki article. I am not trying to promote bur.st (it's actually closing down) and I am not on the committee and have nothing to do with the committee so the purpose of this article is not promotion. Can you please have another look at bur.st and the article and re assess.
\n
\nThanks,
\n
\n--Gregology.net 23:56, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-14T23:56:22+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63"
},
{
"title": "User talk:NawlinWiki/Archive 63",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63&diff=471416954",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63&diff=471416954",
"description": "Gregology: /* Bur.st Networking */
\n
\nThis talk page is archived every month (if I remember). The older pages are indexed at [[User talk:NawlinWiki/Archives]].
\n
\nPlease sign your comments with four tildes (~).
\n
\nWondering why your article was speedily deleted? Check [[User:NawlinWiki/List of things that will get speedily deleted|this list]] first.
\n
\nDo you want to move a page that I've move-protected? Discuss the move first on the article's talk page. If there's a consensus for the move, let me know and I'll unlock the page.
\n
\nPlease add all comments at the '''bottom''' of the page (or I may not be able to find them).
\n
\n_______________________________________________________________________
\n
\n== ShareToGain ==
\nI have 5 in-depended refs and i spend 10 hours at http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=wikipedia-en-help for making it better. Authorities there approved it can be listed so i tried. Can you please explain me what more do you want ? I have ref to gamespot which is a trusted source at wikipedia. Also there are many same genre games listed with 0 refs. Because refs do not come if you don't spend millions of $ for advertising. For example this game is listed with almost 0 content and 0 ref : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout-Online <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:10, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*I have deleted [[Dugout-Online]], thanks. See [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS]]. The MonsterMMORPG article did not cite any reliable independent sources, other than Gamespot which was merely a directory listing. Whether or not references only come from advertising, our policy is that you have to have them. See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:WEB]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 16:15, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThank you. Please also delete all of these because they have lesser ref than mine. I will post all of the lesser ones. I am glad that i will be able to help. These are until C letter manually checked.
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Realms
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdventureQuest_Worlds
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang!_Howdy
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Punks
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Rugby
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wars
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_World
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Town
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Marrach
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Heroes
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilltime
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CivWorld
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Nations <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:33, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more: Manually checked until letter F
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dragons_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Frontier
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonSpires
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duels_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Eternal
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Avenue
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evernight_Games
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeciv.net
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freesky_Online
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FunOrb <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:42, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more non significant ref link having pages. Glad to be able to help :
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galava_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_of_Fellowland
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Farm
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunrox
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattrick
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Isle_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grip:_Lords_of_War <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:49, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more lesser ref links insignificant - done until letter P manually
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalydo
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Hope
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_green_dragon
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ultima
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxithlon
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilMo
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMA_Pro_Fighter
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadirim
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NukeZone
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_football_manager
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt_%28game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PerfectGoal
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarion
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_Guardian
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroto_Mountain <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 17:00, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nMore links - i will add more soon :
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_%28online_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivality
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbymania
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissyfight_2000
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrates
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoccerProject
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Combine <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 17:27, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n{{tps}} I have made a comment on your talk page ShareToGain. Please be aware that I think you may be running afoul of [[WP:POINT]] [[User:Gaijin42|Gaijin42]] ([[User talk:Gaijin42|talk]]) 21:22, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== 4Shared ==
\nAdded a new refrenced, hyperlinked, factful and non-promotionful article. Please feel-free to edit for more detail. But Admins - please stop deleting as this article follows guidelines.
\n
\n== Filter 58 ==
\n
\nHi, I see that filter 58 seems to be catching edits that seem legitimate (well, they are definitely not grawp) at first glance: [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&details=6043207] [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&details=6043514]. Can you have a look? Thanks! -- [[User:Luk|<span style="color:#002BB8;">Luk</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:Luk|<span style="color:#FF6633;">talk</span>]]</sup> 09:35, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Did some pruning, let's see if it helps. Thanks, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:23, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\nCould you please advise why the page has been deleted? I have seen many pages with their company promotions...please advise <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Francophonie|Francophonie]] ([[User talk:Francophonie|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francophonie|contribs]]) 16:00, 4 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Edit filter ==
\n
\nI was thinking of asking for edit filter permissions, would you have any objections to that? Feel free to reply by email. <span style="background-color:silver;color:black;">[[User:Egg Centric|Egg]] [[User_talk:Egg Centric|Centric]]</span> 12:48, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*I don't generally grant/deny/opine on those for anyone, sorry. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:25, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n**No problems, if you have any opinion on them in general please see [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#New user type: Nosy]] if you have a minute... <span style="background-color:silver;color:black;">[[User:Egg Centric|Egg]] [[User_talk:Egg Centric|Centric]]</span> 16:52, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Wikiquote talk ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki. I noticed that someone has posted a large dump on [http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki&action=history your Wikiquote talk page.] If this is just more harassment, would you like to have the page protected again? ~ [[User:Ningauble|Ningauble]] ([[User talk:Ningauble|talk]]) 13:33, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Yes, please semiprotect for a year or so, and please block the user. Thanks, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:08, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==CVISION==
\nHi NawlinWiki. I noticed that the CVISION Technologies page was recently taken down after I posted it. I was wondering why it was taken down because I have credible sources. We are an international company that has been in business for over 10 years. If you could give me any help as to how to create a page that will not be taken down, it will be greatly appreciated. [[User:Kcal17|Kcal17]] ([[User talk:Kcal17|talk]]) 15:26, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*You would need to cite independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) that show that the company meets the notability standards of [[WP:CORP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 15:50, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==DYNAMIC MEDIA==
\nHi -
\nI saw that you reoved the Dynamic Media page I just posted. I was wondering why it was taken down as I made the changes based on the direction of the prior editor (Darkfallen - I think)? Could you give me suggestions or help on how to reach the notability standards? I believe I have those in the references based on leading sites in the industry. Thanks for your time. [[User:Ryanpebble|Ryanpebble]] ([[User talk:Ryanpebble|talk]]) 16:10, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n<nowiki>== [[User:Invdtu/common.css]] ==
\n
\nI see that you deleted [[User:Invdtu]], and I looked through and reverted some of there contribs and I found [[User:Invdtu/common.css]] which appears to be spam, as I can't edit it because it has something to do with the user's settings I was just wandering if you want to delete it. [[User:Kgeee65|Kgeee65]] ([[User talk:Kgeee65|talk]]) 16:21, 3 January 2012 (UTC)</nowiki>
\n:Already been done. [[User:Kgeee65|Kgeee65]] ([[User talk:Kgeee65|talk]]) 16:22, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nAlso, just saw your comment regarding "the two were inspired by their passion for music" as not allowed as it is advertising. This is sourced and very similiar to the Starbucks page that states "The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment". Again - just looking for some pointers so I can fully understand and draft correctly. Thanks [[User:Ryanpebble|Ryanpebble]] ([[User talk:Ryanpebble|talk]]) 16:24, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI am not sure why the sources listed were not reliable/verifiable. here are some additional links, would they be considered reliable?
\n
\nhttp://www.inc.com/inc5000/profile/cvision-technologies
\nhttp://www.pdfa.org/organization/cvision-technologies
\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/eng/iip/sbir/2010_phaseII_conf_book.pdf
\n
\nPlease let me know what else I can do, I thought I followed all of the wikirules. [[User:Kcal17|Kcal17]] ([[User talk:Kcal17|talk]]) 18:40, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Source 2 is your company's own PR blurb. Source 3 just shows that this company, among many others, got a government grant. Source 1 shows that the company is no. 3199 on the Inc. 5000. This doesn't meet our notability guidelines, see [[WP:CORP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:14, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==Page Deleted?==
\n
\nHi, I am SaluteChicken you deleted my page about my [[Micronation]] of St. Robertsburg because you claimed it was a "Blatant Hoax". I have re-made the page and I was not claiming it to be a "nation" it's a [[Micronation]] and not a hoax. I have given more information stating it's a micronation. I have more information on St. Robertsburg to prove it's genuine:
\n
\n- [[http://.org.uk/index.php?title=St._Robertsburg]]
\n- [[http://micronations.wikia.com/wiki/St._Robertsburg]]
\n- [http://www.youtube.com/user/ShiptonShoveller]] <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:SaluteChciken|SaluteChciken]] ([[User talk:SaluteChciken|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/SaluteChciken|contribs]]) 16:51, 3 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*It's not enough for you to post links that you yourself created. You need to cite reliable independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) showing that the micronation is notable per [[WP:ORG]]. In general, see [[WP:MADEUP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 17:19, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== I was only trying to promote my micronation ==
\n
\nI was only trying to promote my micronation, not create a Blatant hoax.
\n
\n== Wow ==
\n
\nWow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_East_Derbyshire_Industrial_Archaeology_Society&action=edit&redlink=1 that] was fast! No sooner had I tagged it and it was gone :) [[User:Pol430|<font color="#00008B">'''Pol430'''</font>]] [[User talk:Pol430|''talk to me'']] 21:01, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:I'd like to second this for [[Cole Mullin]]; I tagged the page, went to check the revision history, and it came up as nonexistent. Nice! [[User:Writ Keeper|Writ Keeper]] [[User Talk: Writ Keeper|⚇]][[Special:Contributions/Writ_Keeper|♔]] 21:22, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== NawlinWiki ==
\n
\n{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
\n|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Azerbajiani_landscape.jpg|100px]]
\n|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Wiki Patroller'''
\n|-
\n|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hello, im Gio Provenzano, how are you? You recently deleted an article on Ryan M. Place from Detroit. Thank you for patrolling Wikipedia but i feel that Mr. Place is a notable person and worthy of being included, he's sort of a local legend in Michigan and nationally well-known in the film and writing communities. Mr. Place runs a film company, works for the Michigan Film Office, worked for DreamWorks on Transformers 3, he writes news articles as a freelance journalist, etc. I made the Ryan M. Place wiki page and cited reliable, independent sources and his prolific contributions to film and writing. Could you please un-delete his page or let me know what else is needed to qualify him? Thanks again NawlinWiki, take care! Giovanni Provenzano 21:57, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
\n|}
\n*Thanks for the note. None of the things you mentioned qualify Mr. Place as notable per our guidelines at [[WP:BIO]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:53, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Violence against men]] ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki. The [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Violence against men (2nd nomination)|article was deleted]] because it was empty and no sources available. Today I recreated it with a translation tag to another Wikipedia full of references. Please, restore my edit. Best regards. [[User:Emijrp|emijrp]] ([[User talk:Emijrp|talk]]) 17:28, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Would you be willing to translate the Spanish WP article and references? [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:56, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n::That is not the question. You deleted a stub that links to a valid article in another Wikipedia with references. That kind of stubs are allowed here. --[[User:Emijrp|emijrp]] ([[User talk:Emijrp|talk]]) 20:57, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::Fair enough, I've restored the stub, but I still think it would be helpful for you to do the translation work. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 21:22, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== A barnstar for you! ==
\n
\n{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
\n|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Administrator Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
\n|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
\n|-
\n|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For diligence in rigorously removing the cruft, hoaxes and vandalism that would otherwise overwhelm Wikipedia. [[User:Sparthorse|Sparthorse]] ([[User talk:Sparthorse|talk]]) 23:02, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n|}
\n
\n== repeated recreation of 4shared ==
\n
\nSalt? I have warned the user. [[User:Gaijin42|Gaijin42]] ([[User talk:Gaijin42|talk]]) 22:00, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Beg Bicycles ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki - wow, that was a really speedy deletion. Could you reinstate the entry, after all it's just a stub at the moment! It's perfectly in line with all the other bike manufacturer entries - and it's a new range so you may agree that it has to start somewhere, plus other "bikers" need the chance now to pick up on it and fill it out (along the lines of "Contributors sometimes create pages over several edits, so administrators should avoid deleting a page that appears incomplete too soon after its creation.") - Ta, KursaalFlier [[User:kursaalflier|kursaalflier]] (PS no excretions mentioned!) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:41, 6 January 2012 (UTC).</span><!--Template:Undated--> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*There was no indication in the article that this company, founded only in 2011, met the notability requirements of [[WP:CORP]]. Nor were any independent sources cited per [[WP:V]]. Finally, the article is written in promotional language, with phrases like "The range of Beg bicycles are vintage-inspired but manufactured using the very latest in bicycle technology." See [[WP:SPAM]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 03:44, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n::Cool, understood. Technical question then: if it gets stripped down/added to as per your concerns above, would that bring it into line with what a stub should be? I erroneously thought I was creating one but didn't use a stub template, obviously! - Ta, KursaalFlier [[User:kursaalflier|kursaalflier]] [[User:Kursaalflier|Kursaalflier]] ([[User talk:Kursaalflier|talk]]) 10:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::Sorry, that should have read "assessment template". [[User:Kursaalflier|Kursaalflier]] ([[User talk:Kursaalflier|talk]]) 10:58, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:::Yes, if you can find independent sources showing notability per [[WP:CORP]], and if you can write the article in neutral language, you can repost. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 12:33, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== The Yogscast ==
\nI am calling for the re-adding of the Yogscast's page. They now have 1.4 million subscribers on YouTube and are #1 in the UK. I am pretty sure that is eligible for a wiki page. To start off with, put a silver padlock on the page for a test. [[User:DeadlyDuck|DeadlyDuck]] ([[User talk:DeadlyDuck|talk]]) 18:48, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[User:Eva Premkumar]] ==
\n
\n[[User:Eva Premkumar]], who you just blocked, removed the block notice and replaced it with the same self-promotion that had been there before. I reverted the edit, but you may want to protect the user talk page (and, for good measure, that of [[User:Premkumarifb]]).--[[User:Opus 113|Opus 113]] ([[User talk:Opus 113|talk]]) 20:28, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Done, thanks. He's been posting this same thing, under multiple article names, for about six months now. Another one who believes "What I have to say is so important that I don't have to follow any of your rules." [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 20:31, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::Thanks. Yes, I've seen the last couple of recreations and tagged some of them for deletion. I'm glad you blocked the user, though, as I was starting to think I was going to have to go to go through a variety of complicated procedures (AIV wouldn't have worked because every time the article was deleted the warnings from the moved user talk page went with it) to end the recreations.--[[User:Opus 113|Opus 113]] ([[User talk:Opus 113|talk]]) 20:35, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== User:Verzannt ==
\nMy apologies... I thought I was posting within the Pennsylvania German Wikipedia. Is there a way to recover the text from the English Wikipedia so that I can copy it to the Pennsylvania German one? <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Verzannt|Verzannt]] ([[User talk:Verzannt|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Verzannt|contribs]]) 22:16, 8 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== PlayStation 4 ==
\nHi, NawlinWiki. I have an inquiry about a PlayStation 4 article, considering that you were the one who deleted the article several times in the past. I noticed that it is a locked title, so it will take a reversal of that to make the article again. I was wondering, considering that sources point to a relatively near-future unveiling, if the name could be unlocked so we might create a re-direct page, in the very least, to the PlayStation series page and have it go under the section of "Unannounced Upcoming Console", or something of that nature? I could understand if otherwise, but considering that there were pages for the Wii-U and more recently, the Xbox 720. [[User:DarthBotto|D<small>arth</small>B<small>otto</small>]]<sub> [[User talk:DarthBotto|talk]]•[[Special:Contributions/DarthBotto|cont]]</sub> 06:27, 09 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Changed to semiprotection for article creation - have at it. Regards, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 15:49, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Courtesy would be appreciated ==
\n
\nI suggest doing me the courtesy of posting to my talk page when PRODing an article I created, as is urged by the template. [[User:Allens|Allens]] ([[User talk:Allens|talk]]) 16:24, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Sorry, will do next time. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 16:25, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:M12PLAYOFFSIM]] ==
\n
\nSince you deleted the user page, can you please close the MfD? It was headed for deletion, but I should not close it. Thanks. -- [[User:Gogo Dodo|Gogo Dodo]] ([[User talk:Gogo Dodo|talk]]) 21:56, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Done, thanks. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 22:03, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Mountain Fish ==
\n
\nI was wondering if there was anyway to get the text from the [[mountain fish]] article you deleted? [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]]) 02:22, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Yes, but why would I do that for a blatant hoax article, and not a particularly funny one at that (young mountain fish are called "noobs"?) [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 02:25, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\nbecause you seem like a cool person, and its pregnant mountain fish that are called noobs, young ones are frys. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rossm1234|contribs]]) 02:27, 11 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*Fine, but if you try to post it to article space again, you will be blocked. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 02:30, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\nThanks! [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]]) 02:34, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== The Bulletproof Tiger ==
\nHello. What do i have to do to get my band page to stay up? We are listed in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_math_rock_groups , and I think people would be interested. Thanks
\n[[User:Dulbass|Dulbass]] ([[User talk:Dulbass|talk]]) 18:35, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*You would have to cite reliable independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) showing that the band meets the notability standards of [[WP:MUSIC]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 18:36, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Question ==
\n
\nAs you're the "expert of all trolls", I'm asking who this person I see in the edit filter adding tons of links and making strange lists is. (It says "Verizon vandal", but that isn't really specific...) <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">'''[[User:Hurricanefan25|<span style="color:#8B0000">HurricaneFan</span>]][[User talk:Hurricanefan25|<span style="color:#36648B">25</span>]]'''</span> 18:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:This appears to be related to my question. I saw an IP editor who had made two edits to [[List of Little Einsteins episodes]]... One to add a line break and one to format two paragraphs. Neither of these edits were remotely vandalism and neither seemed inappropriate in any way. I'm guessing you must be able to provide more context here? '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 19:17, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*The first edit to Little Einsteins ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_Einsteins_episodes&diff=prev&oldid=470983409 here]) was to add a nonsense list. The edit filter showed a bunch of wikifying common words. Both of these are hallmarks of the Verizon vandal a/k/a [[User:Clarify29]]. See [[User:AussieLegend/Vandals_etc#The_Verizon_vandal]] for more info. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:32, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::I'm still a bit confused here... the edit in question doesn't appear to have involved any wikification at all, and the "nonsense list" appears to be a song from the episode in question. See [http://www.google.co.uk/search?client=opera&rls=en&q=Mouse+has+cheese,+the+Knight+has+peas,+and+Joey+has+the+jumping+beans!&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&channel=suggest] '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 20:01, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::::The wikifications are in the edits blocked by Filter 405. Also, the Verizon vandal specializes in edits to kids' TV shows. Between those and the IP being in the Verizon range, I am confident that this is the same vandal. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 20:03, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:::::Got it... I hadn't seen the filtered edits. '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 21:57, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n== Ergun Kuran ==
\nHey Nawlinwiki, you deleted Ergun Kuran but he is an important person in Turkey, he was the chairman of TUPRAS which you can find in wikipedia!! [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:44, 13 January 2012 (UTC) MKURAN
\n:{{tps}}NawlinWiki does not appear to be online now. The fact that he was the chairman [[WP:Other stuff exists|is not a valid reason for notability]]. You cited [[WP:V|no sources]] (needed for [[WP:NOTABLE|notability]], and since it was about a [[WP:BLP|living person]], we couldn't keep it. If you are [[WP:COI|related to this person]] or [[WP:AUTOBIO|the person himself]], you must exercise some caution on this topic.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:47, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI understand your concern, however, a lot of living people have wikipedia articles, I was going to add a lot of sources but I wasn't done before you deleted it, what do I have to do to get this up? [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:50, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:We expect ''final drafts'' in the article space. In addition, [[WP:NPOV|we cannot be too flattering of article subjects]]. When I searched about this person on Google, however, I did not find enough sources for notability.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nSo being a chairman of Turkeys only oil refining company and being the board member of a petroleum company which is one of the richest companies in Turkey is not enough to have an article on wikipedia?? [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:55, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:Yes, unless you can also cite adequate sources. See [[WP:CITE]]. You may want to start with [[WP:MOS|the manual of style]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:58, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI can cite sources from these addresses http://www.poas.com.tr/PO_pdf/faaliyet_raporlari/POAS_1H08_Faaliyet%20Raporu.pdf, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75085327.html, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/1997/11/17/haber/cil.html,http://bigpara.ekolay.net/haber-detay/genel/genel-mudur-m-ergun-kuran-otomatik-fiyatlandirmamodeli--tuprasi-kara-gecirecek-/312630.asp... These are four article headlines that I found with a simple google search, there are many more ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:05, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:We don't consider that enough for notability and prefer, in general, English sources. Pay-to-view websites cannot, in general, be used either. The last link is broken.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:06, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThis person is Turkish, thus the sources SHOULD BE Turkish. If you make a google search for Ergun Kuran Tupras or Ergun Kuran Petrol Ofisi you can find numerous articles. If you claim that this person shouldn't have a wikipedia article, that means that you're saying that the articles written are unnecessary ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:10, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:I realized that, but since such a company is likely to be global, surely there are English sources? (I didn't find many of those). Wikipedia has different requirements for articles, and it's a lot to learn at once.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:12, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nThe company is not global, therefore turkish articles are the only articles. Also the companies EK worked for are in wikipedia([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:15, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:Save it for the Turkish Wikipedia then, unless you can make sure that the Turkish sources all can be deciphered by the common English speaker. [[WP:Other stuff exists|His companies' articles don't get him an article himself]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:21, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nIf I get permission I will keep on wirting, also people who will be reading this will most likely be Turkish and for the english speakers, they can translate the articles, Thank you... How do I keep on writing it ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:24, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:It'll have to be [[WP:USERFY|userfied]], and that's beyond my reach because only [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]] like NawlinWiki can restore deleted articles.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:27, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Looks to me like you should probably be contributing this to the Turkish Wikipedia, tr.wikipedia.org. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:36, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nYes but there are a number of english articles on EK as well such as http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=tupras-want-more-iraqi-oil-1997-09-30 ( [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:42, 13 January 2012 (UTC) )
\n**That's not an article *about* Mr. Kuran - it's a news story that merely quotes him. See [[WP:BIO]] and [[WP:V]]. Also, as I said on your talk page, your article is full of inappropriate promotional language, see [[WP:NPOV]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:45, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n
\n==The Journal Avant==
\nI see the page has been deleted. Two questions:
\n- it's a registered international academic journal, and it has a page on the Polish Wiki, hope that if I indicate that it is reason enough to keep it? Or at least vote for it? I mean similar reasons seem to be sufficient in a lot of other cases.
\n- could you revert the page for say 24h, or link to an archived version, or really anything that would save me the work I've already done once, typing the info in and editing it? I'd really appreciate that. Thanks in advance. [[User:Ariosto|Ariosto]] ([[User talk:Ariosto|talk]]) 14:50, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nOh, and the link - I figured you probably delete a lot of pages, so not to waste your time and to make the reply easier:
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant:_journal_of_the_philosophical-interdisciplinary_vanguard <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ariosto|Ariosto]] ([[User talk:Ariosto|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ariosto|contribs]]) 14:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n==Deletion review for [[GTA-Next Network]]==
\nAn editor has asked for a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#GTA-Next Network|deletion review]] of [[GTA-Next Network]]. Because you closed the deletion discussion for this page, speedily deleted it, or otherwise were interested in the page, you might want to participate in the deletion review. <!-- This originally was from the template {{subst:DRVNote|PAGE_NAME}} ~~~~ -->. The specific link is [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2012 January 13]], where you acted on a g11 tag that I placed. The page creator failed to inform either of us, or to request undeletion prior to drv. [[User:Syrthiss|Syrthiss]] ([[User talk:Syrthiss|talk]]) 13:46, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==Deletion of CodeCademy Page==
\nI don't know why this article was deleted literally seconds after I had created it, and was still in the process of editing. That is FAR FAR too hasty of a deletion. CodeCademy is a startup firm with $2.5 million in venture funding and is being talked above across the entire tech world. NOTABLE enough for you?!
\n
\n[[User:Kaabi|Kaabi]] ([[User talk:Kaabi|talk]]) 19:37, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*The article did not indicate how this "startup company" was notable per [[WP:CORP]]. If you can so indicate, and can cite to [[WP:V|reliable independent sources]], feel free to repost. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:38, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Bur.st Networking ==
\n
\nHello Nawlin,
\n
\nmy article on Bur.st Networking was deleted. Bur.st is an Australian community isp with 2000 users and has been around for 13 years. I think it is worthy of a wiki article. I am not trying to promote bur.st (it's actually closing down) and I am not on the committee and have nothing to do with the committee so the purpose of this article is not promotion. Can you please have another look at bur.st and the article and re assess.
\n
\nThanks,
\n
\n--Gregology.net 23:56, 14 January 2012 (UTC) <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Gregology|Gregology]] ([[User talk:Gregology|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gregology|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*You need to cite reliable, independent sources (see [[WP:V]] - that don't include Bur.st itself - to show that the site is notable per [[WP:WEB]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 23:58, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n
\nThat's fair enough. Can it be a stub in the mean time while its getting input from various contributes?
\n
\n--Gregology.net 00:49, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== User:Tommycooper1997 ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki,
\n
\nThe block that you did for this user was called to my attention. I don't dispute the appropriateness of the block - but I do think your block reason is inaccurate. I would suggest a modification of the block reason. That's not a nonsense or attack page. Thanks! [[User:Philippe (WMF)|Philippe Beaudette, Wikimedia Foundation]] ([[User talk:Philippe (WMF)|talk]]) 00:15, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Well, the pulldown label does say "Attack, nonsense, or other inappropriate pages", but I will change the reason to vandalism if you like. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 00:24, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-15T00:49:42+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63"
},
{
"title": "User talk:NawlinWiki/Archive 63",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63&diff=471422141",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63&diff=471422141",
"description": "Gregology: /* Bur.st Networking */
\n
\nThis talk page is archived every month (if I remember). The older pages are indexed at [[User talk:NawlinWiki/Archives]].
\n
\nPlease sign your comments with four tildes (~).
\n
\nWondering why your article was speedily deleted? Check [[User:NawlinWiki/List of things that will get speedily deleted|this list]] first.
\n
\nDo you want to move a page that I've move-protected? Discuss the move first on the article's talk page. If there's a consensus for the move, let me know and I'll unlock the page.
\n
\nPlease add all comments at the '''bottom''' of the page (or I may not be able to find them).
\n
\n_______________________________________________________________________
\n
\n== ShareToGain ==
\nI have 5 in-depended refs and i spend 10 hours at http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=wikipedia-en-help for making it better. Authorities there approved it can be listed so i tried. Can you please explain me what more do you want ? I have ref to gamespot which is a trusted source at wikipedia. Also there are many same genre games listed with 0 refs. Because refs do not come if you don't spend millions of $ for advertising. For example this game is listed with almost 0 content and 0 ref : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout-Online <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:10, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*I have deleted [[Dugout-Online]], thanks. See [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS]]. The MonsterMMORPG article did not cite any reliable independent sources, other than Gamespot which was merely a directory listing. Whether or not references only come from advertising, our policy is that you have to have them. See [[WP:V]] and [[WP:WEB]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 16:15, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThank you. Please also delete all of these because they have lesser ref than mine. I will post all of the lesser ones. I am glad that i will be able to help. These are until C letter manually checked.
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Realms
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdventureQuest_Worlds
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang!_Howdy
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Punks
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Rugby
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wars
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_World
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Town
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Marrach
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Heroes
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilltime
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CivWorld
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Nations <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:33, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more: Manually checked until letter F
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dragons_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Frontier
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonSpires
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duels_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Eternal
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Avenue
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evernight_Games
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeciv.net
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freesky_Online
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FunOrb <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:42, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more non significant ref link having pages. Glad to be able to help :
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galava_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_of_Fellowland
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Farm
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunrox
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattrick
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Isle_%28video_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grip:_Lords_of_War <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 16:49, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nEdit more lesser ref links insignificant - done until letter P manually
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalydo
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Hope
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_green_dragon
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ultima
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxithlon
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MilMo
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMA_Pro_Fighter
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadirim
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NukeZone
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_football_manager
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt_%28game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PerfectGoal
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarion
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_Guardian
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroto_Mountain <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 17:00, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nMore links - i will add more soon :
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_%28online_game%29
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivality
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbymania
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissyfight_2000
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrates
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoccerProject
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Combine <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:ShareToGain|ShareToGain]] ([[User talk:ShareToGain|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShareToGain|contribs]]) 17:27, 9 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n{{tps}} I have made a comment on your talk page ShareToGain. Please be aware that I think you may be running afoul of [[WP:POINT]] [[User:Gaijin42|Gaijin42]] ([[User talk:Gaijin42|talk]]) 21:22, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== 4Shared ==
\nAdded a new refrenced, hyperlinked, factful and non-promotionful article. Please feel-free to edit for more detail. But Admins - please stop deleting as this article follows guidelines.
\n
\n== Filter 58 ==
\n
\nHi, I see that filter 58 seems to be catching edits that seem legitimate (well, they are definitely not grawp) at first glance: [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&details=6043207] [https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&details=6043514]. Can you have a look? Thanks! -- [[User:Luk|<span style="color:#002BB8;">Luk</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:Luk|<span style="color:#FF6633;">talk</span>]]</sup> 09:35, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Did some pruning, let's see if it helps. Thanks, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:23, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\nCould you please advise why the page has been deleted? I have seen many pages with their company promotions...please advise <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Francophonie|Francophonie]] ([[User talk:Francophonie|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francophonie|contribs]]) 16:00, 4 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Edit filter ==
\n
\nI was thinking of asking for edit filter permissions, would you have any objections to that? Feel free to reply by email. <span style="background-color:silver;color:black;">[[User:Egg Centric|Egg]] [[User_talk:Egg Centric|Centric]]</span> 12:48, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*I don't generally grant/deny/opine on those for anyone, sorry. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:25, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n**No problems, if you have any opinion on them in general please see [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#New user type: Nosy]] if you have a minute... <span style="background-color:silver;color:black;">[[User:Egg Centric|Egg]] [[User_talk:Egg Centric|Centric]]</span> 16:52, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Wikiquote talk ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki. I noticed that someone has posted a large dump on [http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NawlinWiki&action=history your Wikiquote talk page.] If this is just more harassment, would you like to have the page protected again? ~ [[User:Ningauble|Ningauble]] ([[User talk:Ningauble|talk]]) 13:33, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Yes, please semiprotect for a year or so, and please block the user. Thanks, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 14:08, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==CVISION==
\nHi NawlinWiki. I noticed that the CVISION Technologies page was recently taken down after I posted it. I was wondering why it was taken down because I have credible sources. We are an international company that has been in business for over 10 years. If you could give me any help as to how to create a page that will not be taken down, it will be greatly appreciated. [[User:Kcal17|Kcal17]] ([[User talk:Kcal17|talk]]) 15:26, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*You would need to cite independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) that show that the company meets the notability standards of [[WP:CORP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 15:50, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==DYNAMIC MEDIA==
\nHi -
\nI saw that you reoved the Dynamic Media page I just posted. I was wondering why it was taken down as I made the changes based on the direction of the prior editor (Darkfallen - I think)? Could you give me suggestions or help on how to reach the notability standards? I believe I have those in the references based on leading sites in the industry. Thanks for your time. [[User:Ryanpebble|Ryanpebble]] ([[User talk:Ryanpebble|talk]]) 16:10, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n<nowiki>== [[User:Invdtu/common.css]] ==
\n
\nI see that you deleted [[User:Invdtu]], and I looked through and reverted some of there contribs and I found [[User:Invdtu/common.css]] which appears to be spam, as I can't edit it because it has something to do with the user's settings I was just wandering if you want to delete it. [[User:Kgeee65|Kgeee65]] ([[User talk:Kgeee65|talk]]) 16:21, 3 January 2012 (UTC)</nowiki>
\n:Already been done. [[User:Kgeee65|Kgeee65]] ([[User talk:Kgeee65|talk]]) 16:22, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nAlso, just saw your comment regarding "the two were inspired by their passion for music" as not allowed as it is advertising. This is sourced and very similiar to the Starbucks page that states "The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment". Again - just looking for some pointers so I can fully understand and draft correctly. Thanks [[User:Ryanpebble|Ryanpebble]] ([[User talk:Ryanpebble|talk]]) 16:24, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI am not sure why the sources listed were not reliable/verifiable. here are some additional links, would they be considered reliable?
\n
\nhttp://www.inc.com/inc5000/profile/cvision-technologies
\nhttp://www.pdfa.org/organization/cvision-technologies
\nhttp://www.nsf.gov/eng/iip/sbir/2010_phaseII_conf_book.pdf
\n
\nPlease let me know what else I can do, I thought I followed all of the wikirules. [[User:Kcal17|Kcal17]] ([[User talk:Kcal17|talk]]) 18:40, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Source 2 is your company's own PR blurb. Source 3 just shows that this company, among many others, got a government grant. Source 1 shows that the company is no. 3199 on the Inc. 5000. This doesn't meet our notability guidelines, see [[WP:CORP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:14, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==Page Deleted?==
\n
\nHi, I am SaluteChicken you deleted my page about my [[Micronation]] of St. Robertsburg because you claimed it was a "Blatant Hoax". I have re-made the page and I was not claiming it to be a "nation" it's a [[Micronation]] and not a hoax. I have given more information stating it's a micronation. I have more information on St. Robertsburg to prove it's genuine:
\n
\n- [[http://.org.uk/index.php?title=St._Robertsburg]]
\n- [[http://micronations.wikia.com/wiki/St._Robertsburg]]
\n- [http://www.youtube.com/user/ShiptonShoveller]] <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:SaluteChciken|SaluteChciken]] ([[User talk:SaluteChciken|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/SaluteChciken|contribs]]) 16:51, 3 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*It's not enough for you to post links that you yourself created. You need to cite reliable independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) showing that the micronation is notable per [[WP:ORG]]. In general, see [[WP:MADEUP]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 17:19, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== I was only trying to promote my micronation ==
\n
\nI was only trying to promote my micronation, not create a Blatant hoax.
\n
\n== Wow ==
\n
\nWow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_East_Derbyshire_Industrial_Archaeology_Society&action=edit&redlink=1 that] was fast! No sooner had I tagged it and it was gone :) [[User:Pol430|<font color="#00008B">'''Pol430'''</font>]] [[User talk:Pol430|''talk to me'']] 21:01, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:I'd like to second this for [[Cole Mullin]]; I tagged the page, went to check the revision history, and it came up as nonexistent. Nice! [[User:Writ Keeper|Writ Keeper]] [[User Talk: Writ Keeper|⚇]][[Special:Contributions/Writ_Keeper|♔]] 21:22, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== NawlinWiki ==
\n
\n{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
\n|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Azerbajiani_landscape.jpg|100px]]
\n|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Wiki Patroller'''
\n|-
\n|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Hello, im Gio Provenzano, how are you? You recently deleted an article on Ryan M. Place from Detroit. Thank you for patrolling Wikipedia but i feel that Mr. Place is a notable person and worthy of being included, he's sort of a local legend in Michigan and nationally well-known in the film and writing communities. Mr. Place runs a film company, works for the Michigan Film Office, worked for DreamWorks on Transformers 3, he writes news articles as a freelance journalist, etc. I made the Ryan M. Place wiki page and cited reliable, independent sources and his prolific contributions to film and writing. Could you please un-delete his page or let me know what else is needed to qualify him? Thanks again NawlinWiki, take care! Giovanni Provenzano 21:57, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
\n|}
\n*Thanks for the note. None of the things you mentioned qualify Mr. Place as notable per our guidelines at [[WP:BIO]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:53, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Violence against men]] ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki. The [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Violence against men (2nd nomination)|article was deleted]] because it was empty and no sources available. Today I recreated it with a translation tag to another Wikipedia full of references. Please, restore my edit. Best regards. [[User:Emijrp|emijrp]] ([[User talk:Emijrp|talk]]) 17:28, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Would you be willing to translate the Spanish WP article and references? [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:56, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n::That is not the question. You deleted a stub that links to a valid article in another Wikipedia with references. That kind of stubs are allowed here. --[[User:Emijrp|emijrp]] ([[User talk:Emijrp|talk]]) 20:57, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::Fair enough, I've restored the stub, but I still think it would be helpful for you to do the translation work. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 21:22, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== A barnstar for you! ==
\n
\n{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
\n|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Administrator Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
\n|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
\n|-
\n|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For diligence in rigorously removing the cruft, hoaxes and vandalism that would otherwise overwhelm Wikipedia. [[User:Sparthorse|Sparthorse]] ([[User talk:Sparthorse|talk]]) 23:02, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
\n|}
\n
\n== repeated recreation of 4shared ==
\n
\nSalt? I have warned the user. [[User:Gaijin42|Gaijin42]] ([[User talk:Gaijin42|talk]]) 22:00, 6 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Beg Bicycles ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki - wow, that was a really speedy deletion. Could you reinstate the entry, after all it's just a stub at the moment! It's perfectly in line with all the other bike manufacturer entries - and it's a new range so you may agree that it has to start somewhere, plus other "bikers" need the chance now to pick up on it and fill it out (along the lines of "Contributors sometimes create pages over several edits, so administrators should avoid deleting a page that appears incomplete too soon after its creation.") - Ta, KursaalFlier [[User:kursaalflier|kursaalflier]] (PS no excretions mentioned!) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:41, 6 January 2012 (UTC).</span><!--Template:Undated--> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*There was no indication in the article that this company, founded only in 2011, met the notability requirements of [[WP:CORP]]. Nor were any independent sources cited per [[WP:V]]. Finally, the article is written in promotional language, with phrases like "The range of Beg bicycles are vintage-inspired but manufactured using the very latest in bicycle technology." See [[WP:SPAM]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 03:44, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n::Cool, understood. Technical question then: if it gets stripped down/added to as per your concerns above, would that bring it into line with what a stub should be? I erroneously thought I was creating one but didn't use a stub template, obviously! - Ta, KursaalFlier [[User:kursaalflier|kursaalflier]] [[User:Kursaalflier|Kursaalflier]] ([[User talk:Kursaalflier|talk]]) 10:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::Sorry, that should have read "assessment template". [[User:Kursaalflier|Kursaalflier]] ([[User talk:Kursaalflier|talk]]) 10:58, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:::Yes, if you can find independent sources showing notability per [[WP:CORP]], and if you can write the article in neutral language, you can repost. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 12:33, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== The Yogscast ==
\nI am calling for the re-adding of the Yogscast's page. They now have 1.4 million subscribers on YouTube and are #1 in the UK. I am pretty sure that is eligible for a wiki page. To start off with, put a silver padlock on the page for a test. [[User:DeadlyDuck|DeadlyDuck]] ([[User talk:DeadlyDuck|talk]]) 18:48, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[User:Eva Premkumar]] ==
\n
\n[[User:Eva Premkumar]], who you just blocked, removed the block notice and replaced it with the same self-promotion that had been there before. I reverted the edit, but you may want to protect the user talk page (and, for good measure, that of [[User:Premkumarifb]]).--[[User:Opus 113|Opus 113]] ([[User talk:Opus 113|talk]]) 20:28, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Done, thanks. He's been posting this same thing, under multiple article names, for about six months now. Another one who believes "What I have to say is so important that I don't have to follow any of your rules." [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 20:31, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::Thanks. Yes, I've seen the last couple of recreations and tagged some of them for deletion. I'm glad you blocked the user, though, as I was starting to think I was going to have to go to go through a variety of complicated procedures (AIV wouldn't have worked because every time the article was deleted the warnings from the moved user talk page went with it) to end the recreations.--[[User:Opus 113|Opus 113]] ([[User talk:Opus 113|talk]]) 20:35, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== User:Verzannt ==
\nMy apologies... I thought I was posting within the Pennsylvania German Wikipedia. Is there a way to recover the text from the English Wikipedia so that I can copy it to the Pennsylvania German one? <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Verzannt|Verzannt]] ([[User talk:Verzannt|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Verzannt|contribs]]) 22:16, 8 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== PlayStation 4 ==
\nHi, NawlinWiki. I have an inquiry about a PlayStation 4 article, considering that you were the one who deleted the article several times in the past. I noticed that it is a locked title, so it will take a reversal of that to make the article again. I was wondering, considering that sources point to a relatively near-future unveiling, if the name could be unlocked so we might create a re-direct page, in the very least, to the PlayStation series page and have it go under the section of "Unannounced Upcoming Console", or something of that nature? I could understand if otherwise, but considering that there were pages for the Wii-U and more recently, the Xbox 720. [[User:DarthBotto|D<small>arth</small>B<small>otto</small>]]<sub> [[User talk:DarthBotto|talk]]•[[Special:Contributions/DarthBotto|cont]]</sub> 06:27, 09 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Changed to semiprotection for article creation - have at it. Regards, [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 15:49, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Courtesy would be appreciated ==
\n
\nI suggest doing me the courtesy of posting to my talk page when PRODing an article I created, as is urged by the template. [[User:Allens|Allens]] ([[User talk:Allens|talk]]) 16:24, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Sorry, will do next time. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 16:25, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:M12PLAYOFFSIM]] ==
\n
\nSince you deleted the user page, can you please close the MfD? It was headed for deletion, but I should not close it. Thanks. -- [[User:Gogo Dodo|Gogo Dodo]] ([[User talk:Gogo Dodo|talk]]) 21:56, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Done, thanks. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 22:03, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Mountain Fish ==
\n
\nI was wondering if there was anyway to get the text from the [[mountain fish]] article you deleted? [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]]) 02:22, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*Yes, but why would I do that for a blatant hoax article, and not a particularly funny one at that (young mountain fish are called "noobs"?) [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 02:25, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\nbecause you seem like a cool person, and its pregnant mountain fish that are called noobs, young ones are frys. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rossm1234|contribs]]) 02:27, 11 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*Fine, but if you try to post it to article space again, you will be blocked. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 02:30, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\nThanks! [[User:Rossm1234|Rossm1234]] ([[User talk:Rossm1234|talk]]) 02:34, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== The Bulletproof Tiger ==
\nHello. What do i have to do to get my band page to stay up? We are listed in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_math_rock_groups , and I think people would be interested. Thanks
\n[[User:Dulbass|Dulbass]] ([[User talk:Dulbass|talk]]) 18:35, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*You would have to cite reliable independent sources (see [[WP:V]]) showing that the band meets the notability standards of [[WP:MUSIC]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 18:36, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Question ==
\n
\nAs you're the "expert of all trolls", I'm asking who this person I see in the edit filter adding tons of links and making strange lists is. (It says "Verizon vandal", but that isn't really specific...) <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">'''[[User:Hurricanefan25|<span style="color:#8B0000">HurricaneFan</span>]][[User talk:Hurricanefan25|<span style="color:#36648B">25</span>]]'''</span> 18:42, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:This appears to be related to my question. I saw an IP editor who had made two edits to [[List of Little Einsteins episodes]]... One to add a line break and one to format two paragraphs. Neither of these edits were remotely vandalism and neither seemed inappropriate in any way. I'm guessing you must be able to provide more context here? '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 19:17, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*The first edit to Little Einsteins ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_Einsteins_episodes&diff=prev&oldid=470983409 here]) was to add a nonsense list. The edit filter showed a bunch of wikifying common words. Both of these are hallmarks of the Verizon vandal a/k/a [[User:Clarify29]]. See [[User:AussieLegend/Vandals_etc#The_Verizon_vandal]] for more info. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:32, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::I'm still a bit confused here... the edit in question doesn't appear to have involved any wikification at all, and the "nonsense list" appears to be a song from the episode in question. See [http://www.google.co.uk/search?client=opera&rls=en&q=Mouse+has+cheese,+the+Knight+has+peas,+and+Joey+has+the+jumping+beans!&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&channel=suggest] '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 20:01, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n::::The wikifications are in the edits blocked by Filter 405. Also, the Verizon vandal specializes in edits to kids' TV shows. Between those and the IP being in the Verizon range, I am confident that this is the same vandal. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 20:03, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:::::Got it... I hadn't seen the filtered edits. '''''[[User:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Catfish</FONT>]] [[User talk:Catfish Jim|<FONT COLOR="#313F33">Jim</FONT>]]<small><FONT COLOR="#313F33"> and the soapdish</FONT></small>''''' 21:57, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
\n== Ergun Kuran ==
\nHey Nawlinwiki, you deleted Ergun Kuran but he is an important person in Turkey, he was the chairman of TUPRAS which you can find in wikipedia!! [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:44, 13 January 2012 (UTC) MKURAN
\n:{{tps}}NawlinWiki does not appear to be online now. The fact that he was the chairman [[WP:Other stuff exists|is not a valid reason for notability]]. You cited [[WP:V|no sources]] (needed for [[WP:NOTABLE|notability]], and since it was about a [[WP:BLP|living person]], we couldn't keep it. If you are [[WP:COI|related to this person]] or [[WP:AUTOBIO|the person himself]], you must exercise some caution on this topic.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:47, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI understand your concern, however, a lot of living people have wikipedia articles, I was going to add a lot of sources but I wasn't done before you deleted it, what do I have to do to get this up? [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:50, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:We expect ''final drafts'' in the article space. In addition, [[WP:NPOV|we cannot be too flattering of article subjects]]. When I searched about this person on Google, however, I did not find enough sources for notability.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nSo being a chairman of Turkeys only oil refining company and being the board member of a petroleum company which is one of the richest companies in Turkey is not enough to have an article on wikipedia?? [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 00:55, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n:Yes, unless you can also cite adequate sources. See [[WP:CITE]]. You may want to start with [[WP:MOS|the manual of style]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 00:58, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI can cite sources from these addresses http://www.poas.com.tr/PO_pdf/faaliyet_raporlari/POAS_1H08_Faaliyet%20Raporu.pdf, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75085327.html, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/1997/11/17/haber/cil.html,http://bigpara.ekolay.net/haber-detay/genel/genel-mudur-m-ergun-kuran-otomatik-fiyatlandirmamodeli--tuprasi-kara-gecirecek-/312630.asp... These are four article headlines that I found with a simple google search, there are many more ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:05, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:We don't consider that enough for notability and prefer, in general, English sources. Pay-to-view websites cannot, in general, be used either. The last link is broken.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:06, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThis person is Turkish, thus the sources SHOULD BE Turkish. If you make a google search for Ergun Kuran Tupras or Ergun Kuran Petrol Ofisi you can find numerous articles. If you claim that this person shouldn't have a wikipedia article, that means that you're saying that the articles written are unnecessary ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:10, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:I realized that, but since such a company is likely to be global, surely there are English sources? (I didn't find many of those). Wikipedia has different requirements for articles, and it's a lot to learn at once.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:12, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nThe company is not global, therefore turkish articles are the only articles. Also the companies EK worked for are in wikipedia([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:15, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:Save it for the Turkish Wikipedia then, unless you can make sure that the Turkish sources all can be deciphered by the common English speaker. [[WP:Other stuff exists|His companies' articles don't get him an article himself]].[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:21, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nIf I get permission I will keep on wirting, also people who will be reading this will most likely be Turkish and for the english speakers, they can translate the articles, Thank you... How do I keep on writing it ([[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:24, 13 January 2012 (UTC))
\n:It'll have to be [[WP:USERFY|userfied]], and that's beyond my reach because only [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]] like NawlinWiki can restore deleted articles.[[User:Jasper Deng|Jasper Deng]] [[User talk:Jasper Deng|(talk)]] 01:27, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Looks to me like you should probably be contributing this to the Turkish Wikipedia, tr.wikipedia.org. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:36, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nYes but there are a number of english articles on EK as well such as http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=tupras-want-more-iraqi-oil-1997-09-30 ( [[User:Mkuran93|Mkuran93]] ([[User talk:Mkuran93|talk]]) 01:42, 13 January 2012 (UTC) )
\n**That's not an article *about* Mr. Kuran - it's a news story that merely quotes him. See [[WP:BIO]] and [[WP:V]]. Also, as I said on your talk page, your article is full of inappropriate promotional language, see [[WP:NPOV]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:45, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n
\n==The Journal Avant==
\nI see the page has been deleted. Two questions:
\n- it's a registered international academic journal, and it has a page on the Polish Wiki, hope that if I indicate that it is reason enough to keep it? Or at least vote for it? I mean similar reasons seem to be sufficient in a lot of other cases.
\n- could you revert the page for say 24h, or link to an archived version, or really anything that would save me the work I've already done once, typing the info in and editing it? I'd really appreciate that. Thanks in advance. [[User:Ariosto|Ariosto]] ([[User talk:Ariosto|talk]]) 14:50, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
\nOh, and the link - I figured you probably delete a lot of pages, so not to waste your time and to make the reply easier:
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant:_journal_of_the_philosophical-interdisciplinary_vanguard <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ariosto|Ariosto]] ([[User talk:Ariosto|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ariosto|contribs]]) 14:53, 13 January 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n==Deletion review for [[GTA-Next Network]]==
\nAn editor has asked for a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#GTA-Next Network|deletion review]] of [[GTA-Next Network]]. Because you closed the deletion discussion for this page, speedily deleted it, or otherwise were interested in the page, you might want to participate in the deletion review. <!-- This originally was from the template {{subst:DRVNote|PAGE_NAME}} ~~~~ -->. The specific link is [[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2012 January 13]], where you acted on a g11 tag that I placed. The page creator failed to inform either of us, or to request undeletion prior to drv. [[User:Syrthiss|Syrthiss]] ([[User talk:Syrthiss|talk]]) 13:46, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n==Deletion of CodeCademy Page==
\nI don't know why this article was deleted literally seconds after I had created it, and was still in the process of editing. That is FAR FAR too hasty of a deletion. CodeCademy is a startup firm with $2.5 million in venture funding and is being talked above across the entire tech world. NOTABLE enough for you?!
\n
\n[[User:Kaabi|Kaabi]] ([[User talk:Kaabi|talk]]) 19:37, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n*The article did not indicate how this "startup company" was notable per [[WP:CORP]]. If you can so indicate, and can cite to [[WP:V|reliable independent sources]], feel free to repost. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 19:38, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Bur.st Networking ==
\n
\nHello Nawlin,
\n
\nmy article on Bur.st Networking was deleted. Bur.st is an Australian community isp with 2000 users and has been around for 13 years. I think it is worthy of a wiki article. I am not trying to promote bur.st (it's actually closing down) and I am not on the committee and have nothing to do with the committee so the purpose of this article is not promotion. Can you please have another look at bur.st and the article and re assess.
\n
\nThanks,
\n
\n--Gregology.net 23:56, 14 January 2012 (UTC) <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Gregology|Gregology]] ([[User talk:Gregology|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gregology|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n*You need to cite reliable, independent sources (see [[WP:V]] - that don't include Bur.st itself - to show that the site is notable per [[WP:WEB]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 23:58, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n
\nThat's fair enough. Can it be a stub in the mean time while its getting input from various contributes?
\n
\n--Gregology.net 00:49, 15 January 2012 (UTC) <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Gregology|Gregology]] ([[User talk:Gregology|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gregology|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n*No, but it can be a draft in your userspace - you can work on it at [[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 01:19, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nThanks mate, i'll work on it there. Cheers.
\n
\n--Gregology.net 01:42, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== User:Tommycooper1997 ==
\n
\nHi NawlinWiki,
\n
\nThe block that you did for this user was called to my attention. I don't dispute the appropriateness of the block - but I do think your block reason is inaccurate. I would suggest a modification of the block reason. That's not a nonsense or attack page. Thanks! [[User:Philippe (WMF)|Philippe Beaudette, Wikimedia Foundation]] ([[User talk:Philippe (WMF)|talk]]) 00:15, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n*Well, the pulldown label does say "Attack, nonsense, or other inappropriate pages", but I will change the reason to vandalism if you like. [[User:NawlinWiki|NawlinWiki]] ([[User talk:NawlinWiki#top|talk]]) 00:24, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-15T01:42:28+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NawlinWiki/Archive_63"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=471422715",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=471422715",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gregology/Bur.st_networking Bur.st Networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Zentyal]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://gho.st/ Gho.st]
\n* [http://wikijam.org/ WikiJam.org]
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-15T01:47:37+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=471422806",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=471422806",
"description": "Gregology: /* Current drafts */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Zentyal]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://gho.st/ Gho.st]
\n* [http://wikijam.org/ WikiJam.org]
",
"pubDate": "2012-01-15T01:48:31+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "Talk:KONY (FM)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:KONY_(FM)&diff=482174785",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:KONY_(FM)&diff=482174785",
"description": "Gregology: /* Why does everyone hate this radio station? */ new section
\n
\n{{WikiProject Radio Stations|class=Stub}}
\n{{WikiProject United States|class=Stub|importance=Low|UT=yes|UT-importance=Low}}
\n
\n== Why does everyone hate this radio station? ==
\n
\nI'm confused as to why everyone hates this particular radio station. I listened to them online and I understand that country music isn't great but I don't think we should kill them, that seems a little harsh.
\nGregology.net 10:53, 16 March 2012 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2012-03-16T10:53:45+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:KONY_(FM)"
},
{
"title": "Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)&diff=508117251",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)&diff=508117251",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n{{Infobox automobile
\n| name = Toyota Land Cruiser 40 series
\n| image = [[File:TBJ40.JPG|250px]]<br>''BJ40LV ([[Diesel engine|Diesel]])''
\n| manufacturer = [[Toyota]]
\n| aka = Toyota Bandeirante ([[Brazil]])
\n Toyota Macho ([[Venezuela]])
\n| production = 1960–1984
\n 1959–2001 ([[Brazil]])
\n| predecessor = Toyota J20 series
\n| successor = Toyota J55 and J70 series
\n| class = [[Compact SUV]]
\n| engine = '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:''' 3.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<Br>4.2L [[Straight six engine|I6]]<br>'''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:''' 3.0L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]<br>3.6L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<Br>3.4L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]<br>4.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<Br>3.2L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]<br>3.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<br>3.7L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
\n| layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
\n| body_style = 2-door [[truck]]<br>2-door [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
\n| wheelbase = {{convert|2285|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2430|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}})
\n}}
\n
\nThe '''Toyota J40''' is the model designation for a '''[[Toyota Land Cruiser]] 40 series''' made from 1960 until 1984 (in Brazil, where it was known as the '''Toyota Bandeirante''', it was made from 1959 until 2001). Most 40 series Land Cruisers were built as two-door vehicles with slightly larger dimensions than a [[Jeep CJ]].
\n
\nThe model was available as the FJ40 series (with F engines) and also BJ40/41/42 (short wheelbase), BJ43/44/46 (middle wheelbase) or HJ45/47 (long wheelbase) designation where it had a [[Diesel engine]]. Brazilian built Land Cruisers (Bandeirantes) with Mercedes-Benz engines received OJ50-series model codes.
\n
\nReferences to the series in this article will be to the J40 series unless referring to one of the petrol (FJ40/42 – 2WD) or diesel (BJ4#/HJ4#) models specifically.
\n
\n==History==
\nFor the history of the J series from the original 1951 Toyota '''Jeep BJ''' through the J20 series see [[Toyota Land Cruiser#1950-1959|Land Cruiser History from 1950 to 1955]].
\n* 1960: J40 series launched (wheelbase {{convert|2285|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2430|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}).
\n* 1963: Longer wheelbase ({{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}), FJ45-B, pickup and cab-chassis were added).
\n* 1967: End of four-door FJ45V (I) (w/b {{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}) production, replaced by FJ55 [[Station wagon]]).
\n:: 2-door FJ45-B renamed FJ45 (II) (w/b {{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}).
\n* 1973?: HJ45 launched with the '''H''', 3.6-litre [[Straight-six engine|inline 6-cylinder]] [[diesel engine]].
\n* 1974: BJ40/43 launched with the '''B''', 3.0-litre [[Inline-four engine|inline 4-cylinder]] diesel engine. A factory-fitted roll bar becomes standard in the United States.
\n* 1975: Rear ambulance doors are added to US model FJ40s. The lift gate remains available as an option in other countries.
\n* 1976: [[Disc brakes]] on the front axle.
\n* 1977: Front door vent windows, removed, vent windows on the hard top in the United States
\n* 1979: [[Power steering]] (only F models) and [[air conditioning]] added to the options, gear ratios modified from 4:10 to 3:70 in the United States to be more freeway friendly
\n* 1980: HJ47 launched with a 4.0-liter six-cylinder diesel engine. End of HJ45 production.
\n:: BJ42/46 and BJ45 launched with a 3.4-liter four-cylinder diesel engine.
\n* 1981: [[Power steering]] added on the BJ models to the options, disk brakes added in Australia.
\n* 1984: End of J40 series production (replaced by [[Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series|J70 series]]).
\n* 1993: Five-speed transmission becomes available for the Toyota Bandeirante.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/bestcars/classicos/band-1.htm/|title=E o Toyota passou|publisher=Best Cars Web Site (in Portuguese)}}</ref>
\n* 1994: In Brazil, the Mercedes-Benz OM-364 engine is replaced by the Toyota 14B unit.
\n* 2001: End of [[Toyota Bandeirante|Bandeirante]] production.
\n
\n==Models==
\n[[File:ZPU-2 on a Toyota 40 Series.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A [[ZPU-2]] set on a Toyota 40 series belonging to the Iranian Army during the [[Iran-Iraq War]]]]
\n[[Image:MVC-684F.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A BJ40 in the Gibson Desert in 2006]]
\n
\n*The '''J40/41/42''' was a two-door short wheelbase [[four-wheel-drive]] vehicle, with either a soft or a hardtop (V). It was available with various petrol or diesel (from 1974) engines over its lifetime. It was replaced on most markets from 1984 by the J70 series (70/71).
\n** The '''FJ42''' is 4X2 model, for only The [[Middle East]].
\n*The '''J43/J44/46''' was an extremely rare two-door medium wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, with either a soft or a hard-top (V). It was replaced on most markets from 1984 by the J70 series (73/74).
\n*The '''J45/47''' was a long-wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, available in two-door hardtop or four-door station wagon or two-door pickup models. The 4-door station wagon model (FJ45V-I) was the shortest-lived of the J40 series, as it was replaced by the FJ55G/V in 1967.
\n*The '''Bandeirante''' (OJ50 / 55 / 55 B / 55 2B, BJ50 / 55 / 55 B / 55 2B) was a J40 series built in Brazil by [[Toyota do Brasil Ltda]] from 1959 to 2001. Identical to the BJ40 in almost every respect, it had a few stylistic modifications to the grille (models produced from 1989 on featured square headlights, instead of the round ones used before) and used Mercedes-Benz OM-314/OM-324/OM-364 diesel engines (replaced by Toyota 14B inline 4 direct injection Diesel engine in 1994) for much of its production life.
\n
\n==Paint color codes==
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Code
\n! Color
\n|-
\n| 012
\n| Cygnus White
\n|-
\n| 031
\n| White (?-'80)
\n|-
\n| 033
\n| White ('80-)
\n|-
\n| 113
\n| Health Grey
\n|-
\n| 309
\n| Freeborn Red
\n|-
\n| 414
\n| Buffalo Brown
\n|-
\n| 415
\n| Pueblo Brown
\n|-
\n| 416
\n| Dune Beige
\n|-
\n| 464
\n| Beige<br />Traditional Beige
\n|-
\n| 474
\n| Dark Copper
\n|-
\n| 532
\n| Mustard Yellow
\n|-
\n| 611
\n| Dark Green
\n|-
\n| 621
\n| Rustic Green
\n|-
\n| 622
\n| Nebula Green
\n|-
\n| 653
\n| Sicilian Olive
\n|-
\n| 681
\n| Green<br />(Nicknamed "[[John Deere]] Green")
\n|-
\n| 808
\n| Horizontal Blue
\n|-
\n| 822
\n| Royal Blue
\n|-
\n| 854
\n| Sky Blue
\n|-
\n| 857
\n| Nordic Blue<br />Feel Like Bule
\n|}
\n
\n==Engines==
\nOver the years Toyota has changed the engines used in the J40 series. The B series motor is a 4-cylinder diesel, and the H series a 6-cylinder diesel. The diesel-engined trucks were never sold to the general public in the USA, though some found their way in as mine trucks. The engines are similar, within the series. For example, the F and 2F engines share many of the same parts. However the H and 2H engines have almost nothing in common. There are individual models within the engine series, for example, there is an F125 engine, and an F155 engine, all in the F series with different power ratings. Here is a list of some of them (the power and torque figures may vary depending on the market):
\n
\n{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
\n|+ '''Petrol'''
\n! Engine || Capacity (l) || Power (hp) || Torque || Used
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota F engine|F]] || 3.8 || 105/125 || {{convert|189|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|209|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1960–1975
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota F engine|2F]] || 4.2 || 135 || {{convert|210|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1975–1984
\n|}
\n
\n{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
\n|+ '''Diesel'''
\n! Engine || Capacity (l) || Power (hp) || Torque || Used
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#B|B]] || 3.0 || 85 || {{convert|141|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1974–1979
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#2B|2B]] || 3.2 || 93 || {{convert|159|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1979–1981
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#3B|3B]] || 3.4 || 98 || {{convert|167|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1979–1984
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota H engine#H|H]] || 3.6 || 90 || {{convert|151|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1972–1980
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota H engine#2H|2H]] || 4.0 || 105 || {{convert|177|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1980–1984
\n|-
\n| OM324 || 3.4 || 78 || {{convert|193|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1961–1973 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|-
\n| OM314 || 3.8 || 85 || {{convert|235|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1973–1989 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|-
\n| OM364 || 4.0 || 90 || {{convert|235|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1989–1994 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#14B|14B]] || 3.7 || 96 || {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1994–2001 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|}
\n
\n==Features==
\n[[File:LandCruiserInThorsmoerk.jpg|right|thumb|A 45 Troop Carrier (II) in action]]
\n*While not legal in some countries, most J40 series vehicles could have their roof and doors removed. With a folding windshield this allowed for complete open-air experience.
\n*The J40 Series also featured folding jump seats behind the passenger and drivers seats. These folding seats not only made carrying another 2 passengers possible, but also allowed for maximum cargo space, as opposed to the folding rear seat in the Jeep CJ series.
\n*Original factory winches were driven directly from the transfer case (known as P.T.O. or [[power take off]]) powered by the engine. Later models had an optional electric [[winch]].
\n
\n==Future==
\nThere is a good sized following of people that collect, maintain, and drive their J-series truck off road.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} {{Update after|2010|11|13}} Toyota still offers many replacement parts, {{Update after|2010|11|13}} available through Toyota parts departments worldwide. Many of these trucks find their home in places with severe road conditions as work trucks, where they are used daily by their owners. Its essence lives on in the [[Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series|J70]] series, which is essentially a J40 with an updated front half and slightly different engine offerings, such as a turbo charged diesel. It sells in many countries, but was never for sale in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/10/07/the-infamous-toyota-fj40/|title=The Infamous Toyota FJ40|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> [[File:Toyota FJ Cruiser.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Toyota FJ Cruiser]] For 2006, Toyota introduced the [[Toyota FJ Cruiser|FJ Cruiser]], a modern SUV styled after the original FJ40. The FJ Cruiser (FJC) went on sale in the spring of 2006.
\n
\nEven though its production ended in Brazil many years ago, the Toyota Bandeirante is still very sought after, due to its good off-road performance. Thus Bandeirantes reach high prices in the Brazilian used car market, especially the rare 1993 models which were the only ones fitted with a Mercedes-Benz engine married to a five-speed transmission.
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n==Further reading==
\n*{{cite book|last=Boltrek|first=Josh|title=The History of the Toyota Land Cruiser}}
\n
\n{{toyota}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyota Land Cruiser 40}}
\n[[Category:Toyota Land Cruiser|40]]
\n[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
\n[[Category:SUVs]]
\n
\n[[de:Toyota Bandeirante]]
\n[[fa:تویوتا افجی۴۰]]
\n[[pt:Toyota Bandeirante]]
\n[[fi:Toyota Bandeirante]]
",
"pubDate": "2012-08-19T11:17:51+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)"
},
{
"title": "Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)&diff=508117673",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)&diff=508117673",
"description": "Gregology: Added pic of BJ40 in Gibson Desert
\n
\n{{Infobox automobile
\n| name = Toyota Land Cruiser 40 series
\n| image = [[File:TBJ40.JPG|250px]]<br>''BJ40LV ([[Diesel engine|Diesel]])''
\n| manufacturer = [[Toyota]]
\n| aka = Toyota Bandeirante ([[Brazil]])
\n Toyota Macho ([[Venezuela]])
\n| production = 1960–1984
\n 1959–2001 ([[Brazil]])
\n| predecessor = Toyota J20 series
\n| successor = Toyota J55 and J70 series
\n| class = [[Compact SUV]]
\n| engine = '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:''' 3.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<Br>4.2L [[Straight six engine|I6]]<br>'''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:''' 3.0L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]<br>3.6L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<Br>3.4L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]<br>4.0L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<Br>3.2L [[Inline-four engine|I4]]<br>3.8L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]<br>3.7L [[Straight-six engine|I6]]
\n| layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
\n| body_style = 2-door [[truck]]<br>2-door [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
\n| wheelbase = {{convert|2285|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2430|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}})
\n}}
\n
\nThe '''Toyota J40''' is the model designation for a '''[[Toyota Land Cruiser]] 40 series''' made from 1960 until 1984 (in Brazil, where it was known as the '''Toyota Bandeirante''', it was made from 1959 until 2001). Most 40 series Land Cruisers were built as two-door vehicles with slightly larger dimensions than a [[Jeep CJ]].
\n
\nThe model was available as the FJ40 series (with F engines) and also BJ40/41/42 (short wheelbase), BJ43/44/46 (middle wheelbase) or HJ45/47 (long wheelbase) designation where it had a [[Diesel engine]]. Brazilian built Land Cruisers (Bandeirantes) with Mercedes-Benz engines received OJ50-series model codes.
\n
\nReferences to the series in this article will be to the J40 series unless referring to one of the petrol (FJ40/42 – 2WD) or diesel (BJ4#/HJ4#) models specifically.
\n
\n==History==
\nFor the history of the J series from the original 1951 Toyota '''Jeep BJ''' through the J20 series see [[Toyota Land Cruiser#1950-1959|Land Cruiser History from 1950 to 1955]].
\n* 1960: J40 series launched (wheelbase {{convert|2285|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2430|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}).
\n* 1963: Longer wheelbase ({{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}), FJ45-B, pickup and cab-chassis were added).
\n* 1967: End of four-door FJ45V (I) (w/b {{convert|2650|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}) production, replaced by FJ55 [[Station wagon]]).
\n:: 2-door FJ45-B renamed FJ45 (II) (w/b {{convert|2950|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}).
\n* 1973?: HJ45 launched with the '''H''', 3.6-litre [[Straight-six engine|inline 6-cylinder]] [[diesel engine]].
\n* 1974: BJ40/43 launched with the '''B''', 3.0-litre [[Inline-four engine|inline 4-cylinder]] diesel engine. A factory-fitted roll bar becomes standard in the United States.
\n* 1975: Rear ambulance doors are added to US model FJ40s. The lift gate remains available as an option in other countries.
\n* 1976: [[Disc brakes]] on the front axle.
\n* 1977: Front door vent windows, removed, vent windows on the hard top in the United States
\n* 1979: [[Power steering]] (only F models) and [[air conditioning]] added to the options, gear ratios modified from 4:10 to 3:70 in the United States to be more freeway friendly
\n* 1980: HJ47 launched with a 4.0-liter six-cylinder diesel engine. End of HJ45 production.
\n:: BJ42/46 and BJ45 launched with a 3.4-liter four-cylinder diesel engine.
\n* 1981: [[Power steering]] added on the BJ models to the options, disk brakes added in Australia.
\n* 1984: End of J40 series production (replaced by [[Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series|J70 series]]).
\n* 1993: Five-speed transmission becomes available for the Toyota Bandeirante.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/bestcars/classicos/band-1.htm/|title=E o Toyota passou|publisher=Best Cars Web Site (in Portuguese)}}</ref>
\n* 1994: In Brazil, the Mercedes-Benz OM-364 engine is replaced by the Toyota 14B unit.
\n* 2001: End of [[Toyota Bandeirante|Bandeirante]] production.
\n
\n==Models==
\n[[File:ZPU-2 on a Toyota 40 Series.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A [[ZPU-2]] set on a Toyota 40 series belonging to the Iranian Army during the [[Iran-Iraq War]]]]
\n
\n*The '''J40/41/42''' was a two-door short wheelbase [[four-wheel-drive]] vehicle, with either a soft or a hardtop (V). It was available with various petrol or diesel (from 1974) engines over its lifetime. It was replaced on most markets from 1984 by the J70 series (70/71).
\n** The '''FJ42''' is 4X2 model, for only The [[Middle East]].
\n*The '''J43/J44/46''' was an extremely rare two-door medium wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, with either a soft or a hard-top (V). It was replaced on most markets from 1984 by the J70 series (73/74).
\n*The '''J45/47''' was a long-wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, available in two-door hardtop or four-door station wagon or two-door pickup models. The 4-door station wagon model (FJ45V-I) was the shortest-lived of the J40 series, as it was replaced by the FJ55G/V in 1967.
\n*The '''Bandeirante''' (OJ50 / 55 / 55 B / 55 2B, BJ50 / 55 / 55 B / 55 2B) was a J40 series built in Brazil by [[Toyota do Brasil Ltda]] from 1959 to 2001. Identical to the BJ40 in almost every respect, it had a few stylistic modifications to the grille (models produced from 1989 on featured square headlights, instead of the round ones used before) and used Mercedes-Benz OM-314/OM-324/OM-364 diesel engines (replaced by Toyota 14B inline 4 direct injection Diesel engine in 1994) for much of its production life.
\n
\n==Paint color codes==
\n
\n[[Image:MVC-684F.JPG|right|thumb|A BJ40 in the Gibson Desert in 2006]]
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Code
\n! Color
\n|-
\n| 012
\n| Cygnus White
\n|-
\n| 031
\n| White (?-'80)
\n|-
\n| 033
\n| White ('80-)
\n|-
\n| 113
\n| Health Grey
\n|-
\n| 309
\n| Freeborn Red
\n|-
\n| 414
\n| Buffalo Brown
\n|-
\n| 415
\n| Pueblo Brown
\n|-
\n| 416
\n| Dune Beige
\n|-
\n| 464
\n| Beige<br />Traditional Beige
\n|-
\n| 474
\n| Dark Copper
\n|-
\n| 532
\n| Mustard Yellow
\n|-
\n| 611
\n| Dark Green
\n|-
\n| 621
\n| Rustic Green
\n|-
\n| 622
\n| Nebula Green
\n|-
\n| 653
\n| Sicilian Olive
\n|-
\n| 681
\n| Green<br />(Nicknamed "[[John Deere]] Green")
\n|-
\n| 808
\n| Horizontal Blue
\n|-
\n| 822
\n| Royal Blue
\n|-
\n| 854
\n| Sky Blue
\n|-
\n| 857
\n| Nordic Blue<br />Feel Like Bule
\n|}
\n
\n==Engines==
\nOver the years Toyota has changed the engines used in the J40 series. The B series motor is a 4-cylinder diesel, and the H series a 6-cylinder diesel. The diesel-engined trucks were never sold to the general public in the USA, though some found their way in as mine trucks. The engines are similar, within the series. For example, the F and 2F engines share many of the same parts. However the H and 2H engines have almost nothing in common. There are individual models within the engine series, for example, there is an F125 engine, and an F155 engine, all in the F series with different power ratings. Here is a list of some of them (the power and torque figures may vary depending on the market):
\n
\n{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
\n|+ '''Petrol'''
\n! Engine || Capacity (l) || Power (hp) || Torque || Used
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota F engine|F]] || 3.8 || 105/125 || {{convert|189|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}/{{convert|209|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1960–1975
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota F engine|2F]] || 4.2 || 135 || {{convert|210|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1975–1984
\n|}
\n
\n{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
\n|+ '''Diesel'''
\n! Engine || Capacity (l) || Power (hp) || Torque || Used
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#B|B]] || 3.0 || 85 || {{convert|141|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1974–1979
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#2B|2B]] || 3.2 || 93 || {{convert|159|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1979–1981
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#3B|3B]] || 3.4 || 98 || {{convert|167|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1979–1984
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota H engine#H|H]] || 3.6 || 90 || {{convert|151|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1972–1980
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota H engine#2H|2H]] || 4.0 || 105 || {{convert|177|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1980–1984
\n|-
\n| OM324 || 3.4 || 78 || {{convert|193|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1961–1973 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|-
\n| OM314 || 3.8 || 85 || {{convert|235|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1973–1989 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|-
\n| OM364 || 4.0 || 90 || {{convert|235|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1989–1994 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|-
\n| [[Toyota B engine#14B|14B]] || 3.7 || 96 || {{convert|240|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} || 1994–2001 ''(Bandeirante)''
\n|}
\n
\n==Features==
\n[[File:LandCruiserInThorsmoerk.jpg|right|thumb|A 45 Troop Carrier (II) in action]]
\n*While not legal in some countries, most J40 series vehicles could have their roof and doors removed. With a folding windshield this allowed for complete open-air experience.
\n*The J40 Series also featured folding jump seats behind the passenger and drivers seats. These folding seats not only made carrying another 2 passengers possible, but also allowed for maximum cargo space, as opposed to the folding rear seat in the Jeep CJ series.
\n*Original factory winches were driven directly from the transfer case (known as P.T.O. or [[power take off]]) powered by the engine. Later models had an optional electric [[winch]].
\n
\n==Future==
\nThere is a good sized following of people that collect, maintain, and drive their J-series truck off road.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} {{Update after|2010|11|13}} Toyota still offers many replacement parts, {{Update after|2010|11|13}} available through Toyota parts departments worldwide. Many of these trucks find their home in places with severe road conditions as work trucks, where they are used daily by their owners. Its essence lives on in the [[Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series|J70]] series, which is essentially a J40 with an updated front half and slightly different engine offerings, such as a turbo charged diesel. It sells in many countries, but was never for sale in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/10/07/the-infamous-toyota-fj40/|title=The Infamous Toyota FJ40|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> [[File:Toyota FJ Cruiser.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Toyota FJ Cruiser]] For 2006, Toyota introduced the [[Toyota FJ Cruiser|FJ Cruiser]], a modern SUV styled after the original FJ40. The FJ Cruiser (FJC) went on sale in the spring of 2006.
\n
\nEven though its production ended in Brazil many years ago, the Toyota Bandeirante is still very sought after, due to its good off-road performance. Thus Bandeirantes reach high prices in the Brazilian used car market, especially the rare 1993 models which were the only ones fitted with a Mercedes-Benz engine married to a five-speed transmission.
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n==Further reading==
\n*{{cite book|last=Boltrek|first=Josh|title=The History of the Toyota Land Cruiser}}
\n
\n{{toyota}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyota Land Cruiser 40}}
\n[[Category:Toyota Land Cruiser|40]]
\n[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
\n[[Category:SUVs]]
\n
\n[[de:Toyota Bandeirante]]
\n[[fa:تویوتا افجی۴۰]]
\n[[pt:Toyota Bandeirante]]
\n[[fi:Toyota Bandeirante]]
",
"pubDate": "2012-08-19T11:23:08+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)"
},
{
"title": "Talk:Comparison of online backup services",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Comparison_of_online_backup_services&diff=508605660",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Comparison_of_online_backup_services&diff=508605660",
"description": "Gregology: /* External hard drive support for Dropbox */ new section
\n
\n{{Talk header}}
\n{{Findsourcesnotice|online backup service}}
\n
\n==Stand-alone list issue==
\n
\nOn this page is a comparison grid. For this comparison grid to be useful to readers, I propose that it be allowed to be comprehensive. That means it might list "less notable" backup providers. First, it is a matter of opinion who the most notable providers are. And besides, less notable providers often offer unique distinguishing features in order to try and compete with the big guys. Not all of these second tier providers really need (or even merit) a specific Wikipedia page. Which means linking directly to their website as the source of information. For a comparison grid, the vendor website is in fact the authoritative reference or source for information. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 21:14, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nPlus, providers will as a mater of practice come to this page and add their own services. I think it impractical to police that, and harmful to do so. While there have been many removals of providers from this list in the past, I propose removals stop. Your thoughts? [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 21:14, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please do not add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced]] or [[Wikipedia:No original research|original content]]. Doing so violates Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability policy]]. If you continue to do so, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced3 --> --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 22:18, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nI feel the material I have added is properly sourced, as noted above. I will open a dispute, as this discussion is going in loops. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 00:27, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nNote as a test, I created both a grid entry and a Wikipedia page for a minor vendor. This grid entry was not deleted. My source was the same for the disputed entries and this entry: the vendor website. I invite additional voices to this debate. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 01:26, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose''' the addition of entries that do not have Wikipedia articles. For a precedent, look at [[List of search engines]], which includes only search engines that have their own articles. On its Talk page it has the banner {{tl|stand-alone list}}, which has the message ''Please only add subjects that have a Wikipedia article or evidence of notability.'' [[User:EdJohnston|EdJohnston]] ([[User talk:EdJohnston|talk]]) 01:40, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
\n*'''Oppose''' as well. Wikipedia is not an [[WP:IINFO|indiscriminate collection of information]] and we have no duty to report on every single service in existance without regard for its notability (in the broad sense and also the [[WP:N|Wikipedia meaning]]. In addition, independant sources are most preferred, and are required for having a standalone article. I think having a bluelink-only list will give a strict criteria for what belongs here and won't give any wiggle room for the development of [[WP:LISTCRUFT|listcruft]]. '''[[User:Themfromspace|<font color="blue">Them</font>]][[User talk:Themfromspace|<font color="red">From</font>]][[Special:Contributions/themfromspace|<font color="black">Space</font>]]''' 01:04, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
\n*I only '''Oppose''' entries that do not have a Wikipedia article. However, I would commend you for creating Wikipedia articles for any entities you want to put on this list, and then putting them on the list. I checked the articles for many of these providers and they were scant but sufficient for me, and I also agree that in time users of the providers will contribute to even small articles. I would hope that the list looks exactly as you want it someday, but the articles should come first. [[User:Bluerasberry|Bluerasberry]] ([[User talk:Bluerasberry|talk]]) 20:08, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
\n* '''Oppose''' via [[WP:NOTABILITY]] && [[WP:NOT]] [[User:Bobwrits|Bobwrits]] ([[User talk:Bobwrits|talk]]) 03:46, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Any sources at all for [[SugarSync]]? ==
\n
\nPer [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_online_backup_services&curid=19192569&diff=285979389&oldid=285854872 this edit], an IP claims that ''SugarSync is very notable! Many articles have reported about that. It's one of the best services.'' Unless *actual* sources are forthcoming, I recommend that [[SugarSync]] be again removed from this list. [[SugarSync]] is at present the only red-linked entry in the table. [[User:EdJohnston|EdJohnston]] ([[User talk:EdJohnston|talk]]) 04:36, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
\n:It seems there's actually a lot of [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%2BSugarSync+source%3A%22-newswire%22+source%3A%22-wire%22+source%3A%22-presswire%22+source%3A%22-PR%22+source%3A%22-press%22+source%3A%22-release%22+source%3A%22-wikipedia%22&btnG=Search+Archives sources] for this service, including an article from the [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/technology/personaltech/27pogue.html New York Times], which I'll probably use to support notability. If users adding content can find notability in the same way it will save further complications. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 08:54, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n----
\nUser Hm2k has removed a half dozen services from this list, claiming they are not notable. What criteria can we use for notability, other than Hm2k's opinion? Existence of a wikipedia article on the company should (I feel) not be sufficient to merit notability -- especially since an editor can simply create a Wikipedia article, thus self-referentially creating "notability". I feel that unique features are a form of notability. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 05:17, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:It's '''nothing''' to do with my opinion it's to do with Wikipedia's '''guidelines'''. Your failure to read what I have ''clearly'' given you about the guidelines is getting tiresome. For something to be notable, it must either have an '''article on wikipedia''' or a '''reference to a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]''' as I have done for SugarSync as you can clearly see above and on the article itself. Also note that Wikipedia articles can only exist if they are have reliable sources for notability, thus Wikipedia articles are sufficient notability. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 08:43, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
\n::If SugarSync is notable, write an article about it. That can be the only clear and indisputable criteria for this list. Without an article, it does not belong. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 15:02, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::So fix it. Write the article. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 15:14, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n::::I have neither the desire nor the inclination to create an article about a company that I have no knowledge of. My point is simply that until it is the subject of an article, it doesn't have the proven notability required for inclusion. This is a very easy way to weed out non-notable entries from the list. What other criteria is more idiot proof than this? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 15:26, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::Even an idiot can see that it has a reliable source as a reference to prove notability... --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 15:31, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\nIs it not rational, by Wikipedia standards, that an indisputable way to ensure notability is to have an article on a subject? Since the first line in this list is "This is a list of notable online backup services..." doesn't it stand to reason that this statement means that the listed services are notable by Wikipedia standards? Why is there some sense of urgency to include this item in the list just for the sake of having another service listed that doesn't link to an informative article on the subject? Why not wait until there is an article on the subject to include it? Including this item, supported by marginal coverage in a reliable source (isn't it really just a review), opens the door for argument for including any other service that has ever had a mention in a newspaper. How does this increase the value of the list? This is not notability by Wikipedia standards. Let's wait for an article supported by multiple, non-trivial, third party reliable sources. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 16:08, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:I don't really care what your opinion is. Wikipedia policy states ''create red links to articles you intend to create''. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 16:39, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n::I don't think I used the statement "in my opinion" anywhere here. And by your tone I can see you have no intention of making a reasoned, rational argument. If your argument ends at "because it says I can" without regard for context then I guess we cannot form consensus on the issue without [[WP:RFC]] or [[WP:DR]]. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:07, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\nNo consensus needs to be drawn, the policy is very clear on this matter. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 19:00, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:I'm afraid that we are at an impasse and need third party input. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 19:25, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== On the exclusion of SugarSync on the basis of stand-alone list argument==
\n
\nAs an uninvolved editor on the SugarSync issue, in my '''third opinion''': It is unclear why "SugarSync" cannot feature in this list. After all it is currently a list of services, which makes the debate redundant whether this particular service is notable or not. At the moment there is a strong inconsistency between the content and title of this article. Editors should consider to rename the article to ''List_of_notable_online_backup_services''. However, it remains questionable what exactly a notable online backup services is (and whether such a distinction is meaningful in the first place for a ''list''). For instance, www.sugarsync.com appears to be notable through its website presence. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 09:59, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:Stand-alone lists are lists of notable items because they "consist of a list or a group of lists, linking to articles or lists in a particular subject area". As the banner at the top of this page clearly states "This is a stand-alone list. Please only add subjects that have a Wikipedia article or evidence of notability." The statement at the top of the article reaffirms that "This is a list of notable online backup services". If we did not use the basic Wikipedia notability criteria, existence of an article, we would end up with an indiscriminate collection of information, which Wikipedia is [[WP:NOT|not]]. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 10:27, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:: Yes, that appears be exactly the issue here. A banner on the top does not make it automatically true and therefore notable! Looking at the articles that feature in this list, I find it difficult to see how these services are particularly "notable" in the public domain. All they have is a website and the occasional mentioning in some "PC magazines". (confer: google or amazon) An own article in wikipedia does not automatically mean that the subject is of good notability. A normal list exactly servers the purpose of collecting information, without ending up with an indiscriminate array of data. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 10:42, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::We do have an imperfect system, but one can reasonably state by Wikipedia standards that if a subject has an article, then the community has deemed it notable if the article does not get deleted. The banners do not confer notability, they state that items ''should'' be notable prior to being added to the list. My concern is that if we have a list of redlinks, we are not providing value to the reader. If it's supposed to be a list of notable items, they should meet a minimum notability litmus test, being the subject of an article. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 10:52, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::: Yes, I agree that an entry in Wikipedia means that community has deemed it notable. However, there is a problem with this argument: that is if there NO Wikipedia article (yet) that the subject is NOT notable. If that is your whole reason for inclusion in a stand-alone list, you appear to operate on rather thin grounds -- moving towards a self-referential encyclopedia. I suggest to think again and state how on this particular instance, the featured services in the list are different --outside wikipedia-- to the proposed entry of SugarSync. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:08, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::Generally speaking, it is a matter of consistency. If all the items link to articles, you presumably can get a concise, objective summary of what each item is. You're not clicking on some internal links and some external links to potentially biased web sites. I am clearly not alone in my view of this as you can see from the oppose comments in the section above on this same topic. There is clear precedent for this. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 11:14, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
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\n:::::: Regardless of precedences, editors need to think what the value of this list should be. I say, would the value of a list of such services not be exactly providing a comprehensive overview of what is out there. If there is further (in-depth) information through own entry ever better. On this specific instance, not to go for such an overview format may raise the question whether some editors have a vested interest to exclude some list entries over others. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:18, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
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\n:::::::Because of the previous discussions and precedent, I think any consensus we came to here would not stand up to a wider challenge. For example, if I suggested that the word "notable" be removed from the lead, I suspect that would be challenged when other interested parties stumble on it. In order to form durable consensus, perhaps this needs to be opened to wider input. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 11:34, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
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\n::::::: Thanks! Good Idea. I also summaries one of the key issues in a new section. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:57, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nA WP search for Sugarsync comes up with 3 uses as of this date. the product is discussed in the article on the company marketing it. When i am curious about writing an article on a new subject, i routinely search for the term here on WP, and find each use that is related to my understanding of it, then i redlink them with edit summary "redlink for future article". i then make a note to myself to one day write the article. if i dont find any use on WP of the term except in lists, i would remove the term from any stand alone lists. if i find lots of uses here, then its a surefire article that hasnt been written yet, and i would leave it in a stand alone list with some info on notabiility, if nothing else a piped link to an article than mentions it. for sugarsync, im inclined to include it in the table, with a piped link to the company, but i would also try to improve that article. What i like is when i see only a few redlinks, where there is some effort to show notability so i can go "oh, yes, that deserves an article, i hope someone will write it soon" rather than "what the hell is this? is this just promotional, or was it added by someone who doesnt understand notability?" too many redlinks could mean its an indiscriminate list. of course, sheer numbers arent the only guide, but its a good indicator that a list needs attention. and i prefer to not use the word "notable" as thats too often just shorthand for WP inclusion guidelines, and we dont want self reference. more of a style point to me. the word does of course fit.[[User:Mercurywoodrose|Mercurywoodrose]] ([[User talk:Mercurywoodrose|talk]]) 18:55, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n==The use of "Stand-alone_list" for this article==
\nThe community has currently [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone_list|agreed]] to use Stand alone lists to link wikipedia "articles that primarily consist of a list or a group of lists, linking to articles or lists in a particular subject area, such as a timeline of events or people and places". The above discussions now raise the point whether online backup services does constitute a "subject area" (such as a timeline of events or people and places). Also the section [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone_list#Lists_of_people| on list of people]] make it clear that a criteria of notability should be used for inclusion. So if this would be applied to this list as a "list of things", it raises the question what is a notable online backup services. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:57, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
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\n==RFC on notability required for inclusion in this list article==
\nA dispute exists as to the notability requirements for inclusion of services in this list article. Is a mention in a reliable source sufficient, or should the existence of a Wikipedia article be the requirement? See above sections for discussion and history. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 13:18, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
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\n:I'm still wondering as to why one specific service was not allowed to feature in this stand a lone list? Is this a form extreme exclusionism? What I had ask in this above thread, what would be the purpose of such a list and I thought to give a good overview. To be an index and if more information in for of linked articles the better it would be. Merely to exclude because there is not (yet) an article is not reasonable for a list. After all NOT have a wikipedia article is NOT an indication of NOT being notable. If this is supposed to be a list about existing articles it should be reflected the name as I suggest above. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 16:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n::I have an online backup service. It is called ''Mufka's Backup Service''. Can I be listed? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:28, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::No. Compare the two: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=a&rls=b%3Ad%3Aunofficial&q=Mufka%27s+Backup+Service&aq=f&oq=&aqi= http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=a&rls=b%3Ad%3Aunofficial&q=SugarSync&aq=f&oq=&aqi= [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:35, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::In two weeks I guarantee I can have a search result. Will I be notable then? I don't think I would be. We have established criteria for notability on Wikipedia. Rather than getting into a notability argument for every service that might be added to the list, why not fall back on the existing system for establishing notability. A service can't have an article unless it is notable. If it has an article, we don't even have to have a discussion. If an article is written about a service that might be borderline, we have systems for getting community consensus on notability. Why drag those discussions out of where they belong and into this forum? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:43, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::: Yes, I guess, you could have an entry once you get your service up running properly. (I don't know how long it takes to become notable with this kind of service and whether this can be done in two weeks.) The problem with your argument is that you take wikipedia as the yard stick for the (outside) world, rather than the world as the yard stick for wikipedia. Wikipedia is trying to be about the world and the people and things encountered there. When the community decides whether an article can enter wikipedia, it tries to estimate whether people ''outside wikipedia in general'' think so and not whether inside this forum somebody thinks so in isolation to outside. In other words, a reference to a good article is nothing else but a reference to the outside world. That's why we value references. One thing for sure, if a proper article exists, notability can mostly be assumed as you rightly suggest. Yet, it cannot be the other way around, if there is no entry, you cannot assume there is no notability. Ironically, the entry in question, has about 10 times more hits on google than some other entries in the list that I probed. So once you get your service up and running and write a nice article about it, it would be in... On a serious note, my point is: because someone has not bothered to write a fully-fledged article, but makes a start to add it to a ''list'', I cannot see how the quality of this encyclopedia is endangered. On the contrary, I believe the currently practised exclusion of this one service on the grounds of not having an wikipedia entry is a form of '''extreme exlusionism'''. It jeopardises the very point of a ''list'' to give an overview, neither ending up with an array of stubs, or with nothing. Not following this practice, would allow a high degree of quality while still being rather inclusive: a moderate position. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 21:41, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::Again, I think you are misinformed about what governs what is notable in the context of Wikipedia. Notability is a purely Wikipedia judgment and it is determined by the community and codified in Wikipedia policy. It seems that the concept of using the existence of an article as criteria for a list is new to you. This is very widely used. We are not making lists of things that are of note to the world. We are making lists of things that are notable by Wikipedia's definition. Making a list of "things" whose existence is justified only by some link to an external web site, diminishes the value of Wikipedia in general because we're sending viewers soemwhere else to view content rather than satisfying them internally. Wikipedia is [[WP:NOTLINK|not a collection of links]]. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 23:14, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::Again, you seem to miss the point. Yes, its is fine to have lists about articles.
\n::::::If notability is purely a wikipedia judgement, what would this judgement be base upon? An '''alarming interpretation''', bordering on this self-referntiality, you are suggesting. Indeed, wikipedia is [[WP:NOTLINK|not a collection of links]], it is based on [[Wikipedia:Citing_sources| the citation of sources]]. Citations you may have noticed are outwards and not inwards. ''Citations are in relation to the world'' and the objects/ concepts found there. You appear to defend a rather extreme position. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 23:32, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::The judgment of notability is itself made on the bases of cited sources; using it as a criterion is an easy shortcut for testing whether an entry is significant. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 10:30, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::: Agree. So a list entry with (lets say two, three) citations, but no article (yet) should be allowed on the list. Isn't what are you saying? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 10:51, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::Actually, looking at the article, I see no major issues (besides the one list not being integrated into the table). What necessitated the RfC in the first place? Should it remain open? --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 11:04, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::::::::Have a quick look, there is a note inside on top of the article's source stating that only entries with an existing wikipedia article are permitted to feature in this list. The RFC was made as an entry in the list was persistently removed: deemed not "notable" enough (as there no own wikipedia article yet) despite citation in the New York Times (<ref> http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/technology/personaltech/27pogue.html?_r=1</ref> e.g.) . An absurd situation. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 17:15, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n*Entries should have Wikipedia articles. It's a frequently-used, non-arbitrary, and quite reasonable way of deciding inclusion. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 21:25, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:Sounds rather arbitrary to me. In fact, one suspects some form of double standard, where "lists" supposedly have a differenent standard than articles themselve. Or will we hear next that the requirement for an arctile in wikipedia is another article in wikipedia?
\n:I begin to wonder whether some editors, here, have a vested interest to exclude some entries over others. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 10:19, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::There's generally an interest in Wikipedia not being used as advertising. Other than that, you can't be sure of much else, so diverse is Wikipedia's editorship. [[WP:N|Notability]] is a consistent, objective standard. Other lists may use looser criteria because they're less prone to abuse or cruft accumulation. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 10:27, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
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\nIt appears that there still is some dispute as to what criteria should be used for inclusion in this article. Discussion needs to continue so that edit warring does not continue. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 17:01, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Discussion on list article to be a "standalone list"==
\n
\nThe above discussions raise the point whether "online backup services" does constitute a "subject area" (such as a timeline of events or people and places) and therefore permits the use of strict "standalone list" criteria in the first place. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 13:45, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:This list very clearly falls under the guideline for [[WP:SAL|stand-alone lists]]. It is a list linking to articles in a particular subject area. The subject area is online backup services. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 14:56, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n
\n:Please explain how you came to the conclusion that [[List of online backup services]] does not qualify as a stand alone list? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 14:49, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n::"Online backup services" does NOT constitute
\n
\n{{cquote|lists in a particular subject area, such as a timeline of events or people and places."}}
\n
\n::The criteria on this page [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone_list]] is rather explicit. You may say "computing" or "computers" are subject areas. There might even be a case for a subject called "backup" or "services", I suppose. Yet, "online backup services" I would say is not a subject. It is something specific. I think the spirit in terms of the broadness in the section on stand-alone list says it all: "timeline of events or people and places". You may add there "''groups'' of technical ''artefacts'' or ''concepts''" OBS doe not meet this IMHO. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros#top|talk]]) 15:06, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n::If you are merely saying that this is a stand-alone list that merely links ''existing articles'' on OBS within wikipedia, than this list must be renamed to [[List_of_notable_online_backup_services]], because this list is clearly not about OBS but only "notable ones" (what ever this means) as seen above [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 15:12, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n
\n:::This is a very strange reading of the stand alone list guideline. If we were to go by your interpretation, examples listed on the guideline itself such as [[List of social networking websites]] would not be 'lists'. More clearly: online backup services is a list subject, and there is no need to insert the word notable in the title. - [[User:MrOllie|MrOllie]] ([[User talk:MrOllie|talk]]) 15:23, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::: Who said this list was as a stand alone list? Did I miss something? If you read the section on ''general'' formatting where it mentions [[List of social networking websites]]:
\n{{cquote|There are a number of formats, both generalized and specialized, that are currently used on Wikipedia, for list articles.}}
\n::::I would say, it is an example of formatting and NOT of what constitutes a list stand-alone-list. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 15:27, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::I am quite puzzled by your interpretation of the guideline. I guess the best way to approach it is by asking why is it ''not'' a subject area? Additionally, I think you are putting too much emphasis on the weight of the "such as" criteria. This is just an example, not a restriction. Perhaps you could give an example of a good stand-alone list for comparison. Also, please consider using the preview button while you are deciding on what to write. It helps reduce edit conflicts and keeps me from having to change my response for every new addition you make during the time I'm writing. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 15:44, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n:::::: Sorry about the version conflict from my side! Good examples are (for subjects area): [[Lists_of_philosophers]] or [[Deaths_in_2007]] Also very good example (not being a subject) is [[List_of_mathematics_articles_(0-9)]]. If you would say everything and anything could be a stand-alond list, what would the different from a normal list? I think the guideline are not well defined. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 15:54, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n:::::::OK. So the guideline has gone from "rather explicit" to "not well defined". I think we're making progress. So what makes philosophers different from online backup services? What if we were talking about computer manufacturers, internet service providers, or childrens' book publishers. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 16:00, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n:::::::: Step by step. I apologizes, the guideline are not well defined ''in the relation to'' normal lists and its very purpose of lstand-alone lists. The difference was supposed to be one is general and the other is specific. If you read the section on people it clearly states notability---back to square one! So, you could have a [[List_of_articles_about_online_backup_services]]. May I ask you again, what is the difference between a normal and a stand-alone list? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 16:17, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::What your asking is the difference between [[WP:EMBED|embedded lists]] and [[WP:SAL|stand-alone lists]]. Those are the only two types of lists there are. Embedded lists are a part of a larger article. Stand alone lists are articles that just contain a list. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 16:31, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::::::::Thanks for clarifying this. In this case it is clearly a case of an embeded list as this list is merley an extension of this article [[online_backup_services]] [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:13, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::::Wait a minute! You have entirely misunderstood. This ''is'' a stand-alone list. An embedded list would be a list of online backup services contained in an article about online backup. This article is ''only a list''. There is no content other than the list. Just because it is in a fancy table doesn't make it not a list. And stop adding and removing the tag. Until we agree on what it means, this discussion is still ongoing. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:26, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
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\n::::::::::: I see. So it is really a question about notability. Sorry about the confusion. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:38, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::::::::::Forgive me for thinking that you are being coy. But that comment just doesn't match any of my statements on this subject. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:48, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::::::Not sure what you mean. But I would like to retract my RFC on the list issue. I think, I was not clear about the two types of lists. You rightly suggested at the very first instance when I placed this RFC that there must be a confusion. I would like to retract, as it would takes us away from the serious issues discussed above in the first RFC. What else would it be if not a list? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 21:50, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::Is the list of Online Backup Services of potential benefit to the global Community? Yes. Is notability important? Yes. If an item is contested tag it for citation rather than deleting it. We are not limited by storage capacity on Wikimedia projects, remember.
\n:::<font color="Green">[[User:B9 hummingbird hovering|B9 hummingbird hovering]]</font><sup> ([[User talk:B9 hummingbird hovering|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/B9 hummingbird hovering|contribs]])</sup> 19:28, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Dedicated Exclusionism ==
\n
\n{{cquote|Please do not add weblinks or examples which do not have Wikipedia articles. They will be removed immediately and you will only be wasting time for yourself and the person who cleans up after you.}}
\n
\nI strongly disagree with this note.
\n
\nAs explained before, NOT having a wikipedia article is NOT an indication of NOT being notable. In the discussions above, I explained that notability within wikipedia is normally determined by citations.
\n
\n[[user:Cybercobra]] seemed to agree, in the discussion and as a matter of fact asked what the point was of the RfC in the first place. Nobody has argued anything to the contrary following my discussion with Cybercobra. Nobody has reacted to [[user:B9 hummingbird hovering]]'s comment argument for inclusion. I assume consensus and will remove the offending note. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 17:12, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:Notability must be established somehow, requiring a wikipedia article is as good a metric as any. As for B9 hummingbird hovering's comment, well, that would be the product of [[WP:CANVASS|improper canvassing]], [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AB9_hummingbird_hovering&diff=472573&oldid=472093 wouldn't it?] Your summary here seems to disagree with this quote from Cybercobra up the page: 'Entries should have Wikipedia articles. It's a frequently-used, non-arbitrary, and quite reasonable way of deciding inclusion.' - [[User:MrOllie|MrOllie]] ([[User talk:MrOllie|talk]]) 17:21, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::Canvassing? Two friendly notes, neutrally worded and open... [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AB9_hummingbird_hovering&diff=472573&oldid=472093] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SimonP&diff=prev&oldid=311849272] to two different people. (B9 hummingbird hovering, specifically expressed to be contacted on wikiversity [[User_talk:B9_hummingbird_hovering]].)
\n
\n::With regard to your quote of Cybercobra, more than 12hours later Cybercobra stated the following, after I explained that citation should be enough:
\n{{cquote|Actually, looking at the article, I see no major issues (besides the one list not being integrated into the table). What necessitated the RfC in the first place?}}
\n
\n::At the moment, I looks like we have to start a mediation process. Would you like to go for it? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 17:41, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::Perhaps before we start this, would anybody have to have a look through here again [[Wikipedia:N]]. I think, it says here inclusion in other Wikipedia articles does not establish notability. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:24, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nFirst, please do not assume consensus when consensus clearly does not exist. Second, I think you are misrepresenting Cybercobra's comments. He can certainly chime in to clarify, but his statement that there were no major issues with the article was clearly in reference to its [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_online_backup_services&oldid=311885627 then current state] (which did not include any entries without articles). He later states that "entries should have Wikipedia articles." This seems very clear to me. Your statement from WP:N that "inclusion in other Wikipedia articles does not establish notability" is a misinterpretation too. That means that the fact that something is mentioned in an article does not make it notable. Being the subject of an article, which is what we're talking about, absolutely establishes notability. This RFC has two more weeks on it. Let's be patient. More input may be forthcoming. There is no hurry. And yes, your canvassing was inappropriate. The statement "moving towards extreme exclusionism" is clearly biased and targeting an inclusionist, out of the blue, who has never edited this topic is clearly inappropriate. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:55, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:I have noted your valuable comment on patients. Thanks. With regard to the acusation of canvassing, I like to point out are quoting me rather selectively. I said:
\n
\n{{cquote|Some form of extreme exclusionism appears to emerge...}}
\n
\n:N.b. I am not saying it does.. I appears to me. Moreover, within the very same sentence continue by merely stating facts of previous discussions, asking others for input on the matter. It worth noting that this discussion is not about a specific online backup service to be included or not, it is about wider issues of self-referentially and proper citations.
\n
\n{{cquote| where people argue that items on lists (ie SAL) are only permitted if they have a wikipedia article, otherwise they are not deemed worthy for inclusion.}}
\n
\n:Please, lets try to remain level-headed over this and see what we can do together. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 19:33, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nPer talkpage request for clarification of my opinion: In order to keep the list from becoming spammy, some sort of metrtsd is needed, notability would seem to be the appropriate one. To prove notability, per [[WP:N]], significant coverage in multiple reliable sources is required. This can either be established by putting citations next to the entry in the list of by the entry having a Wikipedia article (where it is presumed notability is demonstrated thereon by the same sort of citations; if not, the article can be taken to AfD). In essence: entries should be notable, and the presence of a Wikipedia article is a useful shortcut to checking that, but it is not itself the metric. That said, if an entry in the list is truly notable, why shouldn't it have its own article? It would not be unreasonable to ask someone to make a stub before adding an entry to the list. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 22:04, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:I agree with Cybercobra. The notability guidelines are an adequate way of making sure this list only covers important services. I'm sure exeptions can be made for individual entries that don't have articles, but opening the flood gates to allow any such service a place on the chart will lead to an unhelpful table with undue weight placed on certain entries. '''[[User:Themfromspace|<font color="blue">Them</font>]][[User talk:Themfromspace|<font color="red">From</font>]][[Special:Contributions/themfromspace|<font color="black">Space</font>]]''' 05:17, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:: Absolutely the notability guidelines are adequate, as they demand proper citation and the rest. ''They do NOT demand existing wikipedia entries to be included in a list in wikipedia.'' [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 20:32, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::: I have now changed the article's editor note to the following:
\n
\n::: {{cquote|Please do not add weblinks or examples without an existing wikipedia article, or proper and credible citations. They will be removed immediately and you will only be wasting time for yourself and the person who cleans up after you.}}
\n
\n::: If this is not acceptable to others let us now please proceed to mediation. Thank you for everybody's effort. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:08, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== integrity checking? ==
\n
\nI bet some or all of the listed backup services do no integrity checking of the transferred data whatsoever. Silent data corruption is a HUGE problem, and that doesn't include all the opportunities for corruption in transferred data:
\n
\nhttp://blogs.zdnet.com/storage/?p=191
\n
\nSomebody please look into this. If they aren't doing integrity checking, and preferably repair (using methods similar to [[quickpar]]), then the data could be junk and no one would know it.
\n
\nI did find that Wuala uses "erasure codes" and "reed solomon codes", which is similar to quickpar, so maybe wuala is one that does do integrity checking?
\n
\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xKZ4KGkQY8
\n
\n[[User:Qwasty|Qwasty]] ([[User talk:Qwasty|talk]]) 05:37, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n: Surprise! Jungle disk will do everything but backup files larger than 5GB. If you do video editing, or anything else that involves large files, you can't use many of these backup services.
\n
\n: [[User:Qwasty|Qwasty]] ([[User talk:Qwasty|talk]]) 05:37, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Signification of columns==
\nWhat is the signification of L, U, M columns ? A description should be written
\n
\n== Most important information missing! ==
\n
\nThe most important information is missing: Price, total storage limit and file size limit for individual files. Also the table is mostly incomplete in the other sections. --[[Special:Contributions/84.178.103.86|84.178.103.86]] ([[User talk:84.178.103.86|talk]]) 22:21, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n---Agreed. I think many users would appreciate at least a brief price guide. For someone looking for price compared to other options, it would take forever to do so. [[Special:Contributions/24.192.138.13|24.192.138.13]] ([[User talk:24.192.138.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n:No. Please read [[WP:PRICE]]. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 01:47, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nI think the most important piece of information that is missing is the storage size limit for each service in its unpaid version (for example, with Ubuntu One the value would be 2GB).
\n
\n[[User:512upload|512upload]] ([[User talk:512upload|talk]]) 18:50, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n== Add www.rsync.net? ==
\nThere service seems to have a couple neat features
\n--[[Special:Contributions/91.47.184.13|91.47.184.13]] ([[User talk:91.47.184.13|talk]]) 00:03, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
\n:<!-- begin Template:Uw-sofixit -->Thank you for your suggestion{{#if:| regarding [[:{{{1}}}]]}}. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a [[wiki]], so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the '''{{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}''' link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be bold in updating pages]]. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out [[Wikipedia:how to edit a page|''how to edit a page'']], or use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] to try out your editing skills. [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|New contributors are always welcome]]. You don't even need to [[Special:Userlogin|log in]] (although there are [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|many reasons why you might want to]]).<!-- end Template:Uw-sofixit --> --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 22:00, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nHow about LiveDrive? I heard about it, but would like to see how it compares to these others. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/174.30.144.246|174.30.144.246]] ([[User talk:174.30.144.246|talk]]) 04:52, 8 March 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== tarsnap ==
\nWould someone mind including tarsnap service, [http://www.tarsnap.com]? <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.228.68.232|68.228.68.232]] ([[User talk:68.228.68.232|talk]]) 03:48, 11 March 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n:Sure, just [[WP:1ST|create the article first]].
\n:<!-- begin Template:Uw-sofixit -->Thank you for your suggestion{{#if:| regarding [[:{{{1}}}]]}}. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a [[wiki]], so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the '''{{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}''' link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be bold in updating pages]]. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out [[Wikipedia:how to edit a page|''how to edit a page'']], or use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] to try out your editing skills. [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|New contributors are always welcome]]. You don't even need to [[Special:Userlogin|log in]] (although there are [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|many reasons why you might want to]]).<!-- end Template:Uw-sofixit -->
\n:--[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 10:05, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n== box.net, box.com ==
\ncould someone add box.net [[Box.net]] <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/202.3.120.4|202.3.120.4]] ([[User talk:202.3.120.4|talk]]) 13:04, 23 August 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nYes please, add box.net. Sharing options are very powerful. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/81.47.192.162|81.47.192.162]] ([[User talk:81.47.192.162|talk]]) 07:24, 10 February 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nAgreed, Box.com = Box.net is a valuable online storage service. http://www.box.com/about-us/ <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Mithaca|Mithaca]] ([[User talk:Mithaca|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithaca|contribs]]) 06:56, 16 April 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Data privacy ==
\n
\nThe meaning of column titled Encryption has diluted. Earlier denoted as ref K and explained as encryption against all parties other than the user itself (including provider) does not stand. When the data is truly private, provider cannot know what is stored and if the user's key is lost, cannot recover the data. Encryption during transfer and while stored helps against third parties but does not guarantee privacy as the provider can unlock the data whenever it wants if they have the key. I suggest a column for privacy although I do not have time to populate it with data. Easiest way to find that out might be to ask the provider if they are able to recover the data when the key is lost. [[User:Tazpa|Tazpa]] ([[User talk:Tazpa|talk]]) 08:06, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n:Completely agree: There is NO distinction as to whether data is private or not. This is an important bit of info missing from this comparison. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/216.13.37.10|216.13.37.10]] ([[User talk:216.13.37.10|talk]]) 17:22, 14 July 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n:{{Agree}} Encryption should be defined as whether the data stored encrypted or not. Whether or not it uses a secure transfer protocol (such as [[SSL]]) is an entirely different matter. The two cannot and should not be confused or combined. I think in most cases it can be assumed that some kind of [[TLS]] is used so that is probably not note worthy. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 21:53, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nSeems to me that as long as the privacy is provided through encryption, this column can still easily serve that purpose, and seems to be doing so now (probably more legibly than by adding another column). What is needed, though, is an expanded "Legend" for footnote "2 Encryption". Currently, it indicates that a "Yes" in that column means only that a service encrypts data in storage and transport; however, the column has entries saying "Partial; transmission and storage only"--suggesting that at least one more factor is needed for an unqualified "Yes". So, the Encryption column's footnote needs to name and describe that other factor, and if it's privacy, then some explanation is needed. Perhaps the revised footnote might read, "Encryption - Data encryption applies to all data during transport and storage, and data privacy is ensured because the service provider does not have the key to decrypt the data." --[[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) 10:52, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:{{Agree}} I also agree for the "Privacy" column that means that the storage provider does not have access to your data. Adding a legend as [[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) is too confusing as communication encryption and full privacy are different things. If nobody disagrees I will create the "Privacy" column and rename the current column to "Communication Encryption" <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.195.238|2.137.195.238]] ([[User talk:2.137.195.238|talk]]) 10:19, 26 December 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP -->
\n
\n:I am going to add the column for "Privacy". Please, explain what is the other factor of "Partial; transmission and storage only" as [[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) demands. If no one provides an explanation the current "Encryption" column it will be renamed as "Communication Encryption" ("Transmission Encryption" if you prefer) and I will add the "Privacy" column to mean that the provider does not have access to the data by encrypting the information with another password (different than the one to access the backup service) before being transmitted. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.195.238|2.137.195.238]] ([[User talk:2.137.195.238|talk]]) 12:39, 26 December 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n::Please do not rename the current "Encryption" column as "Communication Encryption" or "Transmission Encryption". That column is not so limited in scope. The footnote clearly says that the Encryption column covers both transport and storage encryption. --[[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) 08:50, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::What problem do you have separating both features? Currently many services have a "yes" but do not have storage encryption.
\n
\n:::I am readying the change and I have seen that "Per-user" is highly correlated with privacy (aka client side encryption before transmitting the data), but I never conceived "Per-user" to mean privacy so I am going to change it to Privacy. Please guys, rest your views about this change and if you prefer two columns a I stated or one column as [[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) wants. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/83.60.134.7|83.60.134.7]] ([[User talk:83.60.134.7|talk]]) 16:48, 27 March 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n::::Whatever you end up doing, it needs to clearly indicate that Dropbox employees have full unfettered access to the data that is stored, and the only thing stopping them is a post-it note with the words "DO NOT LOOK HERE". Understand that they are the tagged as "Transport and Storage". I do not mean to single them out; they are hardly alone in creative definitions of "encryption." At the end of the day, encryption begs privacy. If it doesn't, then what's the point of encrypting something. Your "privacy" indicator should theoretically leave no doubt in such cases. Need to understand that different people have different needs - your divorce lawyer had better not be using Dropbox to store your documents and telling you "they're secure from prying eyes". Same for PCI and Healthcare data. Cheers, [[Special:Contributions/64.196.185.53|64.196.185.53]] ([[User talk:64.196.185.53|talk]]) 19:24, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::Done! <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.179.254|2.137.179.254]] ([[User talk:2.137.179.254|talk]]) 08:49, 5 April 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n::::I'm going to change the encryption column a bit. Since the last changes around April 5th, a few new services have been added which just list their privacy as 'yes' because they have a privacy policy, so clearly the meaning of the column is not being interpreted correctly. Also, every single service currently listed has transport encryption, so I propose the transport encryption feature is removed. It should be replaced by storage encryption since not all services have that. --[[User:JanKanis|JanKanis]] ([[User talk:JanKanis|talk]]) 14:34, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI've split the encryption column into three columns: transport encryption, encrypted storage, and personal encryption. Most of the entries were saying 'partial' before, with an explanation of what was there and what was missing, mostly being transport encryption available and private encryption not. Splitting the two up gives columns mostly just containing yes and no, I think that's much clearer. <br/>
\nI have renamed 'privacy' to 'personal encryption', some of the newly added services just reference the services privacy policy even if inappropriate, so privacy wasn't the best name. But I'm not very content with personal encryption either, so if someone knows a better name please change it. <br/>
\nI've also gone through all encryption/privacy claims and corrected a few incorrect ones, and some other minor changes. <br/>
\nBTW, I also wrote a [https://bitbucket.org/JanKanis/wiki2csv tool] to edit the table in LibreOffice. <br/>
\n--[[User:JanKanis|JanKanis]] ([[User talk:JanKanis|talk]]) 07:50, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI've removed the Transport Encryption column. Every single service has it, except for Usenet backup where you need to do the encryption yourself, and Diino, where it's unknown (but it probably does anyway, I'd guess). So transport encryption doesn't distinguish any of the services, and it is non-notable. The table is getting lare enough already. --[[User:JanKanis|JanKanis]] ([[User talk:JanKanis|talk]]) 12:37, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:The changes you did are what I wanted in the first place, but I was not sure I had enough support. Thank you for your support! <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.109.54|2.137.109.54]] ([[User talk:2.137.109.54|talk]]) 18:25, 31 May 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Google Docs missing? ==
\n
\nWhy is Google Docs missing? You can upload any filetype. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.80.254.201|217.80.254.201]] ([[User talk:217.80.254.201|talk]]) 13:26, 27 September 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== "Delta sync" ==
\n
\nIn the "Comments" column of the table, three services are said feature "delta sync". This is not defined.
\n
\nIn my own research, I have noted that some services are apparently smart enough to only transmit the changed bits or blocks of a file to the Cloud when a change is detected, while others seem to transmit the whole file. Obviously, the smart services can be much faster and create much less network traffic in typical usage, and this can be important in some applications.
\n
\nCould whoever wrote "delta sync" please explain if this is what they mean by "delta sync"? And why were only three services noted as using "delta sync"? Has someone already tested all of the services for "delta sync"?
\n
\n[[User:Jerrykrinock|Jerrykrinock]] ([[User talk:Jerrykrinock|talk]]) 13:16, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nDelta level de-duplication refers to the solution being able to change only changed parts (bit/blocks) of a file within the file itself. Total block-level de-duplication will parse entire file systems to de-duplicated common blocks over the whole system. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/62.252.24.194|62.252.24.194]] ([[User talk:62.252.24.194|talk]]) 14:27, 13 January 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Android / Smartphone Clients ==
\n
\nperhaps it is interesting for others too, that e.g. Dropbox has also other Clients like the one for Android! There might be otheres too with Android and or Blackberry / iPhone Clients too?!?!
\n
\nWith kind regards,
\n~Marcel --[[Special:Contributions/87.193.185.222|87.193.185.222]] ([[User talk:87.193.185.222|talk]]) 08:41, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nWould like to seek some comments/objections before I add columns for mobile platforms supported (ala Operating Systems), initially for "iOS" and "Android".
\n
\n[[User:Hohockjim|Hohockjim]] ([[User talk:Hohockjim|talk]]) 14:26, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Differentation between real "Backup Software" and "FIle Synchronization" Tools ==
\n
\ne.g. Dropbox is more or less a Tool for "File Synchronization",
\non the other hand, SpiderOak has a different approach to give a tool that automatically back up files anywhere in the System!
\n
\nPerhaps this informations / differentiation between these products might be helpful in this table too
\n
\n~Marcel --[[Special:Contributions/87.193.185.222|87.193.185.222]] ([[User talk:87.193.185.222|talk]]) 08:45, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n===Glide OS===
\nCould be include in this page the backup and file synchronization service of Glide O.S.? Thank You and pardon for my english <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/193.152.242.226|193.152.242.226]] ([[User talk:193.152.242.226|talk]]) 15:36, 9 January 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== BSD column ==
\n
\nWhy is the BSD column included if none of the rows have anything in it? [[User:Griffinofwales|Griffinofwales]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales#top|talk]]) <small><span style="white-space:nowrap; text-shadow:gray 5px 3px 1px;">[[:simple:Main Page|Simple English Wikipedia]] - Come and join!</span></small> 20:08, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Amazon Cloud Drive (5GB) not listed ==
\n
\nThere is this service: Amazon Cloud Drive (5GB) that is not listed in this comparison article.
\n
\n[[User:512upload|512upload]] ([[User talk:512upload|talk]]) 10:44, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nBump?.. Can Amazon be included? It isn't all that recent..
\n[[Special:Contributions/68.106.241.164|68.106.241.164]] ([[User talk:68.106.241.164|talk]]) 09:21, 9 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Free or proprietary? Missing ==
\n
\nI suggest the inclusion of a new column, indicating whether the service uses proprietary of free and open source software. Maybe with a separation the service itself vs. the software used to develop the service (some developed their proprietary service with the help of free software, and that may be somewhat better than all proprietary). <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/139.91.170.137|139.91.170.137]] ([[User talk:139.91.170.137|talk]]) 04:45, 28 August 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== logmein backup is not listed ==
\n[https://secure.logmein.com/products/backup/ logmein backup] is an other famous solution <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/195.50.96.129|195.50.96.129]] ([[User talk:195.50.96.129|talk]]) 06:13, 13 October 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Add Unidentified Service ==
\n
\nDolly Drive; Mac's only online backup service that utilizes Apple's Time Machine should be included in the list. What is the community consensus?[[User:Bmxholmes|Bmxholmes]] ([[User talk:Bmxholmes|talk]]) 20:48, 17 October 2011 (UTC)bmxholmes
\n
\n:provide the information to mos tof the coloums to your best knowledge and try providea link to the site and if you can anything you say it has feature of and the sites says it put areference for it--[[User:Andrewcrawford|<font color="Light Blue">Andrewcrawford</font>]] ([[User talk:Andrewcrawford|<small>talk</small>]] - [[Special:Contributions/Andrewcrawford|<small>contrib</small>]]) 21:46, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Public Internet file hosting misleading ==
\n
\nEither this should be split to "sharing" and "public file hosting" or all the services that require a user account from the receiver (like Dropbox) should be marked yellow, while services that offer the possibility to directly publish to http (like Ubuntu One) should be marked green. --[[Special:Contributions/84.174.206.3|84.174.206.3]] ([[User talk:84.174.206.3|talk]]) 15:54, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== HiDrive Missing ==
\n
\nHiDrive from Strato (Europe's 2nd biggest web host) does not seem to feature?
\n
\n http://www.strato-hosting.co.uk/online-storage-hidrive/
\n
\n[[User:Bill.martin|Bill Martin]] ([[User talk:Bill.martin|talk]]) 09:57, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Articvle Split ==
\n
\nHey all,
\nI want to propose we split the article, as when looting through everything we seem to have 2 or 3 dissent different types of products
\n1. Online backups where instead of local backup you back up to the cloud
\n
\n2. Online storage drives which is backed up for you so you dnt have too
\n
\n3. Hydrid of the two above
\nthe reason for the split is because they are completely different tpye of products and i say that we getting too many coloums making it hard to read, if we split we could remove some coloum from each article that is no longer revelent so saving space i would also suggest maybe making a template for windwos/mac/linux so it can be one coloum but split into 3 cells that says yes/yes/yes depending on the configuration of the service--[[User:Andrewcrawford|<font color="Light Blue">Andrewcrawford</font>]] ([[User talk:Andrewcrawford|<small>talk</small>]] - [[Special:Contributions/Andrewcrawford|<small>contrib</small>]]) 20:24, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Please add Thruinc.com ==
\n
\nI have added their service a few times- but gets removed- sorry for not being an expert at this, but can someone throw some light on this? Trying to help here-) should I get an account? <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.122.202.106|70.122.202.106]] ([[User talk:70.122.202.106|talk]]) 00:40, 12 March 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nI guess that's lack of information about their operations. There is no pricing or any system requirements on their site. Also their sharing solution confusing with its title: "Dropbox Enterprise File Transfer". --[[User:Dvvarf|Dvvarf]] ([[User talk:Dvvarf|talk]]) 10:40, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI don't see where Thru is a backup solution. At all. There's no backup of exchange stores, no classic SMB share support, no SQL backups, doesn't back up ESXi stores, doesn't do registries, has zero facilitation for ActiveDirectory backups, no bare-metal options, and in fact I can't see where it actually does anything "backup" related outside of Word revision tracking. If you burn your building down, you will NOT be using this service to rebuild your racks. It's exactly a "document sharing service", which is NOT an "online backup". Calling this a "backup" is like calling sharepoint a "backup", or SVN a "backup", or dropbox a "backup". They are no such things by any enterprise standard; they are collaboration services being shoe-horned into this list.
\n
\nI suspect there's a need for a definition of what constitutes a "backup service". Real-time replication of data that just got corrupted by an attacker probably does not meet that definition, nor does an external hard disk that you manually drag-n-drop into, nor does a few other entries in this list. Otherwise, I can include Wikipedia itself in this list, since I can copy/paste a few TB of of base64 crap into various talk and chatter pages, and call that my "backup". And it even meets notability requirements, since WP has an article on itself and mentions it being a repository. I'll suggest that there's a difference between "can be mis-used as in one single special case" and "is". It's a bit of a quagmire, but collaboration tools are not backups. I might suggest two tests to begin: 1. Will provide 100% recovery when building burns down, and 2. Will provide 100% recovery when attacker deliberately destroys data. If a backup solution cannot deliver those two things, it's rather dishonest to claim it's a backup. Thru, dropbox, and even DoubleTake, for example, all fail this pair of tests that are quite likely the general case. Cheers all, [[Special:Contributions/64.196.185.53|64.196.185.53]] ([[User talk:64.196.185.53|talk]]) 17:47, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== GFI Software ==
\n
\nYeah, can whoever is doing that please stop deleting entries. These are all verifiable, neutral sources. There shouldn't be anything controversial about whether a company is offering an online backup service. I added GFI's service complete with a link. Yet, someone's deleted it without even explaining why. I've just put it back in there. I'm not including a link this time, if that was the problem. Whoever is doing that either stop it or tell us why you're doing it. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Nathanmcginty|Nathanmcginty]] ([[User talk:Nathanmcginty|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nathanmcginty|contribs]]) 14:08, 14 March 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Spideroak supports Hybrid Online Backup ==
\nI don`t know how to edit the comparison grid, but Spideroak writes:
\nhttps://spideroak.com/manual/preferences
\n(...)
\nCopy - This feature will allow you to specify a local drive, a network folder, or your FTP or SFTP server as a secondary place to store the encrypted data blocks SpiderOak creates. This location does not need to be secure as the data blocks will remain encrypted - just as they are stored in the SpiderOak Cloud. In addition to providing a local copy of the all of the data stored within SpiderOak, this option will drastically increase large restores and downloads as SpiderOak will check with the local copy before downloading a folder or file from the SpiderOak Cloud.
\n(...)
\nPerhaps someone can change the grid?--[[Special:Contributions/84.151.79.101|84.151.79.101]] ([[User talk:84.151.79.101|talk]]) 09:21, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== External hard drive support for Dropbox ==
\n
\nI've setup Dropbox to use an External hard drive with symbolic links in Linux. I would argue that the fact that Dropbox supports symbolic links means that is supports external hard drives.--Gregology.net 12:15, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2012-08-22T12:15:15+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Comparison_of_online_backup_services"
},
{
"title": "Talk:Comparison of online backup services",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Comparison_of_online_backup_services&diff=508605728",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Comparison_of_online_backup_services&diff=508605728",
"description": "Gregology: /* External hard drive support for Dropbox */
\n
\n{{Talk header}}
\n{{Findsourcesnotice|online backup service}}
\n
\n==Stand-alone list issue==
\n
\nOn this page is a comparison grid. For this comparison grid to be useful to readers, I propose that it be allowed to be comprehensive. That means it might list "less notable" backup providers. First, it is a matter of opinion who the most notable providers are. And besides, less notable providers often offer unique distinguishing features in order to try and compete with the big guys. Not all of these second tier providers really need (or even merit) a specific Wikipedia page. Which means linking directly to their website as the source of information. For a comparison grid, the vendor website is in fact the authoritative reference or source for information. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 21:14, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nPlus, providers will as a mater of practice come to this page and add their own services. I think it impractical to police that, and harmful to do so. While there have been many removals of providers from this list in the past, I propose removals stop. Your thoughts? [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 21:14, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please do not add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced]] or [[Wikipedia:No original research|original content]]. Doing so violates Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability policy]]. If you continue to do so, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced3 --> --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 22:18, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nI feel the material I have added is properly sourced, as noted above. I will open a dispute, as this discussion is going in loops. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 00:27, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nNote as a test, I created both a grid entry and a Wikipedia page for a minor vendor. This grid entry was not deleted. My source was the same for the disputed entries and this entry: the vendor website. I invite additional voices to this debate. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 01:26, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n*'''Oppose''' the addition of entries that do not have Wikipedia articles. For a precedent, look at [[List of search engines]], which includes only search engines that have their own articles. On its Talk page it has the banner {{tl|stand-alone list}}, which has the message ''Please only add subjects that have a Wikipedia article or evidence of notability.'' [[User:EdJohnston|EdJohnston]] ([[User talk:EdJohnston|talk]]) 01:40, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
\n*'''Oppose''' as well. Wikipedia is not an [[WP:IINFO|indiscriminate collection of information]] and we have no duty to report on every single service in existance without regard for its notability (in the broad sense and also the [[WP:N|Wikipedia meaning]]. In addition, independant sources are most preferred, and are required for having a standalone article. I think having a bluelink-only list will give a strict criteria for what belongs here and won't give any wiggle room for the development of [[WP:LISTCRUFT|listcruft]]. '''[[User:Themfromspace|<font color="blue">Them</font>]][[User talk:Themfromspace|<font color="red">From</font>]][[Special:Contributions/themfromspace|<font color="black">Space</font>]]''' 01:04, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
\n*I only '''Oppose''' entries that do not have a Wikipedia article. However, I would commend you for creating Wikipedia articles for any entities you want to put on this list, and then putting them on the list. I checked the articles for many of these providers and they were scant but sufficient for me, and I also agree that in time users of the providers will contribute to even small articles. I would hope that the list looks exactly as you want it someday, but the articles should come first. [[User:Bluerasberry|Bluerasberry]] ([[User talk:Bluerasberry|talk]]) 20:08, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
\n* '''Oppose''' via [[WP:NOTABILITY]] && [[WP:NOT]] [[User:Bobwrits|Bobwrits]] ([[User talk:Bobwrits|talk]]) 03:46, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Any sources at all for [[SugarSync]]? ==
\n
\nPer [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_online_backup_services&curid=19192569&diff=285979389&oldid=285854872 this edit], an IP claims that ''SugarSync is very notable! Many articles have reported about that. It's one of the best services.'' Unless *actual* sources are forthcoming, I recommend that [[SugarSync]] be again removed from this list. [[SugarSync]] is at present the only red-linked entry in the table. [[User:EdJohnston|EdJohnston]] ([[User talk:EdJohnston|talk]]) 04:36, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
\n:It seems there's actually a lot of [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%2BSugarSync+source%3A%22-newswire%22+source%3A%22-wire%22+source%3A%22-presswire%22+source%3A%22-PR%22+source%3A%22-press%22+source%3A%22-release%22+source%3A%22-wikipedia%22&btnG=Search+Archives sources] for this service, including an article from the [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/technology/personaltech/27pogue.html New York Times], which I'll probably use to support notability. If users adding content can find notability in the same way it will save further complications. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 08:54, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n----
\nUser Hm2k has removed a half dozen services from this list, claiming they are not notable. What criteria can we use for notability, other than Hm2k's opinion? Existence of a wikipedia article on the company should (I feel) not be sufficient to merit notability -- especially since an editor can simply create a Wikipedia article, thus self-referentially creating "notability". I feel that unique features are a form of notability. [[User:Brycen|BryceN]] ([[User talk:Brycen|talk]]) 05:17, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:It's '''nothing''' to do with my opinion it's to do with Wikipedia's '''guidelines'''. Your failure to read what I have ''clearly'' given you about the guidelines is getting tiresome. For something to be notable, it must either have an '''article on wikipedia''' or a '''reference to a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]''' as I have done for SugarSync as you can clearly see above and on the article itself. Also note that Wikipedia articles can only exist if they are have reliable sources for notability, thus Wikipedia articles are sufficient notability. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 08:43, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
\n::If SugarSync is notable, write an article about it. That can be the only clear and indisputable criteria for this list. Without an article, it does not belong. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 15:02, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::So fix it. Write the article. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 15:14, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n::::I have neither the desire nor the inclination to create an article about a company that I have no knowledge of. My point is simply that until it is the subject of an article, it doesn't have the proven notability required for inclusion. This is a very easy way to weed out non-notable entries from the list. What other criteria is more idiot proof than this? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 15:26, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::Even an idiot can see that it has a reliable source as a reference to prove notability... --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 15:31, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\nIs it not rational, by Wikipedia standards, that an indisputable way to ensure notability is to have an article on a subject? Since the first line in this list is "This is a list of notable online backup services..." doesn't it stand to reason that this statement means that the listed services are notable by Wikipedia standards? Why is there some sense of urgency to include this item in the list just for the sake of having another service listed that doesn't link to an informative article on the subject? Why not wait until there is an article on the subject to include it? Including this item, supported by marginal coverage in a reliable source (isn't it really just a review), opens the door for argument for including any other service that has ever had a mention in a newspaper. How does this increase the value of the list? This is not notability by Wikipedia standards. Let's wait for an article supported by multiple, non-trivial, third party reliable sources. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 16:08, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:I don't really care what your opinion is. Wikipedia policy states ''create red links to articles you intend to create''. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 16:39, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n::I don't think I used the statement "in my opinion" anywhere here. And by your tone I can see you have no intention of making a reasoned, rational argument. If your argument ends at "because it says I can" without regard for context then I guess we cannot form consensus on the issue without [[WP:RFC]] or [[WP:DR]]. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:07, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\nNo consensus needs to be drawn, the policy is very clear on this matter. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 19:00, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:I'm afraid that we are at an impasse and need third party input. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 19:25, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== On the exclusion of SugarSync on the basis of stand-alone list argument==
\n
\nAs an uninvolved editor on the SugarSync issue, in my '''third opinion''': It is unclear why "SugarSync" cannot feature in this list. After all it is currently a list of services, which makes the debate redundant whether this particular service is notable or not. At the moment there is a strong inconsistency between the content and title of this article. Editors should consider to rename the article to ''List_of_notable_online_backup_services''. However, it remains questionable what exactly a notable online backup services is (and whether such a distinction is meaningful in the first place for a ''list''). For instance, www.sugarsync.com appears to be notable through its website presence. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 09:59, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:Stand-alone lists are lists of notable items because they "consist of a list or a group of lists, linking to articles or lists in a particular subject area". As the banner at the top of this page clearly states "This is a stand-alone list. Please only add subjects that have a Wikipedia article or evidence of notability." The statement at the top of the article reaffirms that "This is a list of notable online backup services". If we did not use the basic Wikipedia notability criteria, existence of an article, we would end up with an indiscriminate collection of information, which Wikipedia is [[WP:NOT|not]]. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 10:27, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:: Yes, that appears be exactly the issue here. A banner on the top does not make it automatically true and therefore notable! Looking at the articles that feature in this list, I find it difficult to see how these services are particularly "notable" in the public domain. All they have is a website and the occasional mentioning in some "PC magazines". (confer: google or amazon) An own article in wikipedia does not automatically mean that the subject is of good notability. A normal list exactly servers the purpose of collecting information, without ending up with an indiscriminate array of data. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 10:42, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::We do have an imperfect system, but one can reasonably state by Wikipedia standards that if a subject has an article, then the community has deemed it notable if the article does not get deleted. The banners do not confer notability, they state that items ''should'' be notable prior to being added to the list. My concern is that if we have a list of redlinks, we are not providing value to the reader. If it's supposed to be a list of notable items, they should meet a minimum notability litmus test, being the subject of an article. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 10:52, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::: Yes, I agree that an entry in Wikipedia means that community has deemed it notable. However, there is a problem with this argument: that is if there NO Wikipedia article (yet) that the subject is NOT notable. If that is your whole reason for inclusion in a stand-alone list, you appear to operate on rather thin grounds -- moving towards a self-referential encyclopedia. I suggest to think again and state how on this particular instance, the featured services in the list are different --outside wikipedia-- to the proposed entry of SugarSync. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:08, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::Generally speaking, it is a matter of consistency. If all the items link to articles, you presumably can get a concise, objective summary of what each item is. You're not clicking on some internal links and some external links to potentially biased web sites. I am clearly not alone in my view of this as you can see from the oppose comments in the section above on this same topic. There is clear precedent for this. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 11:14, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::: Regardless of precedences, editors need to think what the value of this list should be. I say, would the value of a list of such services not be exactly providing a comprehensive overview of what is out there. If there is further (in-depth) information through own entry ever better. On this specific instance, not to go for such an overview format may raise the question whether some editors have a vested interest to exclude some list entries over others. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:18, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::::Because of the previous discussions and precedent, I think any consensus we came to here would not stand up to a wider challenge. For example, if I suggested that the word "notable" be removed from the lead, I suspect that would be challenged when other interested parties stumble on it. In order to form durable consensus, perhaps this needs to be opened to wider input. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 11:34, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::: Thanks! Good Idea. I also summaries one of the key issues in a new section. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:57, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nA WP search for Sugarsync comes up with 3 uses as of this date. the product is discussed in the article on the company marketing it. When i am curious about writing an article on a new subject, i routinely search for the term here on WP, and find each use that is related to my understanding of it, then i redlink them with edit summary "redlink for future article". i then make a note to myself to one day write the article. if i dont find any use on WP of the term except in lists, i would remove the term from any stand alone lists. if i find lots of uses here, then its a surefire article that hasnt been written yet, and i would leave it in a stand alone list with some info on notabiility, if nothing else a piped link to an article than mentions it. for sugarsync, im inclined to include it in the table, with a piped link to the company, but i would also try to improve that article. What i like is when i see only a few redlinks, where there is some effort to show notability so i can go "oh, yes, that deserves an article, i hope someone will write it soon" rather than "what the hell is this? is this just promotional, or was it added by someone who doesnt understand notability?" too many redlinks could mean its an indiscriminate list. of course, sheer numbers arent the only guide, but its a good indicator that a list needs attention. and i prefer to not use the word "notable" as thats too often just shorthand for WP inclusion guidelines, and we dont want self reference. more of a style point to me. the word does of course fit.[[User:Mercurywoodrose|Mercurywoodrose]] ([[User talk:Mercurywoodrose|talk]]) 18:55, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==The use of "Stand-alone_list" for this article==
\nThe community has currently [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone_list|agreed]] to use Stand alone lists to link wikipedia "articles that primarily consist of a list or a group of lists, linking to articles or lists in a particular subject area, such as a timeline of events or people and places". The above discussions now raise the point whether online backup services does constitute a "subject area" (such as a timeline of events or people and places). Also the section [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone_list#Lists_of_people| on list of people]] make it clear that a criteria of notability should be used for inclusion. So if this would be applied to this list as a "list of things", it raises the question what is a notable online backup services. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 11:57, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==RFC on notability required for inclusion in this list article==
\nA dispute exists as to the notability requirements for inclusion of services in this list article. Is a mention in a reliable source sufficient, or should the existence of a Wikipedia article be the requirement? See above sections for discussion and history. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 13:18, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:I'm still wondering as to why one specific service was not allowed to feature in this stand a lone list? Is this a form extreme exclusionism? What I had ask in this above thread, what would be the purpose of such a list and I thought to give a good overview. To be an index and if more information in for of linked articles the better it would be. Merely to exclude because there is not (yet) an article is not reasonable for a list. After all NOT have a wikipedia article is NOT an indication of NOT being notable. If this is supposed to be a list about existing articles it should be reflected the name as I suggest above. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 16:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::I have an online backup service. It is called ''Mufka's Backup Service''. Can I be listed? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:28, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::No. Compare the two: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=a&rls=b%3Ad%3Aunofficial&q=Mufka%27s+Backup+Service&aq=f&oq=&aqi= http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=a&rls=b%3Ad%3Aunofficial&q=SugarSync&aq=f&oq=&aqi= [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:35, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::In two weeks I guarantee I can have a search result. Will I be notable then? I don't think I would be. We have established criteria for notability on Wikipedia. Rather than getting into a notability argument for every service that might be added to the list, why not fall back on the existing system for establishing notability. A service can't have an article unless it is notable. If it has an article, we don't even have to have a discussion. If an article is written about a service that might be borderline, we have systems for getting community consensus on notability. Why drag those discussions out of where they belong and into this forum? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:43, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::: Yes, I guess, you could have an entry once you get your service up running properly. (I don't know how long it takes to become notable with this kind of service and whether this can be done in two weeks.) The problem with your argument is that you take wikipedia as the yard stick for the (outside) world, rather than the world as the yard stick for wikipedia. Wikipedia is trying to be about the world and the people and things encountered there. When the community decides whether an article can enter wikipedia, it tries to estimate whether people ''outside wikipedia in general'' think so and not whether inside this forum somebody thinks so in isolation to outside. In other words, a reference to a good article is nothing else but a reference to the outside world. That's why we value references. One thing for sure, if a proper article exists, notability can mostly be assumed as you rightly suggest. Yet, it cannot be the other way around, if there is no entry, you cannot assume there is no notability. Ironically, the entry in question, has about 10 times more hits on google than some other entries in the list that I probed. So once you get your service up and running and write a nice article about it, it would be in... On a serious note, my point is: because someone has not bothered to write a fully-fledged article, but makes a start to add it to a ''list'', I cannot see how the quality of this encyclopedia is endangered. On the contrary, I believe the currently practised exclusion of this one service on the grounds of not having an wikipedia entry is a form of '''extreme exlusionism'''. It jeopardises the very point of a ''list'' to give an overview, neither ending up with an array of stubs, or with nothing. Not following this practice, would allow a high degree of quality while still being rather inclusive: a moderate position. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 21:41, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::Again, I think you are misinformed about what governs what is notable in the context of Wikipedia. Notability is a purely Wikipedia judgment and it is determined by the community and codified in Wikipedia policy. It seems that the concept of using the existence of an article as criteria for a list is new to you. This is very widely used. We are not making lists of things that are of note to the world. We are making lists of things that are notable by Wikipedia's definition. Making a list of "things" whose existence is justified only by some link to an external web site, diminishes the value of Wikipedia in general because we're sending viewers soemwhere else to view content rather than satisfying them internally. Wikipedia is [[WP:NOTLINK|not a collection of links]]. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 23:14, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::Again, you seem to miss the point. Yes, its is fine to have lists about articles.
\n::::::If notability is purely a wikipedia judgement, what would this judgement be base upon? An '''alarming interpretation''', bordering on this self-referntiality, you are suggesting. Indeed, wikipedia is [[WP:NOTLINK|not a collection of links]], it is based on [[Wikipedia:Citing_sources| the citation of sources]]. Citations you may have noticed are outwards and not inwards. ''Citations are in relation to the world'' and the objects/ concepts found there. You appear to defend a rather extreme position. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 23:32, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::The judgment of notability is itself made on the bases of cited sources; using it as a criterion is an easy shortcut for testing whether an entry is significant. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 10:30, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::: Agree. So a list entry with (lets say two, three) citations, but no article (yet) should be allowed on the list. Isn't what are you saying? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 10:51, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::Actually, looking at the article, I see no major issues (besides the one list not being integrated into the table). What necessitated the RfC in the first place? Should it remain open? --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 11:04, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::::::::Have a quick look, there is a note inside on top of the article's source stating that only entries with an existing wikipedia article are permitted to feature in this list. The RFC was made as an entry in the list was persistently removed: deemed not "notable" enough (as there no own wikipedia article yet) despite citation in the New York Times (<ref> http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/technology/personaltech/27pogue.html?_r=1</ref> e.g.) . An absurd situation. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 17:15, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n*Entries should have Wikipedia articles. It's a frequently-used, non-arbitrary, and quite reasonable way of deciding inclusion. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 21:25, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:Sounds rather arbitrary to me. In fact, one suspects some form of double standard, where "lists" supposedly have a differenent standard than articles themselve. Or will we hear next that the requirement for an arctile in wikipedia is another article in wikipedia?
\n:I begin to wonder whether some editors, here, have a vested interest to exclude some entries over others. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 10:19, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::There's generally an interest in Wikipedia not being used as advertising. Other than that, you can't be sure of much else, so diverse is Wikipedia's editorship. [[WP:N|Notability]] is a consistent, objective standard. Other lists may use looser criteria because they're less prone to abuse or cruft accumulation. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 10:27, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nIt appears that there still is some dispute as to what criteria should be used for inclusion in this article. Discussion needs to continue so that edit warring does not continue. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 17:01, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Discussion on list article to be a "standalone list"==
\n
\nThe above discussions raise the point whether "online backup services" does constitute a "subject area" (such as a timeline of events or people and places) and therefore permits the use of strict "standalone list" criteria in the first place. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 13:45, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
\n:This list very clearly falls under the guideline for [[WP:SAL|stand-alone lists]]. It is a list linking to articles in a particular subject area. The subject area is online backup services. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 14:56, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n:Please explain how you came to the conclusion that [[List of online backup services]] does not qualify as a stand alone list? -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 14:49, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::"Online backup services" does NOT constitute
\n
\n{{cquote|lists in a particular subject area, such as a timeline of events or people and places."}}
\n
\n::The criteria on this page [[Wikipedia:Stand-alone_list]] is rather explicit. You may say "computing" or "computers" are subject areas. There might even be a case for a subject called "backup" or "services", I suppose. Yet, "online backup services" I would say is not a subject. It is something specific. I think the spirit in terms of the broadness in the section on stand-alone list says it all: "timeline of events or people and places". You may add there "''groups'' of technical ''artefacts'' or ''concepts''" OBS doe not meet this IMHO. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros#top|talk]]) 15:06, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::If you are merely saying that this is a stand-alone list that merely links ''existing articles'' on OBS within wikipedia, than this list must be renamed to [[List_of_notable_online_backup_services]], because this list is clearly not about OBS but only "notable ones" (what ever this means) as seen above [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 15:12, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n:::This is a very strange reading of the stand alone list guideline. If we were to go by your interpretation, examples listed on the guideline itself such as [[List of social networking websites]] would not be 'lists'. More clearly: online backup services is a list subject, and there is no need to insert the word notable in the title. - [[User:MrOllie|MrOllie]] ([[User talk:MrOllie|talk]]) 15:23, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::: Who said this list was as a stand alone list? Did I miss something? If you read the section on ''general'' formatting where it mentions [[List of social networking websites]]:
\n{{cquote|There are a number of formats, both generalized and specialized, that are currently used on Wikipedia, for list articles.}}
\n::::I would say, it is an example of formatting and NOT of what constitutes a list stand-alone-list. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 15:27, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::I am quite puzzled by your interpretation of the guideline. I guess the best way to approach it is by asking why is it ''not'' a subject area? Additionally, I think you are putting too much emphasis on the weight of the "such as" criteria. This is just an example, not a restriction. Perhaps you could give an example of a good stand-alone list for comparison. Also, please consider using the preview button while you are deciding on what to write. It helps reduce edit conflicts and keeps me from having to change my response for every new addition you make during the time I'm writing. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 15:44, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::: Sorry about the version conflict from my side! Good examples are (for subjects area): [[Lists_of_philosophers]] or [[Deaths_in_2007]] Also very good example (not being a subject) is [[List_of_mathematics_articles_(0-9)]]. If you would say everything and anything could be a stand-alond list, what would the different from a normal list? I think the guideline are not well defined. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 15:54, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::::OK. So the guideline has gone from "rather explicit" to "not well defined". I think we're making progress. So what makes philosophers different from online backup services? What if we were talking about computer manufacturers, internet service providers, or childrens' book publishers. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 16:00, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::::: Step by step. I apologizes, the guideline are not well defined ''in the relation to'' normal lists and its very purpose of lstand-alone lists. The difference was supposed to be one is general and the other is specific. If you read the section on people it clearly states notability---back to square one! So, you could have a [[List_of_articles_about_online_backup_services]]. May I ask you again, what is the difference between a normal and a stand-alone list? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 16:17, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::What your asking is the difference between [[WP:EMBED|embedded lists]] and [[WP:SAL|stand-alone lists]]. Those are the only two types of lists there are. Embedded lists are a part of a larger article. Stand alone lists are articles that just contain a list. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 16:31, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::::::::Thanks for clarifying this. In this case it is clearly a case of an embeded list as this list is merley an extension of this article [[online_backup_services]] [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:13, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::::Wait a minute! You have entirely misunderstood. This ''is'' a stand-alone list. An embedded list would be a list of online backup services contained in an article about online backup. This article is ''only a list''. There is no content other than the list. Just because it is in a fancy table doesn't make it not a list. And stop adding and removing the tag. Until we agree on what it means, this discussion is still ongoing. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:26, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::::::::::: I see. So it is really a question about notability. Sorry about the confusion. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:38, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::::::::::::Forgive me for thinking that you are being coy. But that comment just doesn't match any of my statements on this subject. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:48, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::::::::::::Not sure what you mean. But I would like to retract my RFC on the list issue. I think, I was not clear about the two types of lists. You rightly suggested at the very first instance when I placed this RFC that there must be a confusion. I would like to retract, as it would takes us away from the serious issues discussed above in the first RFC. What else would it be if not a list? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 21:50, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::Is the list of Online Backup Services of potential benefit to the global Community? Yes. Is notability important? Yes. If an item is contested tag it for citation rather than deleting it. We are not limited by storage capacity on Wikimedia projects, remember.
\n:::<font color="Green">[[User:B9 hummingbird hovering|B9 hummingbird hovering]]</font><sup> ([[User talk:B9 hummingbird hovering|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/B9 hummingbird hovering|contribs]])</sup> 19:28, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== Dedicated Exclusionism ==
\n
\n{{cquote|Please do not add weblinks or examples which do not have Wikipedia articles. They will be removed immediately and you will only be wasting time for yourself and the person who cleans up after you.}}
\n
\nI strongly disagree with this note.
\n
\nAs explained before, NOT having a wikipedia article is NOT an indication of NOT being notable. In the discussions above, I explained that notability within wikipedia is normally determined by citations.
\n
\n[[user:Cybercobra]] seemed to agree, in the discussion and as a matter of fact asked what the point was of the RfC in the first place. Nobody has argued anything to the contrary following my discussion with Cybercobra. Nobody has reacted to [[user:B9 hummingbird hovering]]'s comment argument for inclusion. I assume consensus and will remove the offending note. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 17:12, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:Notability must be established somehow, requiring a wikipedia article is as good a metric as any. As for B9 hummingbird hovering's comment, well, that would be the product of [[WP:CANVASS|improper canvassing]], [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AB9_hummingbird_hovering&diff=472573&oldid=472093 wouldn't it?] Your summary here seems to disagree with this quote from Cybercobra up the page: 'Entries should have Wikipedia articles. It's a frequently-used, non-arbitrary, and quite reasonable way of deciding inclusion.' - [[User:MrOllie|MrOllie]] ([[User talk:MrOllie|talk]]) 17:21, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n::Canvassing? Two friendly notes, neutrally worded and open... [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AB9_hummingbird_hovering&diff=472573&oldid=472093] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SimonP&diff=prev&oldid=311849272] to two different people. (B9 hummingbird hovering, specifically expressed to be contacted on wikiversity [[User_talk:B9_hummingbird_hovering]].)
\n
\n::With regard to your quote of Cybercobra, more than 12hours later Cybercobra stated the following, after I explained that citation should be enough:
\n{{cquote|Actually, looking at the article, I see no major issues (besides the one list not being integrated into the table). What necessitated the RfC in the first place?}}
\n
\n::At the moment, I looks like we have to start a mediation process. Would you like to go for it? [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 17:41, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:::Perhaps before we start this, would anybody have to have a look through here again [[Wikipedia:N]]. I think, it says here inclusion in other Wikipedia articles does not establish notability. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:24, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nFirst, please do not assume consensus when consensus clearly does not exist. Second, I think you are misrepresenting Cybercobra's comments. He can certainly chime in to clarify, but his statement that there were no major issues with the article was clearly in reference to its [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_online_backup_services&oldid=311885627 then current state] (which did not include any entries without articles). He later states that "entries should have Wikipedia articles." This seems very clear to me. Your statement from WP:N that "inclusion in other Wikipedia articles does not establish notability" is a misinterpretation too. That means that the fact that something is mentioned in an article does not make it notable. Being the subject of an article, which is what we're talking about, absolutely establishes notability. This RFC has two more weeks on it. Let's be patient. More input may be forthcoming. There is no hurry. And yes, your canvassing was inappropriate. The statement "moving towards extreme exclusionism" is clearly biased and targeting an inclusionist, out of the blue, who has never edited this topic is clearly inappropriate. -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)</sup>]] 18:55, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:I have noted your valuable comment on patients. Thanks. With regard to the acusation of canvassing, I like to point out are quoting me rather selectively. I said:
\n
\n{{cquote|Some form of extreme exclusionism appears to emerge...}}
\n
\n:N.b. I am not saying it does.. I appears to me. Moreover, within the very same sentence continue by merely stating facts of previous discussions, asking others for input on the matter. It worth noting that this discussion is not about a specific online backup service to be included or not, it is about wider issues of self-referentially and proper citations.
\n
\n{{cquote| where people argue that items on lists (ie SAL) are only permitted if they have a wikipedia article, otherwise they are not deemed worthy for inclusion.}}
\n
\n:Please, lets try to remain level-headed over this and see what we can do together. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 19:33, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\nPer talkpage request for clarification of my opinion: In order to keep the list from becoming spammy, some sort of metrtsd is needed, notability would seem to be the appropriate one. To prove notability, per [[WP:N]], significant coverage in multiple reliable sources is required. This can either be established by putting citations next to the entry in the list of by the entry having a Wikipedia article (where it is presumed notability is demonstrated thereon by the same sort of citations; if not, the article can be taken to AfD). In essence: entries should be notable, and the presence of a Wikipedia article is a useful shortcut to checking that, but it is not itself the metric. That said, if an entry in the list is truly notable, why shouldn't it have its own article? It would not be unreasonable to ask someone to make a stub before adding an entry to the list. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 22:04, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n:I agree with Cybercobra. The notability guidelines are an adequate way of making sure this list only covers important services. I'm sure exeptions can be made for individual entries that don't have articles, but opening the flood gates to allow any such service a place on the chart will lead to an unhelpful table with undue weight placed on certain entries. '''[[User:Themfromspace|<font color="blue">Them</font>]][[User talk:Themfromspace|<font color="red">From</font>]][[Special:Contributions/themfromspace|<font color="black">Space</font>]]''' 05:17, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
\n:: Absolutely the notability guidelines are adequate, as they demand proper citation and the rest. ''They do NOT demand existing wikipedia entries to be included in a list in wikipedia.'' [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 20:32, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n::: I have now changed the article's editor note to the following:
\n
\n::: {{cquote|Please do not add weblinks or examples without an existing wikipedia article, or proper and credible citations. They will be removed immediately and you will only be wasting time for yourself and the person who cleans up after you.}}
\n
\n::: If this is not acceptable to others let us now please proceed to mediation. Thank you for everybody's effort. [[User:Mootros|Mootros]] ([[User talk:Mootros|talk]]) 18:08, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n== integrity checking? ==
\n
\nI bet some or all of the listed backup services do no integrity checking of the transferred data whatsoever. Silent data corruption is a HUGE problem, and that doesn't include all the opportunities for corruption in transferred data:
\n
\nhttp://blogs.zdnet.com/storage/?p=191
\n
\nSomebody please look into this. If they aren't doing integrity checking, and preferably repair (using methods similar to [[quickpar]]), then the data could be junk and no one would know it.
\n
\nI did find that Wuala uses "erasure codes" and "reed solomon codes", which is similar to quickpar, so maybe wuala is one that does do integrity checking?
\n
\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xKZ4KGkQY8
\n
\n[[User:Qwasty|Qwasty]] ([[User talk:Qwasty|talk]]) 05:37, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n: Surprise! Jungle disk will do everything but backup files larger than 5GB. If you do video editing, or anything else that involves large files, you can't use many of these backup services.
\n
\n: [[User:Qwasty|Qwasty]] ([[User talk:Qwasty|talk]]) 05:37, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n==Signification of columns==
\nWhat is the signification of L, U, M columns ? A description should be written
\n
\n== Most important information missing! ==
\n
\nThe most important information is missing: Price, total storage limit and file size limit for individual files. Also the table is mostly incomplete in the other sections. --[[Special:Contributions/84.178.103.86|84.178.103.86]] ([[User talk:84.178.103.86|talk]]) 22:21, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n---Agreed. I think many users would appreciate at least a brief price guide. For someone looking for price compared to other options, it would take forever to do so. [[Special:Contributions/24.192.138.13|24.192.138.13]] ([[User talk:24.192.138.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n:No. Please read [[WP:PRICE]]. --[[User:Cybercobra|<b><font color="3773A5">Cyber</font></b><font color="FFB521">cobra</font>]] [[User talk:Cybercobra|(talk)]] 01:47, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nI think the most important piece of information that is missing is the storage size limit for each service in its unpaid version (for example, with Ubuntu One the value would be 2GB).
\n
\n[[User:512upload|512upload]] ([[User talk:512upload|talk]]) 18:50, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n== Add www.rsync.net? ==
\nThere service seems to have a couple neat features
\n--[[Special:Contributions/91.47.184.13|91.47.184.13]] ([[User talk:91.47.184.13|talk]]) 00:03, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
\n:<!-- begin Template:Uw-sofixit -->Thank you for your suggestion{{#if:| regarding [[:{{{1}}}]]}}. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a [[wiki]], so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the '''{{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}''' link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be bold in updating pages]]. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out [[Wikipedia:how to edit a page|''how to edit a page'']], or use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] to try out your editing skills. [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|New contributors are always welcome]]. You don't even need to [[Special:Userlogin|log in]] (although there are [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|many reasons why you might want to]]).<!-- end Template:Uw-sofixit --> --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 22:00, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nHow about LiveDrive? I heard about it, but would like to see how it compares to these others. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/174.30.144.246|174.30.144.246]] ([[User talk:174.30.144.246|talk]]) 04:52, 8 March 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== tarsnap ==
\nWould someone mind including tarsnap service, [http://www.tarsnap.com]? <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.228.68.232|68.228.68.232]] ([[User talk:68.228.68.232|talk]]) 03:48, 11 March 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n:Sure, just [[WP:1ST|create the article first]].
\n:<!-- begin Template:Uw-sofixit -->Thank you for your suggestion{{#if:| regarding [[:{{{1}}}]]}}. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a [[wiki]], so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the '''{{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}''' link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be bold in updating pages]]. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out [[Wikipedia:how to edit a page|''how to edit a page'']], or use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] to try out your editing skills. [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|New contributors are always welcome]]. You don't even need to [[Special:Userlogin|log in]] (although there are [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|many reasons why you might want to]]).<!-- end Template:Uw-sofixit -->
\n:--[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 10:05, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n== box.net, box.com ==
\ncould someone add box.net [[Box.net]] <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/202.3.120.4|202.3.120.4]] ([[User talk:202.3.120.4|talk]]) 13:04, 23 August 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nYes please, add box.net. Sharing options are very powerful. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/81.47.192.162|81.47.192.162]] ([[User talk:81.47.192.162|talk]]) 07:24, 10 February 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nAgreed, Box.com = Box.net is a valuable online storage service. http://www.box.com/about-us/ <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Mithaca|Mithaca]] ([[User talk:Mithaca|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithaca|contribs]]) 06:56, 16 April 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Data privacy ==
\n
\nThe meaning of column titled Encryption has diluted. Earlier denoted as ref K and explained as encryption against all parties other than the user itself (including provider) does not stand. When the data is truly private, provider cannot know what is stored and if the user's key is lost, cannot recover the data. Encryption during transfer and while stored helps against third parties but does not guarantee privacy as the provider can unlock the data whenever it wants if they have the key. I suggest a column for privacy although I do not have time to populate it with data. Easiest way to find that out might be to ask the provider if they are able to recover the data when the key is lost. [[User:Tazpa|Tazpa]] ([[User talk:Tazpa|talk]]) 08:06, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n:Completely agree: There is NO distinction as to whether data is private or not. This is an important bit of info missing from this comparison. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/216.13.37.10|216.13.37.10]] ([[User talk:216.13.37.10|talk]]) 17:22, 14 July 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n:{{Agree}} Encryption should be defined as whether the data stored encrypted or not. Whether or not it uses a secure transfer protocol (such as [[SSL]]) is an entirely different matter. The two cannot and should not be confused or combined. I think in most cases it can be assumed that some kind of [[TLS]] is used so that is probably not note worthy. --[[User:Hm2k|Hm2k]] ([[User talk:Hm2k|talk]]) 21:53, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nSeems to me that as long as the privacy is provided through encryption, this column can still easily serve that purpose, and seems to be doing so now (probably more legibly than by adding another column). What is needed, though, is an expanded "Legend" for footnote "2 Encryption". Currently, it indicates that a "Yes" in that column means only that a service encrypts data in storage and transport; however, the column has entries saying "Partial; transmission and storage only"--suggesting that at least one more factor is needed for an unqualified "Yes". So, the Encryption column's footnote needs to name and describe that other factor, and if it's privacy, then some explanation is needed. Perhaps the revised footnote might read, "Encryption - Data encryption applies to all data during transport and storage, and data privacy is ensured because the service provider does not have the key to decrypt the data." --[[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) 10:52, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n:{{Agree}} I also agree for the "Privacy" column that means that the storage provider does not have access to your data. Adding a legend as [[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) is too confusing as communication encryption and full privacy are different things. If nobody disagrees I will create the "Privacy" column and rename the current column to "Communication Encryption" <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.195.238|2.137.195.238]] ([[User talk:2.137.195.238|talk]]) 10:19, 26 December 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP -->
\n
\n:I am going to add the column for "Privacy". Please, explain what is the other factor of "Partial; transmission and storage only" as [[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) demands. If no one provides an explanation the current "Encryption" column it will be renamed as "Communication Encryption" ("Transmission Encryption" if you prefer) and I will add the "Privacy" column to mean that the provider does not have access to the data by encrypting the information with another password (different than the one to access the backup service) before being transmitted. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.195.238|2.137.195.238]] ([[User talk:2.137.195.238|talk]]) 12:39, 26 December 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n::Please do not rename the current "Encryption" column as "Communication Encryption" or "Transmission Encryption". That column is not so limited in scope. The footnote clearly says that the Encryption column covers both transport and storage encryption. --[[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) 08:50, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::What problem do you have separating both features? Currently many services have a "yes" but do not have storage encryption.
\n
\n:::I am readying the change and I have seen that "Per-user" is highly correlated with privacy (aka client side encryption before transmitting the data), but I never conceived "Per-user" to mean privacy so I am going to change it to Privacy. Please guys, rest your views about this change and if you prefer two columns a I stated or one column as [[User:Rich Janis|Rich Janis]] ([[User talk:Rich Janis|talk]]) wants. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/83.60.134.7|83.60.134.7]] ([[User talk:83.60.134.7|talk]]) 16:48, 27 March 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n::::Whatever you end up doing, it needs to clearly indicate that Dropbox employees have full unfettered access to the data that is stored, and the only thing stopping them is a post-it note with the words "DO NOT LOOK HERE". Understand that they are the tagged as "Transport and Storage". I do not mean to single them out; they are hardly alone in creative definitions of "encryption." At the end of the day, encryption begs privacy. If it doesn't, then what's the point of encrypting something. Your "privacy" indicator should theoretically leave no doubt in such cases. Need to understand that different people have different needs - your divorce lawyer had better not be using Dropbox to store your documents and telling you "they're secure from prying eyes". Same for PCI and Healthcare data. Cheers, [[Special:Contributions/64.196.185.53|64.196.185.53]] ([[User talk:64.196.185.53|talk]]) 19:24, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:::::Done! <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.179.254|2.137.179.254]] ([[User talk:2.137.179.254|talk]]) 08:49, 5 April 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n::::I'm going to change the encryption column a bit. Since the last changes around April 5th, a few new services have been added which just list their privacy as 'yes' because they have a privacy policy, so clearly the meaning of the column is not being interpreted correctly. Also, every single service currently listed has transport encryption, so I propose the transport encryption feature is removed. It should be replaced by storage encryption since not all services have that. --[[User:JanKanis|JanKanis]] ([[User talk:JanKanis|talk]]) 14:34, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI've split the encryption column into three columns: transport encryption, encrypted storage, and personal encryption. Most of the entries were saying 'partial' before, with an explanation of what was there and what was missing, mostly being transport encryption available and private encryption not. Splitting the two up gives columns mostly just containing yes and no, I think that's much clearer. <br/>
\nI have renamed 'privacy' to 'personal encryption', some of the newly added services just reference the services privacy policy even if inappropriate, so privacy wasn't the best name. But I'm not very content with personal encryption either, so if someone knows a better name please change it. <br/>
\nI've also gone through all encryption/privacy claims and corrected a few incorrect ones, and some other minor changes. <br/>
\nBTW, I also wrote a [https://bitbucket.org/JanKanis/wiki2csv tool] to edit the table in LibreOffice. <br/>
\n--[[User:JanKanis|JanKanis]] ([[User talk:JanKanis|talk]]) 07:50, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI've removed the Transport Encryption column. Every single service has it, except for Usenet backup where you need to do the encryption yourself, and Diino, where it's unknown (but it probably does anyway, I'd guess). So transport encryption doesn't distinguish any of the services, and it is non-notable. The table is getting lare enough already. --[[User:JanKanis|JanKanis]] ([[User talk:JanKanis|talk]]) 12:37, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n:The changes you did are what I wanted in the first place, but I was not sure I had enough support. Thank you for your support! <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.137.109.54|2.137.109.54]] ([[User talk:2.137.109.54|talk]]) 18:25, 31 May 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Google Docs missing? ==
\n
\nWhy is Google Docs missing? You can upload any filetype. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/217.80.254.201|217.80.254.201]] ([[User talk:217.80.254.201|talk]]) 13:26, 27 September 2010 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== "Delta sync" ==
\n
\nIn the "Comments" column of the table, three services are said feature "delta sync". This is not defined.
\n
\nIn my own research, I have noted that some services are apparently smart enough to only transmit the changed bits or blocks of a file to the Cloud when a change is detected, while others seem to transmit the whole file. Obviously, the smart services can be much faster and create much less network traffic in typical usage, and this can be important in some applications.
\n
\nCould whoever wrote "delta sync" please explain if this is what they mean by "delta sync"? And why were only three services noted as using "delta sync"? Has someone already tested all of the services for "delta sync"?
\n
\n[[User:Jerrykrinock|Jerrykrinock]] ([[User talk:Jerrykrinock|talk]]) 13:16, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nDelta level de-duplication refers to the solution being able to change only changed parts (bit/blocks) of a file within the file itself. Total block-level de-duplication will parse entire file systems to de-duplicated common blocks over the whole system. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/62.252.24.194|62.252.24.194]] ([[User talk:62.252.24.194|talk]]) 14:27, 13 January 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Android / Smartphone Clients ==
\n
\nperhaps it is interesting for others too, that e.g. Dropbox has also other Clients like the one for Android! There might be otheres too with Android and or Blackberry / iPhone Clients too?!?!
\n
\nWith kind regards,
\n~Marcel --[[Special:Contributions/87.193.185.222|87.193.185.222]] ([[User talk:87.193.185.222|talk]]) 08:41, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
\n
\nWould like to seek some comments/objections before I add columns for mobile platforms supported (ala Operating Systems), initially for "iOS" and "Android".
\n
\n[[User:Hohockjim|Hohockjim]] ([[User talk:Hohockjim|talk]]) 14:26, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Differentation between real "Backup Software" and "FIle Synchronization" Tools ==
\n
\ne.g. Dropbox is more or less a Tool for "File Synchronization",
\non the other hand, SpiderOak has a different approach to give a tool that automatically back up files anywhere in the System!
\n
\nPerhaps this informations / differentiation between these products might be helpful in this table too
\n
\n~Marcel --[[Special:Contributions/87.193.185.222|87.193.185.222]] ([[User talk:87.193.185.222|talk]]) 08:45, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
\n
\n
\n===Glide OS===
\nCould be include in this page the backup and file synchronization service of Glide O.S.? Thank You and pardon for my english <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/193.152.242.226|193.152.242.226]] ([[User talk:193.152.242.226|talk]]) 15:36, 9 January 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== BSD column ==
\n
\nWhy is the BSD column included if none of the rows have anything in it? [[User:Griffinofwales|Griffinofwales]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales#top|talk]]) <small><span style="white-space:nowrap; text-shadow:gray 5px 3px 1px;">[[:simple:Main Page|Simple English Wikipedia]] - Come and join!</span></small> 20:08, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Amazon Cloud Drive (5GB) not listed ==
\n
\nThere is this service: Amazon Cloud Drive (5GB) that is not listed in this comparison article.
\n
\n[[User:512upload|512upload]] ([[User talk:512upload|talk]]) 10:44, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
\n
\nBump?.. Can Amazon be included? It isn't all that recent..
\n[[Special:Contributions/68.106.241.164|68.106.241.164]] ([[User talk:68.106.241.164|talk]]) 09:21, 9 May 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Free or proprietary? Missing ==
\n
\nI suggest the inclusion of a new column, indicating whether the service uses proprietary of free and open source software. Maybe with a separation the service itself vs. the software used to develop the service (some developed their proprietary service with the help of free software, and that may be somewhat better than all proprietary). <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/139.91.170.137|139.91.170.137]] ([[User talk:139.91.170.137|talk]]) 04:45, 28 August 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== logmein backup is not listed ==
\n[https://secure.logmein.com/products/backup/ logmein backup] is an other famous solution <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/195.50.96.129|195.50.96.129]] ([[User talk:195.50.96.129|talk]]) 06:13, 13 October 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Add Unidentified Service ==
\n
\nDolly Drive; Mac's only online backup service that utilizes Apple's Time Machine should be included in the list. What is the community consensus?[[User:Bmxholmes|Bmxholmes]] ([[User talk:Bmxholmes|talk]]) 20:48, 17 October 2011 (UTC)bmxholmes
\n
\n:provide the information to mos tof the coloums to your best knowledge and try providea link to the site and if you can anything you say it has feature of and the sites says it put areference for it--[[User:Andrewcrawford|<font color="Light Blue">Andrewcrawford</font>]] ([[User talk:Andrewcrawford|<small>talk</small>]] - [[Special:Contributions/Andrewcrawford|<small>contrib</small>]]) 21:46, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== Public Internet file hosting misleading ==
\n
\nEither this should be split to "sharing" and "public file hosting" or all the services that require a user account from the receiver (like Dropbox) should be marked yellow, while services that offer the possibility to directly publish to http (like Ubuntu One) should be marked green. --[[Special:Contributions/84.174.206.3|84.174.206.3]] ([[User talk:84.174.206.3|talk]]) 15:54, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
\n
\n== HiDrive Missing ==
\n
\nHiDrive from Strato (Europe's 2nd biggest web host) does not seem to feature?
\n
\n http://www.strato-hosting.co.uk/online-storage-hidrive/
\n
\n[[User:Bill.martin|Bill Martin]] ([[User talk:Bill.martin|talk]]) 09:57, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Articvle Split ==
\n
\nHey all,
\nI want to propose we split the article, as when looting through everything we seem to have 2 or 3 dissent different types of products
\n1. Online backups where instead of local backup you back up to the cloud
\n
\n2. Online storage drives which is backed up for you so you dnt have too
\n
\n3. Hydrid of the two above
\nthe reason for the split is because they are completely different tpye of products and i say that we getting too many coloums making it hard to read, if we split we could remove some coloum from each article that is no longer revelent so saving space i would also suggest maybe making a template for windwos/mac/linux so it can be one coloum but split into 3 cells that says yes/yes/yes depending on the configuration of the service--[[User:Andrewcrawford|<font color="Light Blue">Andrewcrawford</font>]] ([[User talk:Andrewcrawford|<small>talk</small>]] - [[Special:Contributions/Andrewcrawford|<small>contrib</small>]]) 20:24, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== Please add Thruinc.com ==
\n
\nI have added their service a few times- but gets removed- sorry for not being an expert at this, but can someone throw some light on this? Trying to help here-) should I get an account? <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.122.202.106|70.122.202.106]] ([[User talk:70.122.202.106|talk]]) 00:40, 12 March 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nI guess that's lack of information about their operations. There is no pricing or any system requirements on their site. Also their sharing solution confusing with its title: "Dropbox Enterprise File Transfer". --[[User:Dvvarf|Dvvarf]] ([[User talk:Dvvarf|talk]]) 10:40, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
\n
\nI don't see where Thru is a backup solution. At all. There's no backup of exchange stores, no classic SMB share support, no SQL backups, doesn't back up ESXi stores, doesn't do registries, has zero facilitation for ActiveDirectory backups, no bare-metal options, and in fact I can't see where it actually does anything "backup" related outside of Word revision tracking. If you burn your building down, you will NOT be using this service to rebuild your racks. It's exactly a "document sharing service", which is NOT an "online backup". Calling this a "backup" is like calling sharepoint a "backup", or SVN a "backup", or dropbox a "backup". They are no such things by any enterprise standard; they are collaboration services being shoe-horned into this list.
\n
\nI suspect there's a need for a definition of what constitutes a "backup service". Real-time replication of data that just got corrupted by an attacker probably does not meet that definition, nor does an external hard disk that you manually drag-n-drop into, nor does a few other entries in this list. Otherwise, I can include Wikipedia itself in this list, since I can copy/paste a few TB of of base64 crap into various talk and chatter pages, and call that my "backup". And it even meets notability requirements, since WP has an article on itself and mentions it being a repository. I'll suggest that there's a difference between "can be mis-used as in one single special case" and "is". It's a bit of a quagmire, but collaboration tools are not backups. I might suggest two tests to begin: 1. Will provide 100% recovery when building burns down, and 2. Will provide 100% recovery when attacker deliberately destroys data. If a backup solution cannot deliver those two things, it's rather dishonest to claim it's a backup. Thru, dropbox, and even DoubleTake, for example, all fail this pair of tests that are quite likely the general case. Cheers all, [[Special:Contributions/64.196.185.53|64.196.185.53]] ([[User talk:64.196.185.53|talk]]) 17:47, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== GFI Software ==
\n
\nYeah, can whoever is doing that please stop deleting entries. These are all verifiable, neutral sources. There shouldn't be anything controversial about whether a company is offering an online backup service. I added GFI's service complete with a link. Yet, someone's deleted it without even explaining why. I've just put it back in there. I'm not including a link this time, if that was the problem. Whoever is doing that either stop it or tell us why you're doing it. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Nathanmcginty|Nathanmcginty]] ([[User talk:Nathanmcginty|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nathanmcginty|contribs]]) 14:08, 14 March 2012 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Spideroak supports Hybrid Online Backup ==
\nI don`t know how to edit the comparison grid, but Spideroak writes:
\nhttps://spideroak.com/manual/preferences
\n(...)
\nCopy - This feature will allow you to specify a local drive, a network folder, or your FTP or SFTP server as a secondary place to store the encrypted data blocks SpiderOak creates. This location does not need to be secure as the data blocks will remain encrypted - just as they are stored in the SpiderOak Cloud. In addition to providing a local copy of the all of the data stored within SpiderOak, this option will drastically increase large restores and downloads as SpiderOak will check with the local copy before downloading a folder or file from the SpiderOak Cloud.
\n(...)
\nPerhaps someone can change the grid?--[[Special:Contributions/84.151.79.101|84.151.79.101]] ([[User talk:84.151.79.101|talk]]) 09:21, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
\n
\n== External hard drive support for Dropbox ==
\n
\nI've setup Dropbox to use an External hard drive with symbolic links in Linux. I would argue that the fact that Dropbox supports symbolic links means that is supports external hard drives. Would other agree? --Gregology.net 12:15, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2012-08-22T12:15:46+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Comparison_of_online_backup_services"
},
{
"title": "Robert Earl Hughes",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Earl_Hughes&diff=535798957",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Earl_Hughes&diff=535798957",
"description": "Gregology: Removed the ambiguous half ton reference
\n
\n'''Robert Earl Hughes''' (4 June 1926 – 10 July 1958) was, during his lifetime, the heaviest human being recorded in the history of the world.<ref name="Brainy">[http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1926/june_4_1926_85832.html "Robert Hughes" - Brainy History]</ref>
\n
\nHughes was born in [[Baylis, Illinois]] in 1926. At the age of six, he weighed about {{Convert|92|kg|lb|add=on}};<ref name="Grave">[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7051577 "Biography" - Find a Grave]</ref> at ten, he weighed {{Convert|171|kg|lb|add=on}}. His excessive weight was attributed to a malfunctioning [[pituitary gland]].<ref name="Reporter">[http://www.washingtontimesreporter.com/state_news/x688587697 "World's Heaviest Man: The last chapter of Robert Earl Hughes' remarkable life" - Washington Times Reporter]</ref> His chest was measured at {{Convert|3.15|m|ft|add=on}}, and he weighed an estimated {{Convert|486|kg|lb|add=on}} at his heaviest.<ref name="Brainy"/>
\n
\nDuring his adult life, Hughes made guest appearances at carnivals and fairs; plans to appear on the [[Ed Sullivan]] television program were announced but never came about.<ref name="Reporter" /> On July 10, 1958, Hughes contracted a case of [[measles]],<ref name="Grave" /> which soon developed into [[uremia]],<ref name="Grave" /> resulting in his death in [[Bremen, Indiana]],<ref name=obit>[http://www.bremen.lib.in.us/historical/bpl_OBITdetail.asp?item=100975 Obituary - ''Bremen Enquirer'']</ref> [[United States]]; he was 32 years old.<ref name="Grave" />
\n
\nHe is often said to have been buried in a [[piano]] case.<ref name="Reporter" /> His [[headstone]]<ref name="Grave" /> notes that he was the world's heaviest man at a confirmed {{Convert|1041|lbs|kg|add=on}}.<ref name="Grave" />
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[List of the heaviest people]]
\n* [[Obesity]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{reflist}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=hk0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=%22Robert+Earl+Hughes%22&lr=&ei=LhWrS968MITylQTGl5CmDQ&cd=12#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20Earl%20Hughes%22&f=false "LIFE" - Google Books]
\n* [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/436926912.html?dids=436926912:436926912&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+02%2C+1956&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=1041-Pound+Man+Flying+to+New+York+for+TV&pqatl=google "1041-Pound Man Flying to New York for TV" - Los Angeles Times]
\n* [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aOorAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aWcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1140,1102476&dq=robert-earl-hughes&hl=en "It's All in How You Look at It" - Kentucky New Era]
\n* [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ynkzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wOoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1465,3752122&dq=robert-earl-hughes&hl=en "Casket for World's Largest Man" - The Miami News]
\n* [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1024533/index.htm "Against the Groin" - SI Vault]
\n* [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/496463042.html?dids=496463042:496463042&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+13%2C+1966&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Yary%2C+Just+Growing+Boy%2C+Hopes+to+Weigh+290+By+Next+Season&pqatl=google "Yary, Just Growing Boy, Hopes to Weigh 290 By Next Season" - Los Angeles Times]
\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=4CXVGwAACAAJ "Big heart: remembering Robert Earl Hughes, 1926-1958" - Google Books]
\n* [http://books.google.com/books?id=Pch9XUbRO7MC&q=%22Robert+Earl+Hughes%22&dq=%22Robert+Earl+Hughes%22&ei=4xSrS_PLK4KOkATSjMibDQ&cd=2 "Incredible!" - Google Books]
\n
\n{{Authority control|VIAF=58434984}}
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\n{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
\n| NAME = Hughes, Robert Earl
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\n| DATE OF BIRTH = 4 June 1926
\n| PLACE OF BIRTH =
\n| DATE OF DEATH = 10 July 1958
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\n}}
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Hughes, Robert Earl}}
\n[[Category:1926 births]]
\n[[Category:1958 deaths]]
\n[[Category:American entertainers]]
\n[[Category:Burials in Illinois]]
\n[[Category:People from Pike County, Illinois]]
\n[[Category:Sideshow performers]]
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\n<!-- Interwikis -->
\n[[no:Robert Earl Hughes]]
\n[[ru:Хьюз, Роберт Эрл]]
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",
"pubDate": "2013-01-31T02:57:24+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Robert_Earl_Hughes"
},
{
"title": "Kim Jong-un",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong-un&diff=539897863",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong-un&diff=539897863",
"description": "Gregology: /* Early life */ typo, "his his" instead of "his"
\n
\n{{other people}}
\n{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
\n{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
\n{{Korean name|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]}}
\n{{Infobox officeholder
\n|name = Kim Jong-un<br /><small>김정은</small>
\n|image = <!--Per RFC (see talk page or its archive) DO NOT use a non-free image here -->
\n|imagesize =
\n|office = [[List of leaders of North Korea|Supreme Leader of North Korea]]
\n|premier = [[Choe Yong-rim]]
\n|term_start = 17 December 2011
\n|term_end =
\n|predecessor = [[Kim Jong-il]]
\n|successor =
\n|office1 = [[First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
\n|deputy1 = [[Kim Yong-nam]]<br>[[Choe Yong-rim]]<br>[[Choe Ryong-hae]]<br>[[Ri Yong-ho]]
\n|term_start1 = 11 April 2012
\n|term_end1 =
\n|predecessor1 = [[Kim Jong-il]] <small>(General Secretary)</small>
\n|successor1 =
\n|office2 = [[Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea|First Chairman of the National Defence Commission]]
\n|deputy2 = [[Kim Yong-Chun]]<br>[[Ri Yong-mu]]<br>[[Jang Song-thaek]]<br>[[O Kuk-ryol]]
\n|term_start2 = 13 April 2012
\n|term_end2 =
\n|predecessor2 = [[Kim Jong-il]] <small>(Chairman)</small>
\n|successor2 =
\n|office3 = [[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army]]
\n|term_start3 = 30 December 2011<ref name=AFP2011/>
\n|term_end3 =
\n|predecessor3 = [[Kim Jong-il]]
\n|successor3 =
\n|office4 = Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (North Korea)|Central Military Commission]]
\n|deputy4 = [[Choe Ryong-hae]]<br>[[Ri Yong-ho]]
\n|term_start4 = 11 April 2012<br><small>[[Acting (law)|Acting]]: 17 December 2011 – 11 April 2012</small>
\n|term_end4 =
\n|predecessor4 = [[Kim Jong-il]]
\n|successor4 =
\n|office5 = Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (North Korea)|Central Military Commission]]
\n|leader5 = Kim Jong-il
\n|alongside5 = [[Ri Yong-ho]]
\n|term_start5 = 28 September 2010
\n|term_end5 = 11 April 2012
\n|predecessor5 = Position established
\n|successor5 = [[Choe Ryong-hae]]<br>[[Ri Yong-ho]]
\n|birth_date = 8 January 1983 or 1984 {{nowrap|(age {{age|1984|1|8}}–{{age|1983|1|8}})}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Harlan|first=Chico|title=For Kim Jong Eun, a choreographed rise|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/for-kim-jong-eun-a-choreographed-rise/2012/01/07/gIQAizmPhP_story.html|accessdate=7 January 2012|newspaper=Washington Post|date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
\n|birth_place = [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
\n|death_date =
\n|death_place =
\n|party = [[Workers' Party of Korea]]
\n|spouse = [[Ri Sol-ju]]
\n|alma_mater = [[Kim Il-sung University]]<br>[[Kim Il-sung Military University]]
\n|allegiance = {{flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}
\n|serviceyears = 2010–present
\n|rank = [[Marshal]] of the Republic (공화국원수, ''Konghwaguk [[wonsu]]'')
\n|commands = [[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army|Supreme Commander]]
\n|signature = KimJongUnSign.png
\n}}
\n{{Infobox Korean name
\n|context= north
\n|hangul = {{linktext|김|정|은}}
\n|hanja = {{linktext|金|正|恩}}<ref name="hanja">{{ko}}{{cite web |url=http://news.naver.com/main/hotissue/read.nhn?mid=hot&sid1=100&gid=438117&cid=565935&iid=259968&oid=020&aid=0002171110&ptype=011 |title=[北 막오른 김정은 시대]조선중앙통신 보도, 金正銀(Ｘ) 金正恩 |publisher=[[Naver]] |date=2 October 2010 |accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref>
\n|rr = Gim Jeong(-)eun
\n|mr = Kim Chŏngŭn
\n}}
\n
\n'''Kim Jong-un'''<ref>{{ko}}{{cite web |url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200909250545185&code=910303 |title="청년대장 김정은"... 북 후계자 시사 벽보 찍혔다 |work=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |date=25 September 2009 |accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref> {{IPA-ko|kimdʑʌŋɯn}} (born 8 January 1983 or 1984)<!-- Birth date is NOT KNOWN for sure. Please raise birth date issues on discussion page, and consider whether any references you have outweigh those used to date. --><ref name=BBCprofile>{{cite news |title=Profile: Kim Jong-un |newspaper=BBC News |date=22 September 2010 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11388628 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref>—also [[Korean romanization|romanised]] as '''Kim Jong-eun''', '''Kim Jong Un''' or '''Kim Jung-eun'''<ref>[http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=5572 Note]: until recently, Jong Eun's name had been spelled differently in both Korean and English, causing him to become known as Jong-Woon. The Korean News Service refers to him as Kim Jong Un, while South Korean media is using Eun presently. ''[[Daily NK]]''.</ref>—is the [[supreme leader of North Korea|supreme leader]] of [[North Korea]], the son of [[Kim Jong-il]] (1941–2011) and the grandson of [[Kim Il-sung]] (1912–1994). He has held the titles of the [[First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]], the Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (DPRK)|Central Military Commission]], [[Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea|First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea]], the [[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army]], and also a presidium member of the Central Politburo of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]]. He was officially declared the supreme leader following the [[state funeral]] for his father on 28 December 2011.<ref>[http://ca.news.yahoo.com/kim-son-declared-supreme-leader-nkoreas-people-party-074210556.html North Korea tells rival SKorea and other nations not to expect any change, despite new leader]. The Associated Press (via Yahoo! News). 29 December 2011. Ca.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> He is the third and youngest son of Kim Jong-il and his consort [[Ko Young-hee]].<ref>Moore, Malcom. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/5428300/Kim-Jong-un-a-profile-of-North-Koreas-next-leader.html Kim Jong-un: a profile of North Korea's next leader]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 2 June 2009</ref> From late 2010, Kim Jong-un was viewed as [[heir apparent]] to the leadership of the nation, and following his father's death, he was announced as the "Great Successor" by North Korean state television.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577107350219610874.html |title=Kim Jong Il Has Died |date=18 December 2011 |accessdate=19 December 2011 |author=Alastair Gale |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal Asia]]}}</ref> At Kim Jong-il's memorial service, North Korean Chairman of Congress [[Kim Yong-nam]] declared that "Respected Comrade Kim Jong-un is our party, military and country’s supreme leader who inherits great comrade Kim Jong-il’s ideology, leadership, character, virtues, grit and courage".<ref name=WaPo>{{cite news|title=Kim Jong Il son declared ‘supreme leader’ of North Korea’s people, party and military|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-calls-kim-jong-ils-son-supreme-leader-as-massive-crowd-gathers/2011/12/28/gIQA4w1QNP_story.html|accessdate=29 December 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=28 December 2011|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=August 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> On 30 December 2011 the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea formally appointed Kim as the [[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army]].<ref name=AFP2011>{{cite news |title=N.Korea declares Kim Jong-Un commander of military |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jJYCeXinUm40ybUlJzb4_aOAiSAQ?docId=CNG.abd2d9a288a1831892829dfc484f077e.6a1 |accessdate=30 December 2011 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 December 2011}}</ref> On 11 April 2012, the 4th Party Conference elected him to the newly created post of [[First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]].
\n
\nHe was promoted to the rank of [[marshal]] of the DPRK in the Korean People's Army on 18 July 2012, consolidating his position as the supreme commander of the armed forces.<ref name=marshall>{{cite news|title=North Korea's Kim Jong-un named 'marshal'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18881524|accessdate=18 July 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> He obtained two degrees, one in [[physics]] at [[Kim Il-sung University]] and another at the [[Kim Il Sung Military Academy]].<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/kim-jong-un-first-appearance.html Kim Jong Un makes first appearance since father’s death (Los Angeles Times, 20 December 2011)]. Latimesblogs.latimes.com (20 December 2011). Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref><ref>Powell, Bill. (22 December 2011) [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2102985,00.html The Generals Who Will Really Rule North Korea (''TIME'', 22 December 2011)]. Time.com. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> At {{nowrap|{{age|1984|1|8}}–{{age|1983|1|8}}}} years of age, he is the [[Lists_of_state_leaders#10_youngest_serving_state_leaders|world's youngest head of state]].
\n
\n== Early life ==
\n<!-- Birth date is NOT KNOWN for sure. Please raise birth date issues on discussion page, and consider whether any references you have outweigh those used to date. -->
\n
\nNo official comprehensive biography on Kim Jong-Un has yet been released. Therefore, the only known information on his early life comes from defectors and people who have claimed to witness him in countries like Switzerland. Some of the information has been conflicting and contradictory since his brother [[Kim Jong-Chul]] was attending school there around the same period. Nevertheless, there has been some consensus on information about his early life. North Korean authorities have stated that his birthdate is January 8, 1982, but outside speculation by analysts and observers believe his birthdate to be around 1983 or early 1984.<ref name=BBCprofile/>
\n
\nAccording to reports first published in Japanese newspapers, he went to school in [[Switzerland]] near [[Bern]]. First reports claimed he attended the private English-language “International School” in [[Gümligen]] near [[Bern]] under the name “Chol-pak” or “Pak-chol” from 1993 until 1998.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/01/AR2009060103750.html |work=The Washington Post |first=Blaine |last=Harden |title=Son Named Heir to North Korea's Kim Studied in Switzerland, Reportedly Loves NBA |date=3 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7810203/Rare-photos-of-Kim-Jong-ils-youngest-son-Kim-Jong-un-released.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Peter |last=Foster |title=Rare photos of Kim Jong-il's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, released |date=8 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3245311/School-days-struggles-of-the-dictators-son-Kim-Jong-un.html |location=London |work=The Sun |first1=Allan |last1=Hall |title=Dim JongUn |date=25 November 2010}}</ref> He was described as shy, a good student who got along well with his classmates and was a basketball fan.<ref name=gu>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/02/kim-jong-il-names-son-successor North Korean leader Kim Jong-il 'names youngest son as successor']. Guardian. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> He was chaperoned by an older student who was thought to be his bodyguard.<ref name="Welt3985896">{{Internetquelle|url=http://www.welt.de/die-welt/article3985896/Kim-Jong-un-und-sein-Unterricht-bei-den-Schweizern.html| titel= Kim Jong-un und sein Unterricht bei den Schweizern|werk=[[Die Welt|Welt Online]]|autor=Elisalex Henckel|datum=2009-06-24|sprache=German| zugriff=2010-10-14}}</ref>
\n
\nLater it was reported that Kim Jong-un attended the public school “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” in [[Köniz]] near Bern under the name “Pak-un” or “Un-pak” from 1998 until 2000 as the son of an employee of the Embassy of North Korea. Authorities of Köniz confirmed that a student from North Korea, registered as the son of a member of the Embassy attended the school from August 1998 till fall 2000, but were unable to give details about his identity. Pak-un first attended a special class for foreign-language children and later attended the regular classes of the 6th, 7th, 8th and part of the final 9th year, leaving the school abruptly in fall 2000. He was described as a well-integrated and ambitious student who liked to play basketball.<ref name="NZZ1.2748091">{{internetquelle| url=http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/panorama/weitere_nordkoreanische_spuren_in_bern_1.2748091.html|titel=Weitere nordkoreanische Spuren in Bern|werk=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|datum=16 June 2009| sprache=German| zugriff=2011-12-19}}</ref> However, his grades and attendance rating are reported to have been poor.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/education/latest-news/poor-school-marks-of-north-koreas-kim-jongun-exposed-3068333.html | work=Irish Independent | title=Poor school marks of North Korea's Kim Jong-un exposed | date=2 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/9180501/Kim-Jong-uns-poor-marks-exposed.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Kim Jong-un's poor marks exposed | date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The ambassador of North Korea in Switzerland, Ri Tcheul, had a close relationship with him and acted as a mentor.<ref name="Figaro">{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/09/05/01003-20100905ARTFIG00221-kim-jong-un-une-education-suisse-entouree-de-mysteres.php |title=Kim Jong-un : une éducation suisse entourée de mystères |work=Le Figaro |language=French |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref> One of Pak-un's classmates told reporters that he had told him that he was the son of the leader of North Korea.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-28/world/north.korea.heir.friend_1_high-school-friend-north-korea-leader?_s=PM:WORLD |work=CNN |title=North Korea: Nuclear Tension |date=18 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="ta2909">{{Internetquelle|titel=Mein Freund, der zukünftige Diktator Nordkoreas|autor=Bernhard Odenahl|datum=2009-09-29|werk=Tages-Anzeiger| sprache=German| url=http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/asien-und-ozeanien/Mein-Freund-der-zukuenftige-Diktator-Nordkoreas-/story/20634972|zugriff=2010-09-29}}</ref> According to some reports, Jong-un was described by classmates as a shy child who was awkward with girls, indifferent to political issues but distinguished himself in sports, and had a fascination with the American [[NBA|National Basketball Association]] and [[Michael Jordan]]. One friend claimed that he had been shown pictures of Pak-un with [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[Toni Kukoč]] taken at an unknown location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/07/17/2009071700693.html |title=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea – Classmates Recall Kim Jong-un's Basketball Obsession |publisher=English.chosun.com |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref>
\n
\nIn April 2012, new documents came to light indicating that Kim Jong-un had lived in Switzerland since 1991 or 1992, earlier than previously thought.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lematin.ch/suisse/kim-jongun-reste-neuf-ans-suisse/story/20273993|title=Kim Jong-un est resté neuf ans en Suisse|last=Plattner|first=Titus|accessdate=24 April 2012|date=21 April 2012|work=Le Matin|language=French}}</ref>
\n
\nThe Laboratory of Anatomic Anthropology at the [[University of Lyon]], France, after comparing the picture of the boy Pak-un, taken at the school “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” in 1999 with a picture of Kim Jong-un from 2012 came to the conclusion that the two faces show a conformity of 95 percent. The head of the institute, Raoul Perrot, a forensic anthropologist, considers it most likely that the two pictures show the same person.<ref>{{cite web| author=Titus Plattner, Daniel Glaus, Julian Schmidli| url= http://www.webcitation.org/66cIlKe2M | title=Der Diktator aus Liebefeld| work=[[SonntagsZeitung]] |date=1 April 2012 (Archiv-Version)| language=German| accessdate=2 April 2012}}</ref><ref>Titus Plattner: ''«Der Schüler Un Pak ist identisch mit Kim Jong-un.»'' Interview in: [[SonntagsZeitung]], 1 April 2012, p. 17.</ref>
\n
\nIt is believed that the student at the Gümligen “International School” was not Kim Jong-un but his elder brother [[Kim Jong-chol]]. It is not known whether the student known as Pak-un in “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” lived in Switzerland prior to 1998.<ref name="cicero">{{internetquelle|titel=Der Diktator spricht Deutsch|autor=Julie Zaugg und Titus Plattner|datum=8 Mai 2009| werk= Cicero| url=http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=1&item=3710| sprache=German| zugriff=2012-04-02}}</ref> All the children of Kim Jong-il are said to have lived in Switzerland, as well as the mother of the two youngest sons, who lived in Geneva for some time. The Kim clan is also said to organise family meetings in Switzerland at [[Lake Geneva]] and [[Interlaken]].<ref name="Figaro"/>
\n
\nMost analysts agree that Kim Jong-un attended [[Kim Il-sung University]], a leading officer-training school in Pyongyang from 2002 to 2007.<ref name="NYTProfile">{{internetquelle| url= http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/world/asia/15kim.html?_r=1&ref=kimjongun| titel=North Korea’s Heir Apparent Remains a Mystery | autor=Choe Sang-Hun and Martin Fackler| werk=[[The New York Times]]|datum=14 June 2009 | zugriff=2012-04-02| sprache=}}</ref>
\n
\nFor many years, only one confirmed photograph of him was known outside North Korea, apparently taken in the mid-1990s, when he was eleven.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11389824 |title=BBC News – Tales of starvation and death in North Korea |publisher=BBC |date=22 September 2010 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref> Occasional other supposed images of him surfaced but were often disputed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8078562.stm Profile: Kim Jong-un], BBC News Online, 2 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/06/113_46783.html Photo of Kim Jong-il's Heir Apparent at Age of 16 Unveiled], ''[[Korea Times]]'', 14 June 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/world/asia/25succession.html |work=The New York Times |title=North Korea Appears to Tap Leader's Son as Enigmatic Heir |first=Martin |last=Fackler |date=24 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/04/21/2010042100633.html |title=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea – Confusion Over Photo of N. Korean Leader-to-Be |publisher=English.chosun.com |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref> It was only in June 2010, shortly before he was given official posts and publicly introduced to the North Korean people, that more pictures were released of Kim, taken when he was attending school in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The son also rises |url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2921577 |newspaper=JoongAng Daily |date=9 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster |first=Peter |title=Rare photos of Kim Jong-il's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, released |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7810203/Rare-photos-of-Kim-Jong-ils-youngest-son-Kim-Jong-un-released.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 June 2010 |location=London}}</ref> The first official image of him as an adult was a group photograph released on 30 September 2010, at the end of the party conference that effectively anointed him, in which he is seated in the front row, two places from his father. This was followed by newsreel footage of him attending the conference.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11441504 New images of North Korea's heir apparent Kim Jong-un], BBC News Online, 30 September 2010</ref>
\n
\n==Succession==
\n
\n===Pre-2010 Party Conference speculation===
\nHis eldest half-brother, [[Kim Jong-nam]], had been the favourite to succeed, but reportedly fell out of favour after 2001, when he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a [[fake passport]] to visit [[Tokyo Disneyland]].<ref name=rthk>[http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20090718&56&597742 Kim Jong-il's grandson seen at concert]. [[RTHK]]. 18 July 2009</ref>
\n
\nKim Jong-il's former personal chef, [[Kenji Fujimoto]], revealed details regarding Kim Jong-un, with whom he shared a good relationship,<ref>Lynn, Hyung Gu. (2007). ''Bipolar orders: the two Koreas since 1989.'' Zed Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-84277-743-5.</ref> stating that he was favoured to be his father's successor. Fujimoto also claimed that Jong-un was favored by his father over his elder brother, [[Kim Jong-chul]], reasoning that Jong-chul is too feminine in character, while Jong-un is "exactly like his father".<ref name=nyt>Sang-hun, Choe; Fackler, Martin. [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/world/asia/15kim.html?ref=global-home North Korea's Heir Apparent Remains a Mystery]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 14 June 2009</ref> Furthermore Fujimoto stated that "If power is to be handed over then Jong-un is the best for it. He has superb physical gifts, is a big drinker and never admits defeat." Also according to Fujimoto, Jong-un smokes [[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|Yves Saint Laurent]] cigarettes and loves [[Johnnie Walker]] whiskey and has a [[Mercedes-Benz 600]] Sedan.<ref>http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/12/20/2010122001136.html</ref> When Jong-un was 18, Fujimoto described an episode where Jong-un questioned his lavish lifestyle and asked, "We are here, playing basketball, riding horses, riding Jet Skis, having fun together. But what of the lives of the average people?"<ref name=nyt/> On 15 January 2009 the [[South Korean]] news agency, [[Yonhap]], reported that Kim Jong-il appointed Kim Jong-un to be his successor.<ref name=rthk/><ref>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2009/01/22/62/0401000000AEN20090121007400325F.HTML North Korea Newsletter No. 38]. Yonhap. 22 January 2009.</ref>
\n
\nOn 8 March 2009, the [[BBC News|BBC]] reported rumors that Kim Jong-un appeared on the ballot for elections to the [[Supreme People's Assembly]], the [[rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp parliament]] of North Korea.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7930775.stm "N Korea holds parliamentary poll"]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</ref> Subsequent reports indicate that his name did not appear on the list of lawmakers,<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aFAm9ndQmJpI&refer=latin_america "Kim Jong Il's Son, Possible Successor, Isn't Named as Lawmaker"]. [[Bloomberg L.P.]].</ref> however he was later elevated to a mid-level position in the National Defense Commission, which is a branch of the North Korean military.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/01/north-korea-kim-begins-shifting-power-military/ "In North Korea, Ailing Kim Begins Shifting Power to Military"]. Fox News. 1 May 2009.</ref> Reports have also suggested that he is a [[diabetic]] and suffers from [[hypertension]].<ref name=gs/><ref name=huff>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/01/kim-jongun-north-koreas-k_n_210065.html Kim Jong-un: North Korea's Kim Anoints Youngest Son As Heir]. ''[[Huffington Post]]''. 2 June 2009.</ref>
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\nFrom 2009, it was understood by foreign diplomatic services that Kim was to succeed his father Kim Jong-il as the head of the Korean Workers' Party and de facto leader of North Korea.<ref name="successor">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8078324.stm |title=N Korea names Kim's successor named |publisher=BBC |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=14 June 2009}}</ref> He has been named "Yŏngmyŏng-han Tongji" (영명한 동지), which loosely translates to "Brilliant Comrade".<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/06/13/north-korean-leader039s-son-039brilliant-comrade039.html North Korean leader's son is 'Brilliant Comrade'], ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'', 13 June 2009</ref> His father had also asked embassy staff abroad to pledge loyalty to his son.<ref name=huff/> There have also been reports that citizens in North Korea have been encouraged to sing a newly composed "song of praise" to Kim Jong-un, in a similar fashion to that of [[Song to General Kim Jong-il|praise songs relating to Kim Jong-il]] and [[Song of General Kim Il-sung|Kim Il-sung]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2009/s2632675.htm?FORM=ZZNR6 North Koreans sing praises of dynastic dictatorship] – AM, Australian Broadcasting Corporation</ref> Later in June, Kim was reported to have visited China secretly to "present himself" to the Chinese leadership, who later warned against North Korea conducting another nuclear test.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6508436.ece Kim Jong Il's son 'made secret visit to China']. ''[[The Times]]''. 16 June 2009.</ref> The Chinese Foreign Ministry has strongly denied that this visit occurred.<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/06/19/2009061900402.html China Dismisses Reports of Kim Jong-un Visit]. ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]''. 19 June 2009</ref><ref>Harden, Blaine. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/01/AR2009060103750.html North Korea's Kim Jong Il Chooses Youngest Son as Heir]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 3 June 2009</ref>
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\nNorth Korea was later reported to have backed the succession plan, after Kim Jong-il suspended a propaganda campaign to promote his youngest son.<ref>Chang-Won, Lim (6 September 2009). [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gvACCP7QGFdDDvwHxcbIph2Yw4pw N Korea backs Kim's succession plan: analysts]. AFP.</ref> His birthday has since become a [[Public holidays in North Korea|national holiday]], celebrated on 8 January, according to a report by a South Korean website.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8221155/North-Korea-declare-Kim-Jong-uns-birthday-a-public-holiday.html|title=North Korea declare Kim Jong-un's birthday a public holiday|date=23 December 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=6 January 2012|location=London}}</ref> He was expected to be named on 28 September 2010 as successor to his father as [[Government of North Korea|leader of North Korea]].<ref>[http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2905585 Sources: Kim chooses third son as heir], ''[[JoongAng Daily]]'', 2 June 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11152682 Sources: Is North Korea's Kim poised to name his successor?], ''[[BBC News]]'', 1 September 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=John Sudworth |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11378145 |title=BBC News – North Korea sets date for rare leadership conference |publisher=BBC |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref>
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\nFormer U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] visited China in early September 2010, and discussed the issue of North Korean leadership succession with Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]]. According to Carter, Kim Jong-il had said to Wen that Kim Jong-un's prospective promotion to paramount leader of North Korea was "a false rumor from the West".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/news/trip_reports/china-090410.html |title=Trip Report by Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter to China, Sept. 4–10, 2010 |publisher=The Carter Center |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref>
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\n===Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission===
\nKim Jong-un was made a [[daejang]], the equivalent of [[General (United States)|general]] in the United States,<ref name=BBCmodel>{{cite news |title=Is North Korea following the Chinese model? |newspaper=BBC News |date=29 September 2010 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11432894 |accessdate=30 September 2010}}</ref> on 27 September 2010, a day ahead of a rare [[Workers' Party of Korea]] conference in Pyongyang, the first time North Korean media had mentioned him by name and despite his having no previous military experience.<ref>{{cite news |title=North Korea sets date for rare leadership conference |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11378145 |accessdate=27 September 2010 |newspaper=BBC News |date=21 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=North Korean leader Kim Jong-il's son 'made a general' |newspaper=BBC News |date=28 September 2010 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11417016 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=North Korea's Kim paves way for family succession |newspaper=BBC News |date=28 September 2010 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11426284 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref> Despite the promotion, no further details, including verifiable portraits of Kim, were released.<ref>{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Negrin |url=http://www.politico.com/politico44/perm/0910/little_kim_rises_47f34787-5587-48fd-b2a4-c11fa6a56599.html |title=N. Korean leader promotes his son |publisher=Politico.com |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref> On 28 September 2010 he was named vice chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (DPRK)|Central Military Commission]] and appointed to the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|Central Committee of the Workers' Party]], in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong-il.<ref>{{Cite document |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11431415 |publisher=BBC News |title=North Korea leader's son given key party posts |date=28 September 2010 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
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\nOn 10 October 2010, alongside his father, Kim Jong-un attended the ruling Workers' Party's 65th anniversary celebration. This was seen as fully confirming his position as the next leader of the Workers' Party. Unprecedented international press access was granted to the event, further indicating the importance of Kim Jong-un's presence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/world/asia/10korea.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |work=New York Times |title=Kim Jong-il's Heir Attends Parade |date=9 October 2010 |first=Mark |last=McDonald |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> In January 2011, the regime began purging around 200 protégés of both Jong-un's uncle-in-law [[Jang Sung-taek]] and [[O Kuk-ryol]], the vice chairman of the [[National Defence Commission of North Korea]], by either detention or execution to further prevent either man from rivaling Jong-un.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/01/10/2011011000554.html |title= N.Korea 'Purging Proteges of the Old Guard' |work= [[The Chosun Ilbo]] |date= 10 January 2011 |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref> In the following months, Kim Jong-un was given more and more prominence as he accompanied Kim Jong-il during several "guidance tours" and received gifts from foreign delegations and personages, an honour traditionally awarded only to the living supreme leader. He was also listed second only to Kim Jong-il himself in the funeral committee for [[Jo Myong-rok]].
\n
\n==Ruler of North Korea==
\nOn 17 December 2011, Kim Jong-il died. Despite the elder Kim's plans, it was not immediately clear after his death whether Jong-un would in fact take full power, and what his exact role in a new government would be.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kim Jong-il, North Korean leader, dies |first=Tania |last=Branigan |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/19/kim-jong-il-north-korean-leader-dies |newspaper=The Guardian |date=19 December 2011 |accessdate=19 December 2011 |location=London}}</ref> Some analysts had predicted that when Kim Jong-il died, Jang Sung-taek would act as [[regent]], as Jong-un is too inexperienced to immediately lead the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kim Jong-il's heir Kim Jong-un made general |first1=Rick |last1=Wallace |first2=Michael |last2=Sainsbury |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/kim-jong-ils-heir-kim-jong-un-made-general/story-e6frg6so-1225931178505 |newspaper=The Australian |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref> On 25 December 2011, North Korean television showed Jang Sung-taek in the uniform of a general in a sign of his growing sway after the death of Kim Jong-il. A Seoul official familiar with North Korea affairs said it was the first time Jang has been shown on state television in a military uniform. His appearance suggests that Jang has secured a key role in the North's powerful military, which has pledged its allegiance to Kim Jong-un.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/25/us-korea-north-power-idUSTRE7BO02I20111225 North Korean power-behind-throne emerges as neighbors meet]. Reuters (25 December 2011). Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref>
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\nThe [[cult of personality]] around Kim Jong-un has been stepped up following his father's death. He was hailed as the "great successor to the revolutionary cause of [[Juche]]", "outstanding leader of the party, army and people",<ref>[http://www.kcna.co.jp/index-e.htm Notice to All Party Members, Servicepersons and People (KCNA, 19 December 2011)]. Kcna.co.jp. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> "respected comrade who is identical to Supreme Commander Kim Jong-il",<ref>[http://www.kcna.co.jp/index-e.htm We Are under Respected Kim Jong Un (KCNA, 19 December 2011)]. Kcna.co.jp. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> and chairman of the Kim Jong-il funeral committee. The [[Korean Central News Agency]] described Kim Jong-un as "a great person born of heaven", a propaganda term only his father and grandfather had enjoyed,<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/article/NKorea-grieves-Kim-Jong-Il-state-media-hails-son-2411026.php NKorea grieves Kim Jong Il, state media hails son (Associated Press, 19 December 2011)]. Chron.com. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> while the ruling Workers' Party said in an editorial: "We vow with bleeding tears to call Kim Jong-un our supreme commander, our leader."<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-24/n-korea-media-begins-calling-kim-jong-un-supreme-commander.html N. Korea Media Begins Calling Kim Jong Un Supreme Commander (Bloomberg, 24 December 2011)]. Businessweek.com. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref>
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\nHe was publicly declared [[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army]] on 24 December 2011<ref name="bbc24">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16325390|title=North Korea: Kim Jong-un hailed 'supreme commander'|date=24 December 2011|accessdate=24 December 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and formally appointed to the position on 30 December when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party "courteously proclaimed that the dear respected Kim Jong Un, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK, assumed the supreme commandership of the Korean People's Army".<ref name=AFP2011/>
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\nOn 26 December 2011, the leading North Korean newspaper ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'' announced that Kim Jong-un has been acting as chairman of the Central Military Commission,<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/topics/2011/12/26/81/4603000000AEN20111226003700315F.HTML N. Korean newspaper refers to successor son as head of key party organ] Yonhap News Agency, 26 December 2011.</ref> and supreme leader of the country, following his father's demise.<ref>{{cite news | last = McDonald | first = Scott | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-30/north-korea-leadership/52280412/1 | title = North Korea vows no softening toward South | date = 30 December 2011 |work=USA Today }}</ref>
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\nOn 9 January 2012, a large rally was held by [[Korean People's Army|armed forces]] in front of [[Kumsusan Memorial Palace]] to honor Kim Jong-un and demonstrate loyalty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military Rallies in Keumsusan Square|last=Kim|first=So Yeol|accessdate=10 January 2012|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=8664}}</ref>
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\nOn 27 March 2012, Kim was elected to the Fourth Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea, that elected him first secretary, a newly made position, on 11 April. This position replaced the post of General Secretary, which was awarded "eternally" to Kim Jong-il. At the conference, Kim Jong-un also took his father's seats as Politburo Presidium member and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kim Takes More Top Posts|last=Green|first=Chris|accessdate=12 April 2012|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=9100}}</ref> In a speech made prior to the Conference, Kim Jong-un declared that "Imbuing the whole society with Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the highest programme of our Party".
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\nOn 13 April 2012, the 5th Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly appointed him [[Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea|First Chairman of the National Defence Commission]].
\n
\nOn 15 April 2012, during a military parade to commemorate Kim Il-sung's centenary, he made his first public speech.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=14 April 2012|date=14 April 2012|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17718011|title=N Korea's Kim Jong-un speaks publicly for first time}}</ref> That speech became the basis of "[[Onwards Toward the Final Victory]]", a repetitively aired propaganda hymn dedicated to him.<ref name="The Guardian (Branigan) 6 July 2012">{{cite news|last=Branigan|first=Tania|title=North Korea's Kim Jong-un gets new official theme song|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/06/north-korea-kim-jong-un-song|accessdate=7 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 July 2012|location=London}}</ref>
\n
\nIn July 2012, Kim Jong-un was promoted to [[Wonsu#North Korea|wonsu]], the highest active rank in the military. The decision was jointly issued on by the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|Central Committee]] and the [[Central Military Commission (North Korea)|Central Military Commission]] of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], the [[National Defence Commission of North Korea|National Defence Commission]] and the [[Presidium]] of the [[Supreme People's Assembly]], [[Korean Central News Agency]] subsequently announced. By this promotion he is one of only two [[Wonsu#North Korea|wonsu]] holders now alive in North Korea. The other is Lee Ul Sol, who received the rank in 1995. The only higher rank is [[Dae Wonsu|dae wonsu]] (roughly translated as [[Grand Marshal]] or [[Generalissimo]]) which was held by Kim's grandfather, Kim Il-sung, and which was awarded posthumously to his father, Kim Jong-il, in February 2012.<ref name=marshall/><ref>{{cite news|title=Kim Jong Eun Promoted to Marshal|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=9533|accessdate=18 July 2012|newspaper=[[Korean Central News Agency]]|date=18 July 2012}}</ref> The promotion confirmed Kim's role as top leader of the North Korean military and came days after the replacement of Chief of General Staff [[Ri Yong-ho]] by [[Hyon Yong-chol]].
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\nDuring a 26 July 2012 performance marking the 59th anniversary of the armistice of the Korean War, security around Kim has reportedly increased dramaticly because Kim "is extremely nervous about the possibility of an emergency developing inside North Korea" caused by "mounting opposition to his efforts to rein in the military."<ref name="Choe Dec 6">{{cite web|title=Kim Jong-un Beefs Up Security Amid Fear of Unrest|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/12/06/2012120601143.html|publisher=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=6 December 2012|language=English|date=December 6, 2012 at 11:41 KST}}</ref>
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\nIn August 2012, Kim Jong-un announced economics reforms similar to the [[China|People's Republic of China]].<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/9455190/Kim-Jong-un-planning-China-like-reforms-in-North-Korea.html</ref> Kim began to be mentioned by the North Korean state media as "Supreme Leader" (chego ryongdoja) at this time.
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\nIn November 2012, satellite photos revealed a half kilometer long propaganda message carved into a hillside in Ryanggang Province, reading, "Long Live General Kim Jong-un, the Shining Sun!". The message, located next to an artificial lake built in 2007 to serve a hydroelectric station, is made of Korean letters measuring 15 by 20 meters, and is located approximately 9 kilometers south of Hyesan near the border with the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|title=Half-kilometre long Kim Jong-un propaganda message visible from space|last=National Post Staff|first=|accessdate=23 November 2012|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/23/half-kilometre-long-kim-jong-un-propaganda-message-visible-from-space/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter}}</ref>
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\nKim Jong il's personal chef [[Kenji Fujimoto]] stated "Stores in Pyongyang were brimming with products and people in the streets looked cheerful, North Korea has changed a lot since Kim Jong-un assumed power. All of this is because of leader Kim Jong-un."<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/10/kim-jong-il-japan-chef</ref>
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\nOfficially, Kim Jong-un is part of a [[triumvirate]] heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier [[Choe Yong-rim]] and parliament chairman [[Kim Yong-nam]] (no relation). Each nominally holds powers equivalent to a third of a president's powers in most other presidential systems. Kim Jong-un commands the armed forces, Choe Yong-rim heads the government and Kim Yong-nam handles foreign relations. Nevertheless, it is generally understood that Kim Jong-un, like his father before him, exercises absolute control over the government and the country.
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\n[[Ri Yong-ho]], [[Kim Yong-chun]], [[U Dong-chuk]], and [[Kim Jong-gak]] were handpicked to groom the young leader and were close confidants of Kim Jong-il. They have either been demoted or disappeared. One South Korean government official said Kim Jong-un is trying to "erase all traces of his father's rule" 11 months after stepping into power and "replacing top brass with officers who are loyal to him alone."<ref name="4 shake up">{{cite web|title=Top 4 N.Korean Military Officials Fall Victim to Shakeup|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/11/30/2012113001209.html|publisher=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=1 December 2012|language=English|date=November 30, 2012 12:43 KST}}</ref>
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\nOn 30 November 2012, Kim met with [[Li Jianguo]], who "briefed Kim on the [[18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China|18th National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of China]]," according to the KCNA news agency.<ref name="letter Dec 3">{{cite web|title=Kim Jong-un Gets Letter from China's New Leader|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/12/03/2012120301309.html|publisher=Chosun ilbo|accessdate=6 December 2012|language=English|date=December 03, 2012 at 12:40 KST}}</ref> A letter from [[Xi Jinping]] was hand-delivered during the discussion.<ref name="letter Dec 3">{{cite web|title=Kim Jong-un Gets Letter from China's New Leader|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/12/03/2012120301309.html|publisher=Chosun ilbo|accessdate=6 December 2012|language=English|date=December 03, 2012 at 12:40 KST}}</ref>
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\nIn 2013 Kim re-established [[Kim Il-sung|his grandfather's]] style when he made his first New Year's address, which was a break from the approach of his father, Kim Jong Il who never made televised addresses during his 17 years in power.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/01/world/asia/north-korea-kim-speech/index.html "In first New Year speech, North Korea's Kim Jong Un calls for economic revamp", January 2, 2013, CNN]</ref> In lieu of delivering a speech, Kim Jong Il contributed to and approved a New Year’s Day editorial, jointly published by Rodong Sinmun (the daily newspaper of the Korean Workers’ Party), Joson Imnigun (the newspaper of the Korean People’s Army), and Chongnyon Jonwi (the newspaper of the Kim Il Sung Youth League).<ref>[http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/ "KJU Delivers New Year’s Day Address"]</ref> At the extraordinary meeting with his top defence and security officials on January 26, 2013 Kim issued orders on preparations for a new nuclear test and introduced [[martial law]] in North Korea effective from January 29.<ref>{{cite web|title=North Korea 'under martial law'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/9838626/North-Korea-under-martial-law.html|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|accessdate=31 January 2013|date=31 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=В КНДР в преддверии ядерных испытаний введено военное положение|url=http://ria.ru/world/20130131/920676089.html|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|language=Russian|accessdate=31 January 2013|date=31.01.2013}}</ref>
\n
\n== Human rights violations ==
\n{{see also|Human rights in North Korea}}
\nMany reports indicate that the human rights violations under the leadership of Kim Jong-il<ref>{{cite web | title= UN General Assembly slams Pyongyang's human rights record | work=The China Post, December 21, 2011| url= http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/korea/2011/12/21/326591/UN-General.htm | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> are continued by Kim Jong-un,<ref>{{cite news | title= North Korea's Kim Jong Un wages defector crackdown | work=Los Angeles Times, January 5, 2012| url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/01/kim-jong-il-death-new-north-korean-leader-kim-jong-un-crackdown-on-defectors.html | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> ordering to kill defectors,<ref>{{cite web | title= N. Korea`s killing of 3 would-be defectors | work=The Dong-A Ilbo, January 4, 2012| url= http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2012010422968 | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> conducting public executions<ref>{{cite web | title= Boomerangs Usually Come Back | work=Daily NK, January 11, 2011| url= http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk03600&num=8669 | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> and sending people to [[Human_rights_in_North_Korea#The_prison_system|political prison camps]].<ref>{{cite web | title= Harsh Punishments for Poor Mourning| work=Daily NK, January 11, 2011| url= http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=8668 | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> It is assumed that he was involved in the [[bombardment of Yeonpyeong]]<ref>{{cite web | title= Kim Jong-un 'Masterminded Attacks on S.Korea' | work=The Chosun Ilbo, August 3, 2011| url= http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/03/2011080300499.html | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> and the [[ROKS Cheonan sinking|Cheonan sinking]]<ref>{{cite web | title= North Korean Propagandists Say Kim Jong-il's Son Planned South Korea Attacks | work=International Business Times, December 24, 2011| url= http://m.ibtimes.com/north-korean-propagandists-jong-il-s-son-272400.html | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref> to strengthen his military credentials and facilitate a successful transition of power from his father.<ref>{{cite web | title= Korean Peninsula: After Cheonan Warship Sinking and Yeonpyeong Incidents | work=Chun Kwang Ho, King’s College London, 2011| url= http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:57clyG4TT0cJ:www.jpi.or.kr/board/run/download.php?board_id%3Djpiscience%26page%3D1%26vnum%3D64%26row_per_page%3D15%26page_per_block%3D10%26pds_uid%3D4339+kwang+ho+chun+Yeonpyeong&hl=en | accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref>
\n
\n== Name ==
\nKim was formerly known as '''Kim Jong-woon''' or '''Kim Jung-woon'''.<ref name=gs>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/kim-jong-woong.htm Kim Jong-un (Kim Jong Woon) – Leadership Succession]. Global Security.org. 3 July 2009</ref> His name was first reported as 김정운 (Hanja: {{linktext|金|正|雲}}; lit. ''righteous cloud''), possibly as a result of an error in transliteration; the Japanese language does not distinguish between 운 ([[WP:IPA for Korean|/un/]]) and 은 ([[WP:IPA for Korean|/ɯn/]]). The initial source of his name was Kim Jong-il's former personal chef, known by the pen name [[Kenji Fujimoto]], who was among the few who had access to information about Kim's household from inside the government. Chinese media had named him as 김정은 (Hanja: {{linktext|金|正|恩}}; lit. ''righteous benevolence'').
\n
\n==Family==
\nOn 25 July 2012, North Korean state media reported for the first time that Kim Jong-un is married to [[Ri Sol-ju]] (리설주).<ref name="marry">{{cite news|title=North Korea leader Kim Jong-un married to Ri Sol-ju|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18986249|publisher=BBC|date=25 July 2012|accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="fox">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/07/26/north-korea-leader-kim-jong-un-projects-new-image-by-showing-off-wife/ |title=North Korea leader Kim Jong Un projects new image by showing off wife |author=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=26 July 2012 |deadurl=no |accessdate=26 July 2012}}</ref> Ri, who appears to be in her early 20s, had been accompanying Kim Jong-un to public appearances for several weeks prior to the announcement.<ref name="fox"/> The [[BBC]], quoting an analyst who spoke to ''[[The Korea Times]]'' of [[South Korea]], reported that Kim Jong-il had hastily arranged his son's marriage after suffering a [[stroke]] in 2008. The two were married in 2009 and Ri gave birth to a child in 2010.<ref name="marry"/>
\n
\nKim Jong-un has two half-brothers and an older and younger full-brother (see below). He also has a younger sister, Kim Yo-jong, who was believed to be about 23 in 2012. She sometimes accompanies him.<ref name="Kim Yo Jong">{{cite web|title=Kim Yo Jong|url=http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kji-2/kim-yo-jong/|publisher=North Korea Leadership Watch|accessdate=8 August 2012|date=last revised 11 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=KJD8812 >{{cite news|title=Kim Jong-un’s sister is having a ball|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2957573|accessdate=8 August 2012|newspaper=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=8 August 2012|author=Lee Young-jong|author2=Kim Hee-jin}}</ref>
\n
\n== Family tree ==
\n{{Kim Jong-il family}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[North Korean leader's residences]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{reflist|30em}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n{{commonscat}}
\n* [http://www.pyongyangsquare.com/whois/ People in DPRK news]
\n* [http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/09/30/world/asia/1248069113905/north-korea-s-young-leader-on-show.html North Korea's Young Leader on Show] – video report by ''[[The New York Times]]''
\n* [http://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2011/12/19/document-friday-kim-jong-il-the-%E2%80%9Cgreat-successor%E2%80%9D/ NSA Archive Kim Jong-Il: The “Great Successor”]
\n* [http://www.nknews.org/nk-leadership-tracker/ NK Leadrership Tracker]
\n
\n{{s-start}}
\n{{s-ppo}}
\n{{s-new|office}}
\n{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (North Korea)|Central Military Commission]]|alongside=[[Ri Yong-ho]]|years=2010–2012}}
\n{{s-aft|after=[[Choe Ryong-hae]]<br>[[Ri Yong-ho]]}}
\n|-
\n{{s-bef|before=[[Kim Jong-il]]}}
\n{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (North Korea)|Central Military Commission]]<br><small>Acting: 2011–2012</small>|years=2011–present}}
\n{{s-inc|rows=2}}
\n|-
\n{{s-bef|before=[[Kim Jong-il]]|as=General Secretary}}
\n{{s-ttl|title=[[First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]]|years=2012–present}}
\n|-
\n{{s-off}}
\n{{s-bef|before=[[Kim Jong-il]]|as=Chairman}}
\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea|First Chairman of the National Defence Commission]]|years=2012–present}}
\n{{s-inc}}
\n|-
\n{{s-mil}}
\n{{s-bef|before=[[Kim Jong-il]]}}
\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army]]|years=2011–present}}
\n{{s-inc}}
\n{{s-end}}
\n
\n{{NKSupremeLeaders}}
\n{{WPKHeads}}
\n{{WPKpresidium}}
\n{{Family of Kim Jong-il}}
\n{{Portal bar|Biography|Korea|Politics}}
\n
\n{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
\n|NAME= Kim Jong-un
\n|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=김정은; 金正銀 or 金正恩; Kim Jong Eun
\n|SHORT DESCRIPTION=North Korean leader
\n|DATE OF BIRTH= 1983 or early 1984
\n|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Pyongyang]], [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
\n|DATE OF DEATH=
\n|PLACE OF DEATH=
\n}}
\n[[Category:1980s births]]
\n[[Category:Article Feedback 5 Additional Articles]]
\n[[Category:Children of national leaders]]
\n[[Category:Kim Il-sung family]]
\n[[Category:Kim Jong-il]]
\n[[Category:Living people]]
\n[[Category:North Korean expatriates in Switzerland]]
\n[[Category:North Korean generals]]
\n[[Category:People from Pyongyang]]
\n[[Category:Workers' Party of Korea politicians]]
\n[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
\n
\n[[af:Kim Jong-un]]
\n[[als:Kim Jong-un]]
\n[[an:Kim Jong-un]]
\n[[ast:Kim Yong Un]]
\n[[be-x-old:Кім Чэн Ын]]
\n[[bcl:Kim Jong-un]]
\n[[eu:Kim Jong-un]]
\n[[fr:Kim Jong-un]]
\n[[hak:Kîm Ngit-sṳ̀n]]
\n[[mn:Ким Чен Ир]]
\n[[sq:Kim Xhong-un]]
\n[[szl:Kim Dzong Un]]
\n[[tg:Ким Чен Ун]]
\n[[bat-smg:Kim Džiuong Un]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-02-23T14:32:55+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kim_Jong-un"
},
{
"title": "Problems (TV series)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problems_(TV_series)&diff=557164588",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problems_(TV_series)&diff=557164588",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n'''''Problems''''' is an Australian television comedy series starring [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]]. The series revolves around Sam. In each episode he attempts to solve a suburban problem. Not a crisis but a suburban problem. <ref>http://www.comedy.com.au/news/exclusive-problems-trailer-released</ref> The 5th episode is scheduled to air on the 21st of November 2013 on [[ABC1]]. <ref>http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/problems.htm</ref>
\n
\n==Cast==
\n* [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]]
\n* Anthony Morgan
\n* Claudia O'Doherty
\n* David Quirk
\n* [[Gary Sweet]]
\n* [[Susie Porter]]
\n* Kate McCartney
\n* Laura Hughes
\n* [[Lawrence Mooney]]
\n* Ronny Chieng as Mr Meowgi
\n
\n==Episodes==
\nEpisode 1: Taco Night
\nEpisode 2: Bus Crush
\nEpisode 3: First Hot Day
\nEpisode 4: The Cardboard Angel
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[List of Australian television series]]
\n*[[List of Australian Broadcasting Corporation programs]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/problems.htm Official ABC site]
\n* {{IMDB title|2431900|Problems}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Problems}}
\n[[Category:2010s Australian television series]]
\n[[Category:2012 Australian television series debuts]]
\n[[Category:Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows]]
\n[[Category:Australian comedy television series]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-05-28T12:55:05+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Problems_(TV_series)"
},
{
"title": "Problems (TV series)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problems_(TV_series)&diff=557164671",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problems_(TV_series)&diff=557164671",
"description": "Gregology: changed date format
\n
\n'''''Problems''''' is an Australian television comedy series starring [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]]. The series revolves around Sam. In each episode he attempts to solve a suburban problem. Not a crisis but a suburban problem. <ref>http://www.comedy.com.au/news/exclusive-problems-trailer-released</ref> The 5th episode is scheduled to air on 21 November 2013 on [[ABC1]]. <ref>http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/problems.htm</ref>
\n
\n==Cast==
\n* [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]]
\n* Anthony Morgan
\n* Claudia O'Doherty
\n* David Quirk
\n* [[Gary Sweet]]
\n* [[Susie Porter]]
\n* Kate McCartney
\n* Laura Hughes
\n* [[Lawrence Mooney]]
\n* Ronny Chieng as Mr Meowgi
\n
\n==Episodes==
\nEpisode 1: Taco Night
\nEpisode 2: Bus Crush
\nEpisode 3: First Hot Day
\nEpisode 4: The Cardboard Angel
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[List of Australian television series]]
\n*[[List of Australian Broadcasting Corporation programs]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/problems.htm Official ABC site]
\n* {{IMDB title|2431900|Problems}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Problems}}
\n[[Category:2010s Australian television series]]
\n[[Category:2012 Australian television series debuts]]
\n[[Category:Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows]]
\n[[Category:Australian comedy television series]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-05-28T12:56:01+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Problems_(TV_series)"
},
{
"title": "Problems (TV series)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problems_(TV_series)&diff=557165035",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problems_(TV_series)&diff=557165035",
"description": "Gregology:
\n
\n'''''Problems''''' is an Australian television comedy series starring [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]]. The series revolves around Sam. In each episode he attempts to solve a suburban problem. Not a crisis but a suburban problem. <ref>http://www.comedy.com.au/news/exclusive-problems-trailer-released</ref> The 5th episode is scheduled to air on 21 November 2013 on [[ABC1]]. <ref>http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/problems.htm</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rBzuamitd8</ref>
\n
\n==Cast==
\n* [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]]
\n* Anthony Morgan
\n* Claudia O'Doherty
\n* David Quirk
\n* [[Gary Sweet]]
\n* [[Susie Porter]]
\n* Kate McCartney
\n* Laura Hughes
\n* [[Lawrence Mooney]]
\n* Ronny Chieng as Mr Meowgi
\n
\n==Episodes==
\nEpisode 1: Taco Night
\nEpisode 2: Bus Crush
\nEpisode 3: First Hot Day
\nEpisode 4: The Cardboard Angel
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[List of Australian television series]]
\n*[[List of Australian Broadcasting Corporation programs]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n* [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/problems.htm Official ABC site]
\n* {{IMDB title|2431900|Problems}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Problems}}
\n[[Category:2010s Australian television series]]
\n[[Category:2012 Australian television series debuts]]
\n[[Category:Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows]]
\n[[Category:Australian comedy television series]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-05-28T13:00:04+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Problems_(TV_series)"
},
{
"title": "RedHack",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980032",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980032",
"description": "Gregology: increased twitter follower number
\n
\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
\n'''Redhack''' ('''Kızıl Hackerlar''', '''Kızıl Hackerlar Birliği'''), is a [[Turkey | Turkish]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[hacker (computer security)|computer hacker]] group which was founded in 1997.{{fact|date=May 2013}} The group has claimed responsibility for hacking institutions that include the [[Council of Higher Education (Turkey)|Council of Higher Education]], Turkish police forces, the [[Turkish Army]], [[Türk Telekom]], and the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]].<ref>http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=92699</ref> The group's core numbers are said to be 12,<ref>http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedHack</ref> but the group has over 460,000 followers on twitter as of June 08 2013.
\n
\n==Arrests==
\nA group of ten alleged members were arrested in 2012 and charged with [[cyber crimes]] that could garner 8 to 24 year prison terms.<ref>http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/26/251896.html</ref> The group's website alleges that all of the arrestees are innocent, and not in fact members.
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n;Documentary film about RedHack (English subtitled)
\n* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf-24WuN--Y
\n;Activism
\n* [[Aaron Swartz]]
\n* [[Anonymous (group)]]
\n* [[Bradley Manning]]
\n* [[Cryptome]]
\n* [[Daniel Domscheit-Berg]]
\n* [[Daniel Ellsberg]]
\n* [[Gary McKinnon]]
\n* [[Julian Assange]]
\n* [[The Pirate Bay]]
\n* [[Pirate Party]]
\n* [[WikiLeaks]]
\n
\n;Related Articles
\n* [[Anonymous-OS]]
\n* [[Anti-establishment]]
\n* [[Civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Cognitive bias]]
\n* [[Cyberwarfare]]
\n* [[DDoS]]
\n* [[Electronic civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Leaderless resistance]]
\n* [[LulzSec]]
\n* [[LulzRaft]]
\n* [[Panopticon]]
\n* [[Pentagon Papers]]
\n* [[Honker Union]] or Red Hacker, Red Guest (Chinese group)
\n* [[Securax]]
\n* [[Spiral of silence]]
\n* [[Operation Anti-Security]]
\n
\n{{Subject bar|portal1=Computer security|portal2=Internet|portal3=Politics|portal4=Social movements}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://redhack.tumblr.com RedHack] (Tumblr)
\n* {{twitter|RedHack_En|RedHack English}}
\n
\n
\n{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
\n
\n[[Category:Anonymous (group)| ]]
\n[[Category:Communism in Turkey]]
\n[[Category:Information society]]
\n[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet-related activism]]
\n[[Category:Intellectual property activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet culture]]
\n[[Category:Internet vigilantism]]
\n[[Category:Internet trolling]]
\n[[Category:Hacker groups]]
\n[[Category:Marxism]]
\n[[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-06-09T00:00:17+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:RedHack"
},
{
"title": "RedHack",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980124",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980124",
"description": "Gregology: added twitter reference
\n
\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
\n'''Redhack''' ('''Kızıl Hackerlar''', '''Kızıl Hackerlar Birliği'''), is a [[Turkey | Turkish]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[hacker (computer security)|computer hacker]] group which was founded in 1997.{{fact|date=May 2013}} The group has claimed responsibility for hacking institutions that include the [[Council of Higher Education (Turkey)|Council of Higher Education]], Turkish police forces, the [[Turkish Army]], [[Türk Telekom]], and the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]].<ref>http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=92699</ref> The group's core numbers are said to be 12,<ref>http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedHack</ref> but the group has over 460,000 followers on twitter as of June 08 2013<ref>https://twitter.com/TheRedHack</ref>.
\n
\n==Arrests==
\nA group of ten alleged members were arrested in 2012 and charged with [[cyber crimes]] that could garner 8 to 24 year prison terms.<ref>http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/26/251896.html</ref> The group's website alleges that all of the arrestees are innocent, and not in fact members.
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n;Documentary film about RedHack (English subtitled)
\n* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf-24WuN--Y
\n;Activism
\n* [[Aaron Swartz]]
\n* [[Anonymous (group)]]
\n* [[Bradley Manning]]
\n* [[Cryptome]]
\n* [[Daniel Domscheit-Berg]]
\n* [[Daniel Ellsberg]]
\n* [[Gary McKinnon]]
\n* [[Julian Assange]]
\n* [[The Pirate Bay]]
\n* [[Pirate Party]]
\n* [[WikiLeaks]]
\n
\n;Related Articles
\n* [[Anonymous-OS]]
\n* [[Anti-establishment]]
\n* [[Civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Cognitive bias]]
\n* [[Cyberwarfare]]
\n* [[DDoS]]
\n* [[Electronic civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Leaderless resistance]]
\n* [[LulzSec]]
\n* [[LulzRaft]]
\n* [[Panopticon]]
\n* [[Pentagon Papers]]
\n* [[Honker Union]] or Red Hacker, Red Guest (Chinese group)
\n* [[Securax]]
\n* [[Spiral of silence]]
\n* [[Operation Anti-Security]]
\n
\n{{Subject bar|portal1=Computer security|portal2=Internet|portal3=Politics|portal4=Social movements}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://redhack.tumblr.com RedHack] (Tumblr)
\n* {{twitter|RedHack_En|RedHack English}}
\n
\n
\n{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
\n
\n[[Category:Anonymous (group)| ]]
\n[[Category:Communism in Turkey]]
\n[[Category:Information society]]
\n[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet-related activism]]
\n[[Category:Intellectual property activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet culture]]
\n[[Category:Internet vigilantism]]
\n[[Category:Internet trolling]]
\n[[Category:Hacker groups]]
\n[[Category:Marxism]]
\n[[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-06-09T00:01:02+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:RedHack"
},
{
"title": "RedHack",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980326",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980326",
"description": "Gregology: Changed source from tk wikipedia to original source
\n
\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
\n'''Redhack''' ('''Kızıl Hackerlar''', '''Kızıl Hackerlar Birliği'''), is a [[Turkey | Turkish]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[hacker (computer security)|computer hacker]] group which was founded in 1997.{{fact|date=May 2013}} The group has claimed responsibility for hacking institutions that include the [[Council of Higher Education (Turkey)|Council of Higher Education]], Turkish police forces, the [[Turkish Army]], [[Türk Telekom]], and the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]].<ref>http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=92699</ref> The group's core numbers are said to be 12,<ref>http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalDetayV3&ArticleID=1086105&CategoryID=77</ref> but the group has over 460,000 followers on twitter as of June 08 2013<ref>https://twitter.com/TheRedHack</ref>.
\n
\n==Arrests==
\nA group of ten alleged members were arrested in 2012 and charged with [[cyber crimes]] that could garner 8 to 24 year prison terms.<ref>http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/26/251896.html</ref> The group's website alleges that all of the arrestees are innocent, and not in fact members.
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n;Documentary film about RedHack (English subtitled)
\n* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf-24WuN--Y
\n;Activism
\n* [[Aaron Swartz]]
\n* [[Anonymous (group)]]
\n* [[Bradley Manning]]
\n* [[Cryptome]]
\n* [[Daniel Domscheit-Berg]]
\n* [[Daniel Ellsberg]]
\n* [[Gary McKinnon]]
\n* [[Julian Assange]]
\n* [[The Pirate Bay]]
\n* [[Pirate Party]]
\n* [[WikiLeaks]]
\n
\n;Related Articles
\n* [[Anonymous-OS]]
\n* [[Anti-establishment]]
\n* [[Civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Cognitive bias]]
\n* [[Cyberwarfare]]
\n* [[DDoS]]
\n* [[Electronic civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Leaderless resistance]]
\n* [[LulzSec]]
\n* [[LulzRaft]]
\n* [[Panopticon]]
\n* [[Pentagon Papers]]
\n* [[Honker Union]] or Red Hacker, Red Guest (Chinese group)
\n* [[Securax]]
\n* [[Spiral of silence]]
\n* [[Operation Anti-Security]]
\n
\n{{Subject bar|portal1=Computer security|portal2=Internet|portal3=Politics|portal4=Social movements}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://redhack.tumblr.com RedHack] (Tumblr)
\n* {{twitter|RedHack_En|RedHack English}}
\n
\n
\n{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
\n
\n[[Category:Anonymous (group)| ]]
\n[[Category:Communism in Turkey]]
\n[[Category:Information society]]
\n[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet-related activism]]
\n[[Category:Intellectual property activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet culture]]
\n[[Category:Internet vigilantism]]
\n[[Category:Internet trolling]]
\n[[Category:Hacker groups]]
\n[[Category:Marxism]]
\n[[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-06-09T00:02:41+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:RedHack"
},
{
"title": "RedHack",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980434",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedHack&diff=558980434",
"description": "Gregology: url typo
\n
\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
\n'''Redhack''' ('''Kızıl Hackerlar''', '''Kızıl Hackerlar Birliği'''), is a [[Turkey | Turkish]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[hacker (computer security)|computer hacker]] group which was founded in 1997.{{fact|date=May 2013}} The group has claimed responsibility for hacking institutions that include the [[Council of Higher Education (Turkey)|Council of Higher Education]], Turkish police forces, the [[Turkish Army]], [[Türk Telekom]], and the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]].<ref>http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=92699</ref> The group's core numbers are said to be 12,<ref>http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/redhackin_lideri_sirin_baba_cikti-1086105</ref> but the group has over 460,000 followers on twitter as of June 08 2013<ref>https://twitter.com/TheRedHack</ref>.
\n
\n==Arrests==
\nA group of ten alleged members were arrested in 2012 and charged with [[cyber crimes]] that could garner 8 to 24 year prison terms.<ref>http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/26/251896.html</ref> The group's website alleges that all of the arrestees are innocent, and not in fact members.
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
\n
\n==See also==
\n;Documentary film about RedHack (English subtitled)
\n* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf-24WuN--Y
\n;Activism
\n* [[Aaron Swartz]]
\n* [[Anonymous (group)]]
\n* [[Bradley Manning]]
\n* [[Cryptome]]
\n* [[Daniel Domscheit-Berg]]
\n* [[Daniel Ellsberg]]
\n* [[Gary McKinnon]]
\n* [[Julian Assange]]
\n* [[The Pirate Bay]]
\n* [[Pirate Party]]
\n* [[WikiLeaks]]
\n
\n;Related Articles
\n* [[Anonymous-OS]]
\n* [[Anti-establishment]]
\n* [[Civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Cognitive bias]]
\n* [[Cyberwarfare]]
\n* [[DDoS]]
\n* [[Electronic civil disobedience]]
\n* [[Leaderless resistance]]
\n* [[LulzSec]]
\n* [[LulzRaft]]
\n* [[Panopticon]]
\n* [[Pentagon Papers]]
\n* [[Honker Union]] or Red Hacker, Red Guest (Chinese group)
\n* [[Securax]]
\n* [[Spiral of silence]]
\n* [[Operation Anti-Security]]
\n
\n{{Subject bar|portal1=Computer security|portal2=Internet|portal3=Politics|portal4=Social movements}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n* [http://redhack.tumblr.com RedHack] (Tumblr)
\n* {{twitter|RedHack_En|RedHack English}}
\n
\n
\n{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
\n
\n[[Category:Anonymous (group)| ]]
\n[[Category:Communism in Turkey]]
\n[[Category:Information society]]
\n[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet-related activism]]
\n[[Category:Intellectual property activism]]
\n[[Category:Internet culture]]
\n[[Category:Internet vigilantism]]
\n[[Category:Internet trolling]]
\n[[Category:Hacker groups]]
\n[[Category:Marxism]]
\n[[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]
",
"pubDate": "2013-06-09T00:03:43+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:RedHack"
},
{
"title": "Talk:Acroyoga",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Acroyoga&diff=641986750",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Acroyoga&diff=641986750",
"description": "Gregology: /* Adding new acro schools */ new section
\n
\n{{WikiProject Yoga|class=start|importance=Mid}}
\n{{oldafdfull|page=Acroyoga|date=23 May 2008|result='''no consensus'''}}
\n
\n
\n==Untitled==
\nI strongly object to the deletion of this article. Acroyoga is a recognized and valid new form of Yoga that is rapidly being recognized by advanced yoga teachers and practitioners throughout the world. Other examples of schools with wikipedia references include:
\n
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram
\n
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusara
\n
\n--[[User:Comixboy|Comixboy]] ([[User talk:Comixboy|talk]]) 16:42, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
\n
\nI'll try to add more info when I get time - but there are two schools of acroyoga - one based in Montreal (whose use of the term slightly predates the version described here) and the one here based in San Francisco. They seem quite similar, but exist in parallel. The acroyoga.com site has a timeline. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.183.57.148|66.183.57.148]] ([[User talk:66.183.57.148|talk]]) 22:51, 23 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n
\nhttp://www.acroyoga.com/acroyoga-timeline/ (ACroyoga timeline) This is where the acroyoga montreal info came from. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/173.180.199.227|173.180.199.227]] ([[User talk:173.180.199.227|talk]]) 20:22, 12 May 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Adding new acro schools ==
\n
\nI'm considering adding other acro schools like [http://acrorevolution.com/acro-revolution-teacher-training/summary-acro-teacher-training/ Acro Reveolutions] and [http://www.yogabeyond.com/#!acrovinyasa-information/c1b46 Acrovinyasa]. What are peoples thoughts?
\nGregology.net 08:59, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2015-01-11T08:59:13+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acroyoga"
},
{
"title": "Acroyoga",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=672148844",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=672148844",
"description": "Gregology: /* Poses */
\n
\n{{primary sources|date=April 2014}}
\n[[File:Acroyoga in butler park.jpg|thumb|Participating in acroyoga in a park.]]
\n'''Acro-yoga''' is a physical practice which combines [[yoga]] and [[acrobatics]].<ref name="origin">{{cite journal |first=Andrea |last=Ferretti |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660 |title=Partners in Play |work=Yoga Journal |date=June 2008 |accessdate=16 May 2008}}</ref>
\n
\nThere are two schools of Acroyoga. Acroyoga Montreal, led by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku, has used the term since 1999 brings together acrobatics, yoga and dance/performance.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Montreal |url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us |title=About Us |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref> Acroyoga Inc., which began in California with Jason Nemer and Jenny Klein and was labelled as acroyoga in 2006. The latter practices brings together acrobatics, yoga and Thai massage.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Inc. |url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice |title=The Practice: Three Main Elements |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref> Both schools offer teaching certifications, and despite some differences have many similar poses.
\n
\nAcroYoga may provide physical and mental health benefits. In addition to the exercise and strength building aspects of AcroYoga the partner balancing can improve concentration and the massage elements can provide stress relief.<ref name="newyoga">{{citation |first=Sam |last=Malone |url=http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/articles/320/yoga/acroyoga-a-new-form-of-yoga.html |title=AcroYoga: A New Form of Yoga |publisher=home-remedies-for-you.com |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref> However Acroyoga is more vigorous than many traditional yoga practices and this may lead to more injuries.<ref name="yogainjuries">{{citation |first=Eva Norlyk |last=Smith |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-norlyk-smith-phd/yoga-injuries-debate_b_2896134.html |title=The Yoga Injuries Debate: How 'Dangerous' Is Yoga, Really? |publisher=HuffPost Healthy Living |date=23 March 2013 |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n== Roles ==
\nThere are three primary roles in an Acro-yoga practice: '''base''', '''flyer''', and '''spotter'''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Chee |last=Gates |work=Fitness Magazine |url=http://www.fitnessmagazine.com/workout/yoga/poses/extreme-yoga-poses |title=Extreme Yoga Poses and Positions |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n* '''Base''' - this is the individual who has the most points of contact with the ground. Often this person is lying on the ground with the entire back torso in full contact. This enables both the arms and legs to be "bone-stacked" for maximum stability and support of the Flyer. Main points of contact with the flyer are the feet (generally placed on the Flyer's hips, groin or lower abdomen) and the hands (which either form handholds or grasp the shoulders).
\n* '''Flyer''' - this is the individual who is elevated off the ground by the Base. The Flyer can move into a series of dynamic positions, and generally lets gravity do the work for them. A Flyer needs balance, confidence, and core strength.
\n* '''Spotter''' - this is the individual who has an objective view of the partners, and whose entire focus is on making sure that the Flyer lands safely in case of any slips. The spotter can also make recommendations to the Base and Flyer to improve their form.
\n
\n==Elements==
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Back Bird variation.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga Inverted Dancer pose.]]
\n'''Acrobatics''' is the physical part of Acroyoga that uses [[gymnastics]] techniques to build strength, flexibility, trust and teamwork between partners. This is called ''Solar Acrobatic Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice">{{cite web|title=The AcroYoga Practice|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> ''Front plank'' is a basic Acroyoga pose where one partner (''base'') supports the ''flying'' partner above them with their hands and feet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Front Plank|url=http://acropedia.org/front-plank/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n'''Yoga''' reflects the physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines of traditional [[Yoga]]. This is called ''Yoga Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/>
\n
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Super Yogi.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga therapeutic flying. This pose is called Super Yogi.]]
\n'''Therapeutics''' includes massage, therapeutic flying and partner yoga. The California school teaches [[Thai massage]] and inversion massage with their ''Lunar Healing Arts Practice''.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/> The Montreal school differs from the California school in this area as they teach ''restorative and [[yin yoga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=http://acroyoga.com/faq/1|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A basic therapeutic pose is ''Folded Leaf'' in which one partner is inverted and supported on the vertical legs of the other partner whose hands are then free for back massage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Partners In Play|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660|website=Yoga Journal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nLearning Acroyoga requires strength training, flexibility training and technique training.<ref name="flightmanual">Nemer, Jason and Sauer-Klein, Jenny. ''AcroYoga Flight Manual'', 2008, acroyoga.org</ref> Strength training is accomplished through repetition of exercises like [[push-up]]s and [[hand walking]]. [[Yin yoga|Flexibility training]] is best done at the end of a session with a partner. Learning good Acroyoga technique takes time and effort and is best learned with an expert teacher.<ref name="flightmanual" /> One important Acroyoga technique is called ''stacking the bones.'' This involves the base partner keeping arms and legs straight to maximize the weight load on bones rather than muscles to support the flyer.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIVE REASONS YOU SHOULD DO ACROYOGA|url=http://www.pilgrimageyoga.com/five-reasons-you-should-do-acroyoga/|website=Pilgrimage of the Heart Yoga|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Controversy==
\nIn late 2006, AcroYoga Inc. trademarked the word "ACROYOGA" asserting that the word's first use anywhere was in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=AcroYoga|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/acroyoga-77066872.html|website=Legal Force Trademark Search|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> However the term had been used since 1999 by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> and their domain, acroyoga.com had been registered since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Is Lookup|url=http://whois.net/whois/acroyoga.com|website=WhoIs.net|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> By way of example only, and not as a limitation, "AcroYoga" and the AcroYoga logo are registered trademarks of AcroYoga, Inc., under the applicable laws of the United States and/or other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright and Trademark Information|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/copyright|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Learning AcroYoga==
\n[[File:AcroYoga Jam.jpg|right|thumb|AcroYoga jam in a public park in Austin, Texas.]]
\nYoga studios may provide instructor led AcroYoga lessons. Both the American and Canadian schools provide teacher training.
\n
\nA typical Acroyoga session may include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kulamovement.com/yoga/acro.html|title=AcroYoga|work=Kula Movement|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Circle ceremony''' promotes communication and openness
\n* [[Warming up|'''Warm-up''']] to gradually get your muscles ready for more strenuous exercise
\n* '''Partner flow''' - continue warming up with [[asana]]s and stretching with a partner<ref name="yogajournal practice">{{cite web|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/article/practice-section/a-touch-of-kindness/|title=Partner Up|last=Lee|first=Cyndi|date=November 2012|work=Yoga Journal|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Inversions''' help build trust between the partners<ref name="yogajournal practice"/>
\n* '''Flying and acrobatics'''
\n* '''Thai Massage''' provides a chance for the flyer to become the giver and repay the base for their work
\n
\nSome communities have regular AcroYoga Jams to provide a place for interested people to come together and practice. There are also larger AcroYoga events such as the annual Divine Play in [[Portland, Oregon]] that draw practitioners from a regional or national area.
\n
\n== Poses ==
\nThere are many static acro yoga poses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poses – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/poses/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A series of acro yoga poses that are repeated in a continuous flow is called a Washing Machine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Washing Machines – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/washing-machines/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n<gallery caption="Acro Yoga Poses" mode="packed">
\nFile:Acro Yoga Flash Mob.jpg|Front Bird - a basic acro yoga pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga Whale Pose.jpg|Whale
\nFile:Hangle Dangle.jpg|Hangle Dangle
\nFile:Acro Yoga.jpg|Back Bird variation
\nFile:Three Person Back Bird Balancing - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Three person balancing pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga - star (side view).jpg|Star - side view
\nFile:Acro Yoga Floating Paschi Pose.jpg|Floating Paschi
\nFile:Throne - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Throne Pose with base smaller than the flyer.
\nFile:Three Person Foot to Foot Downward Dog with Foot Hang Flyer - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Non L-Basing pose
\n</gallery>
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[Acrobalance]]
\n*[[Adagio (acrobatics)]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n*[http://acromaps.com/ acromaps.com] free resource to find groups, classes, and workshops across the globe
\n*[http://acropedia.org/ Acropedia.org] free resource for photos and video of many poses
\n
\n[[Category:Physical exercise]]
\n[[Category:Yoga schools]]
\n[[Category:Acrobatic gymnasts]]
",
"pubDate": "2015-07-19T16:41:25+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acroyoga"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=672150653",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=672150653",
"description": "Gregology: /* Gregology websites */
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Zentyal]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity (audio editor)|Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://gho.st/ Gho.st]
\n* [http://smileyom.com/ SmileyOm.com]
",
"pubDate": "2015-07-19T16:57:16+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "List of sole survivors of aviation accidents and incidents",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sole_survivors_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents&diff=713177233",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sole_survivors_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents&diff=713177233",
"description": "Gregology: /* List */Removed non lone survivor crash
\n
\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
\n[[File:Piedmont flight 349 wreckage.jpg|300px|alt=wreckage in the forest|thumb|Phil Bradley was the sole survivor in the crash of the [[Piedmont Airlines Flight 349]] near [[Crozet, Virginia]], in 1959.]]
\n
\nIn the history of aviation, there have been a small number of "sole survivors" of airline crashes.<ref name="cnn.libya.planecrash.survivors">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 14 May 2010|url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/13/libya.planecrash.survivors/index.html?hpt=C1|title = Fate or fluke? Air crash sole survivors|publisher = CNN| accessdate = 26 May 2010 | last=Neild| first= Barry |quote=}}</ref> Lone survivors are often left with physical and psychological injuries.<ref name="cnn.libya.planecrash.survivors"/> The youngest sole survivor is Paul Ashton Vick who on 28 January 1947, survived a China National Aviation Corporation crash when he was just 18 months old.<ref name="Herald-Journal.Vick"/> His father survived long enough to write down directions for returning the child to his grandparents before succumbing to his wounds.<ref name="Herald-Journal.Vick"/>
\n
\nAnother sole survivor is a former Serbian [[flight attendant]], [[Vesna Vulović]]. According to the [[Guinness Book of Records]] she holds the record for surviving the [[Free-fall#Surviving falls|highest fall without a parachute]] at {{Convert|10160|m|ft}}. There was some controversy in 2009 when it was reported that her story might have been communist propaganda, but black box data strongly supported the official story.<ref>{{cite web|title=Souhrnná zpráva Státní letecké inspekce o šetření příčin letecké nehody (NA, ÚCL, karton 84, sg. 2/1972)|url=http://www.nacr.cz/C-fondy/znasichfondu_II.aspx|website=http://www.nacr.cz/|publisher=Národní archiv|accessdate=22 February 2015}}</ref>
\n
\nOne of the more controversial lone survivors was Huang Yu ({{zh|t=黃裕}}, [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: ''Huáng Yù'') who tried to hijack the [[Cathay Pacific]] aircraft ''[[Miss Macao]]'' in 1948 but ended up crashing the plane killing the other 25 people on board.<ref name="time.com.Yu"/> The earliest known sole survivor is Linda McDonald. On 5 September 1936, she survived a Skyways sightseeing plane crash that killed ten other people, including her boyfriend.<ref name="Pittsburgh.McDonal"/>
\n
\nSince 1970, one-third of lone survivors of airline crashes have been children or flight crew.<ref name="bbc.8680547"/>
\n
\n==List==
\n{| class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n! Name
\n!! style="text-align:center;"| Age
\n!! style="text-align:center;"| Position {{#tag:ref|<br/>'''P'''= Passenger<br/>'''C'''=Crew|group="A"}}
\n! Operator
\n! Flight/info
\n! Date
\n! Fatalities
\n!! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable"|Refs
\n|-
\n| Linda McDonald
\n| 17
\n| P
\n| Skyways
\n| Skyways sightseeing plane disaster
\n| {{sort|1936-09-05|5 September 1936}}
\n| 10
\n|<ref name="Pittsburgh.McDonal">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Sole crash survivor believes safety belt saved her life|first= Linda |last=McDonald|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=wSUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=30sEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4930,4681325&dq=linda-mcdonald+sole-survivor&hl=en |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Press|The Pittsburgh Press]] |publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=7 September 1936 |page=Cover |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |trans_title=<!--translated title if foreign paper --> |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Clarence Bates
\n|
\n| C
\n| [[Northwest Airlines]]
\n| Northwest Airlines Flight 5
\n| {{sort|1941-10-30|30 October 1941}}
\n| 14
\n|<ref name="Times.Bates">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Pilot tells story of airliner crash|first= |last=AP|authorlink=Associated Press|author2= |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C10FB3D5E17738DDDAD0894D9415B8188F1D3|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=4 November 1941|page=5|at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Lt Andrew Jack
\n| 24
\n| C
\n| [[RAF]]
\n| RAF [[Short Sunderland]] flying boat crash killing [[Prince George, Duke of Kent]]
\n| {{sort|1942-08-25|25 August 1942}}
\n| 15
\n|<ref name="Palm.Beach.Post.Jack">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Survivor of crash killing duke found|first= |last=AP|authorlink=Associated Press|author2= |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_3gyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=47YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5428,6054079&dq=andrew-jack&hl=en|newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=27 August 1942|page=Cover|at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| John Alfred Howard
\n| 26
\n| P
\n| [[Pan American-Grace Airways]]
\n| Flight 9
\n| {{sort|1943-01-22|22 January 1943}}
\n| 14
\n|<ref name="NYTimes.Howard">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= 6 Americans victim of Air Crash in Peru |first= |last=|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50617FC3C581B7B93C5AB178AD85F478485F9|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=27 January 1943|page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Foye Kenneth Roberts
\n| 22
\n| P
\n| [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]]
\n| [[Bakers Creek air crash]]
\n| {{sort|1943-06-14|14 June 1943}}
\n| 40
\n|<ref name="US Congress p. 14892">{{harvnb|US Congress|2003|p=14892}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| [[Eduard Prchal]]
\n| 32
\n| C
\n| [[RAF]]
\n| Gibraltar disaster of the Liberator II in which Commander in Chief of Polish Forces General [[Władysław Sikorski]] was killed.
\n| {{sort|1943-07-04|4 July 1943}}
\n| 10
\n|
\n|-
\n| Peter Link
\n| {{sort|02|2}}
\n| P
\n| Trans-Luxury Airlines
\n| California Trans-Luxury Airlines crash
\n| {{sort|1946-09-05|5 September 1946}}
\n| 20
\n|<ref name="Link">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Fog Blamed for plane crash fatal to 21|first= |last=AP|authorlink=Associated Press |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nRIpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=K9cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5309,1392282&dq=peter-link&hl=en|newspaper= The Southeast Missourian|publisher= |location= |date=6 September 1946|page=6 |accessdate= 15 May 2010|quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| William Ellis Keyes, Jr.
\n| 25
\n| P
\n| [[Eastern Airlines]]
\n| Flight 665
\n| {{sort|1947-01-12|12 January 1947}}
\n| 18
\n|<ref name="Bulletin.Keyes">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Pilot failure given blame for 2 crashes|first= |last=United Press|authorlink=United Press International |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cdgsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zB8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2092,4340685&dq=william+ellis+keyes&hl=en|newspaper=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]] |publisher= |location= |date=13 January 1947 |page=Cover |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Paul Ashton Vick
\n| {{sort|01|18 months}}
\n| P
\n| [[China National Aviation Corporation]]
\n| Hankou crash
\n| {{sort|1947-01-28|28 January 1947}}
\n| 25
\n|<ref name="Herald-Journal.Vick">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Reminded that 'Blood of Martyrs is seed of Church'|first= Dr Daniel A.|last=Poling|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t1AsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E8sEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3860,2666392&dq=paul-vick&hl=en |newspaper=[[Spartanburg Herald-Journal]] |publisher= |location= |date=29 April 1947 |page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Eugene Leonard
\n| 38
\n| P
\n| [[Air France]]
\n| Lisbon mountain crash
\n| {{sort|1947-02-01|1 February 1947}}
\n| 15
\n|<ref name="Milwaukee.Leonard">{{cite news |ref=harv|title=Crash kills 16 near Lisbon |first= |last=Associated Press|authorlink=Associated Press|author2= |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19470202&id=TR0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BSUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2247,386692 |newspaper= [[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|The Milwaukee Journal]] |publisher= |location= |date=2 February 1947 |page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |trans_title=<!--translated title if foreign paper --> |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Tripolina Meo
\n| 33
\n| P
\n| [[Delta Air Lines]]
\n| Flight 705
\n| {{sort|1948-03-10|10 March 1948}}
\n| 12
\n|<ref name="Fitzpatrick">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Only air crash survivor tells takeoff dread|first=Rita |last=Fitzpatrick |authorlink= |author2= |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/483584712.html?dids=483584712:483584712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+17%2C+1948&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=ONLY+AIR+CRASH+SURVIVOR+TELLS+TAKEOFF+DREAD&pqatl=google|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=17 March 1948|page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref><ref name="aviation-safety.net.19480310">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19480310-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Mark Worst
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Pan Am]]
\n| Flight 1–10
\n| {{sort|1948-04-15|15 April 1948}}
\n| 30
\n|<ref name="Worst.LA.Times">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Only Crash Survivor Was En Route Here|first= |last=|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/733912252.html?dids=733912252:733912252&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+15%2C+1948&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Only+Crash+Survivor+Was+En+Route+Here&pqatl=google|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=15 April 1948|page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref><ref name="aviation-safety.net.19480415">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19480415-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Moutafis
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Sabena]]
\n| Douglas DC-4 crash
\n| {{sort|1948-05-12|12 May 1948}}
\n| 31
\n|<ref name="Tribune.Moutafis">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Only one survivor believed on plane in Belgian Congo crash|first= |last=|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/487940742.html?dids=487940742:487940742&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=May+16%2C+1948&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=ONLY+ONE+SURVIVOR+BELIEVED+ON+PLANE+IN+BELGIAN+CONGO+CRASH&pqatl=google|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=16 May 1948|page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref><ref name="aviation-safety.net.19480512">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19480512-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Huang Yu ({{zh|t=黃裕}}, [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: ''Huáng Yù'', Cantonese: Wong Yu)
\n| 24
\n| P
\n| [[Cathay Pacific]]
\n| [[Miss Macao]]
\n| {{sort|1948-07-17|17 July 1948}}
\n| 25
\n|<ref name="time.com.Yu">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 9 August 1948|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794449,00.html|title = Hong Kong: Pilots & Pirates|publisher = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Isaac Allal
\n| 12
\n| P
\n| [[Aero Holland]]
\n| [[Hurum air disaster]]
\n| {{sort|1949-11-20|20 November 1949}}
\n| 34
\n|<ref name="aviation-safety.net.19491120">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19491120-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Ludington.Allal">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= 12-year-old Boy who survived plane crash laid for 2 days in wreckage|first= |last=|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19491123&id=gDYJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3zsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6093,4097162 |newspaper= Ludington Daily News|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=23 November 1949 |page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |trans_title=<!--translated title if foreign paper --> |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Olga Rada
\n| 10
\n| P
\n| [[LANSA Colombia|LANSA]]
\n| Galeras Douglas C-47 crash
\n| {{sort|1950-05-24|24 May 1950}}
\n| 25
\n|<ref name="Ellensburg.Rada">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Girl only survivor of plane crash; 25 killed|first= |last=|authorlink= |author2= |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=82gKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5895,1467547&dq=olga+rada&hl=en|newspaper=[[Daily Record (Washington)|Ellensburg Daily Record]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=25 May 1950|page= |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref><ref name="aviation-safety.net.19500524">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19500524-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Sgt. Haru Sazaki
\n|
\n|
\n| [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
\n| Douglas C-47 crash
\n| {{sort|1950-07-27|27 July 1950}}
\n| 25
\n|<ref name="aviation-safety.net.19500727">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19500727-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Names of Air Crash Victims Released|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19500801&id=5EgpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=V2gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2503,2650609|accessdate=11 November 2013|newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun|date=1 August 1950|agency=AP|location=Tokyo|page=6}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Maj. David Lowther
\n|
\n|
\n| [[RAF]]
\n| South China Sea Douglas C-47 crash
\n| {{sort|1950-08-30|30 August 1950}}
\n| 9
\n|<ref name="aviation-safety.net.19500830">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19500830-0|title = Accident description|publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Aviation Safety Network|Aviation Safety Network Database]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| P/O P. D. Cliff
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[RAF]]
\n| [[1954 Aldbury Valetta accident]]
\n| {{sort|1954-01-06|6 January 1954}}
\n| 16
\n|<ref name="Times">
\n{{Cite newspaper The Times
\n|articlename=15 Killed in R.A.F. Crash
\n|section=
\n|day_of_week=Thursday
\n|date=7 January 1954
\n|page_number=6
\n|issue=52823
\n|column=A
\n}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Paul Olsen
\n|
\n| C
\n| [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]]
\n| [[Bjørnøya Accident]]
\n| {{sort|1954-03-28|28 March 1954}}
\n| 8
\n|<ref>{{cite book |last=Kjelldal |first=Dag Hagenæs |title=Bjørnøya: på utpost i ishavet |pages=52–54 |year=1974 |publisher=Grøndahl |location=Oslo |language=Norwegian}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Concetta Finamore
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Linee Aeree Italiane]]
\n| LAI Flight 451
\n| {{sort|1956-11-24|24 November 1956}}
\n| 34
\n|
\n|-
\n| [[Néstor Mata]]
\n| 31
\n| P
\n| [[Philippine Air Force]]
\n| [[1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash|Cebu Douglas C-47 crash]]
\n| {{sort|1957-03-17|17 March 1957}}
\n| 25
\n|<ref name="Tenmania.com">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2013|url = http://tenmania.com/people-survived-plane-crashes/|title = I Shouldn’t Be Alive: 10 People Who Survived Plane Crashes|publisher = Tenmania.com| accessdate =1 November 2013 | last=| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n|
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Eagle Aviation Limited]]
\n| [[1957 Blackbushe Viking accident]]
\n| {{sort|1957-05-01|1 May 1957}}
\n| 34
\n|
\n|-
\n| Phil Bradley
\n|33
\n| P
\n| [[Piedmont Airlines]]
\n| [[Piedmont Airlines Flight 349|Flight 349]]
\n| {{sort|1959-10-30|30 October 1959}}
\n| 26
\n|<ref name="solesurvivor.info">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://solesurvivor.info/about-phil/|title = About Phil|publisher = solesurvivor.info| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=| first= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Readthehook.com">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 8 October 2009|url = http://www.readthehook.com/83798/cover-alone-mountain-true-story-flight-349/|title=Alone on a mountain: the true story of Flight 349|publisher = [[The Hook (newspaper)|The Hook]]| accessdate = 19 April 2013 | last=Spencer| first=Hawes|quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Louis Matarazzo
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Allegheny Airlines]]
\n| [[Allegheny Airlines#Accidents and incidents|Flight 371]]
\n| {{sort|1959-12-01|1 December 1959}}
\n| 25
\n|<ref name="Sentinel.Matarazzo">{{cite news |ref=harv|title= Plane rams peak in snow; 24 die|first= |last=|authorlink= |author2= |url= |newspaper= [[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]|publisher= |location= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date=2 December 1959 |page=11 |at= |accessdate= 15 May 2010 |trans_title=<!--translated title if foreign paper --> |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Lt. Joseph "Leo" Guenet
\n| 29
\n| C
\n| [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
\n| USAF Lockheed EC-121H Super Constellation crash
\n| {{sort|1967-04-25|25 April 1967}}
\n| 15
\n|<ref name="dean-boys.com">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://www.dean-boys.com/extras/lost/ac549.htm|title = 53-0549 Engine Disintegrating -Hole InWing- Witnesses Watch in Horror|publisher = dean-boys.com| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Juan Loo
\n| 26
\n| P
\n| [[Líneas Aéreas Nacionales S. A. (Peru)|LANSA]]
\n| [[LANSA Flight 502|Flight 502]]
\n| {{sort|1970-08-09|9 August 1970}}
\n| 99
\n|<ref name="airsafe.com">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://www.airsafe.com/events/survivor.htm|title = Plane Crashes with a Sole Survivor |publisher = airsafe.com| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=airsafe.com| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Lt. Christopher E. Schiess
\n| 24
\n| C
\n| [[Hughes Airwest]] / [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
\n| Mid-air collision with [[Hughes Airwest Flight 706|Flight 706]]
\n| {{sort|1971-06-06|6 June 1971}}
\n| 50
\n|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=John|title=Duarte, CA Jetliner - Military Jet Crash, Jun 1971|url=http://www3.gendisasters.com/california/893/los-angeles,-ca-jetliner-military-jet-crash,-jun-1971?page=0,2|website=GenDisasters.com|publisher=Stu Beitler|accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| [[Juliane Koepcke]]
\n| 17
\n| P
\n| [[Líneas Aéreas Nacionales S. A. (Peru)|LANSA]]
\n| [[LANSA Flight 508|Flight 508]]
\n| {{sort|1971-12-24|24 December 1971}}
\n| 91
\n|<ref name="bbc.8680547"/>
\n|-
\n| [[Vesna Vulović]]
\n| 22
\n| C
\n| [[JAT Yugoslav]]
\n| [[JAT Yugoslav Flight 364|Flight 367]]
\n| {{sort|1972-01-26|26 January 1972}}
\n| 27
\n|<ref name="Telegraph.Delgado"/>
\n|-
\n| Neil James Campbell
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Pan Am]]
\n| [[Pan Am Flight 816|Flight 816]]
\n| {{sort|1973-07-22|22 July 1973}}
\n| 78
\n|<ref name="Bureau-73">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 12 May 1977|url = http://www.bea.aero/docspa/1973/n-pa730722/pdf/n-pa730722.pdf|title = Final Report of Boeing 707 N 417 PA|publisher = [[Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| John McCafferty
\n| 16
\n| P
\n| [[Downeast Airlines]]
\n| [[Downeast Flight 46|Flight 46]]
\n| {{sort|1979-5-30|30 May 1979}}
\n| 17
\n|<ref name="WCSH">{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://www.wcsh6.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=112167|title = 1979 Downeast Airlines crash still on many minds|publisher = [[WCSH]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Christian| first= Ken |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Larisa Savitskaya
\n| 20
\n| P
\n| [[Aeroflot]]
\n| [[Aeroflot Flight 811|Flight 811]]
\n| {{sort|1981-8-24|24 August 1981}}
\n| 31
\n|<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.trud.ru/article/09-08-2001/28172_vyzhila_chtoby_zhit.html|script-title=ru:ВЫЖИЛА, ЧТОБЫ ЖИТЬ|trans_title = Survived to live |language=Russian |accessdate = 11 June 2010}}</ref><ref>[[:ru:Лариса Савицкая|Wikipedia article about Larisa Savitskaya in Russian]]</ref>
\n|-
\n| Remberto Aparicio
\n| 26
\n| P
\n| Taxi Aéreo El Venado
\n| 1981 [[Paipa]] Embraer Bandeirante crash
\n| {{sort|1981-9-2|2 September 1981}}
\n| 21
\n|<ref name="Eugene Register-Guard_1981">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 3 September 1981|url = http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GxVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VuIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=colombia%20plane&pg=6835%2C761712|title =Plane carrying Exxon employees crashes; 21 die | accessdate = 28 April 2013 | work=[[Eugene Register-Guard]]| first= |quote= | location=Eugene, Oregon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810902-0 | title=Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante HK-2651 Paipa | publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]] | accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| AT2 Melissa Kelly
\n| 30
\n| P
\n| [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]
\n| USN Convair C-131 crash
\n| {{sort|1983-04-30|30 April 1983}}
\n| 14
\n|<ref name="Williamson p. 125">{{harvnb|Williamson|2000|p=125}}</ref>
\n|-
\n|
\n| 27
\n| P
\n| [[Aeroflot]]
\n| [[Aeroflot Flight 3519|Flight 3519]]
\n| {{sort|1984-12-23|23 December 1984}}
\n| 110
\n|<ref>http://airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=3</ref>
\n|-
\n| George Lamson Jr.
\n| 17
\n| P
\n| [[Galaxy Airlines (USA)|Galaxy Airlines]]
\n| [[Galaxy Airlines Flight 203|Flight 203]]
\n| {{sort|1985-01-21|21 January 1985}}
\n| 70
\n|<ref name="Telegraph.Delgado"/>
\n|-
\n| Prof. Neuba Yessoh
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[VARIG]]
\n| [[Varig Flight 797|Flight 797]]
\n| {{sort|1987-01-03|3 January 1987}}
\n| 50
\n|<ref name="nytimes.com.1987">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 7 January 1987|url = http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/death-of-briton-brings-toll-to-50-in-abidjan-plane-crash.html|title = Death of Briton Brings Toll To 50 in Abidjan Plane Crash|publisher = The New York Times| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=AP| first= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com.Yessoh">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 5 January 1987|url = http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/05/world/no-hope-for-more-survivors-in-africa-crash.html|title = 'No Hope' for more survivors of African crash |publisher = The New York Times| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Brooke| first=James |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Cecelia Cichan
\n| {{sort|04|4}}
\n| P
\n| [[Northwest Airlines]]
\n| [[Northwest Airlines Flight 255|Flight 255]]
\n| {{sort|1987-08-16|16 August 1987}}
\n| 154
\n|<ref name="bbc.8680547"/>
\n|-
\n| Lt. Edilberto Villar
\n|
\n| C
\n| [[Peruvian Navy]]
\n| [[1987 Alianza Lima air disaster|Alianza Lima air disaster]]
\n| {{sort|1987-12-08|8 December 1987}}
\n| 43
\n|<ref name="Darby-Johnes-Mellor p. 162">{{harvnb|Darby|Johnes|Mellor|2005| p=162}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Bambang Sumadi
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Indonesian Air Force]]
\n| [[1991 Indonesian Air force Lockheed C-130 Hercules crash]]
\n| {{sort|1991-10-05|5 October 1991}}
\n| 136
\n|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1991/10/07/0003.html |title=Sabotage Ruled Out |publisher=Library.ohiou.edu |date=7 October 1991 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| [[Annette Herfkens]]
\n| 31
\n| P
\n| [[Vietnam Airlines]]
\n| Flight 474
\n| {{sort|1992-11-14|14 November 1992}}
\n| 30
\n|<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 9 August 1993|url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/inquiry-demanded-after-air-crash-bodies-are-sent-to-wrong-families-just-what-did-happen-after-flight-vn474-from-ho-chi-minh-city-hit-a-mountain-in-bad-weather-jason-bennetto-reports-1460019.html|title = Inquiry demanded after air crash bodies are sent to wrong families: Just what did happen after Flight VN474 from Ho Chi Minh City hit a mountain in bad weather?|publisher = [[The Independent]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Bennetto | first= Jason|quote= | location=London}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Erika Delgado
\n| {{sort|09|9}}
\n| P
\n| [[Intercontinental de Aviación]]
\n| [[Intercontinental de Aviación Flight 256]]
\n| {{sort|1995-01-11|11 January 1995}}
\n| 52
\n|<ref name="Telegraph.Delgado">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 5 July 2009|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/comorosandmayotte/5743227/The-children-who-survive-plane-crashes.html|title = The children who survive plane crashes|publisher = [[The Sunday Telegraph]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Farndale | first= Nigel |quote= | location=London}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Ulziibayar Sanjaa
\n| 27
\n| P
\n| [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]]
\n|
\n| {{sort|1995-09-21|21 September 1995}}
\n| 42
\n|<ref>http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19950921-0</ref>
\n|-
\n| Sergei Petrov
\n| 37
\n| C
\n| [[Tajik Air]]
\n| [[Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183|Flight 3183]]
\n| {{sort|1997-12-15|15 December 1997}}
\n| 85
\n|<ref name="guardian.co.uk.2010"/>
\n|-
\n| Youcef Djillali
\n| 28
\n| P
\n| [[Air Algérie]]
\n| [[Air Algérie Flight 6289|Flight 6289]]
\n| {{sort|2003-03-06|6 March 2003}}
\n| 102
\n|<ref name="guardian.co.uk.2010">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 12 May 2010|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/12/plane-crash-sole-survivor-list|title = Sole survivors of plane crashes|publisher = The Guardian| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Rice-Oxley| first= Mark |quote= | location=London}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Lt. Martin Farkaš
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Slovak Air Force]]
\n| [[2006 Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crash|Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crash]]
\n| {{sort|2006-01-19|19 January 2006}}
\n| 42
\n|<ref name="Telegraph.Delgado"/>
\n|-
\n| James M. Polehinke
\n|
\n| C
\n| [[Comair]]
\n| [[Comair Flight 5191|Flight 5191]]
\n| {{sort|2006-08-27|27 August 2006}}
\n| 49
\n|<ref name="cbsnews.com.Polehinke">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 3 October 2006|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/03/national/main2059120.shtml|title = Comair Crash Survivor Leaves Hospital|publisher = [[CBS News]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Serrano | first= Alfonso |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Abdülkadir Akyüz
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[AerianTur-M]]
\n| [[2007 Balad aircraft crash]]
\n| {{sort|2007-01-09|9 January 2007}}
\n| 34
\n|<ref name="rian.ru.Akyüz">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 12 January 2007|url = http://en.rian.ru/world/20070112/58977626.html|title = Moldovan plane that crashed in Iraq was downed – eyewitness|publisher = pub| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=| first= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="todayszaman.com.Akyüz">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 27 January 2007|url = http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=101194|title = The puzzle of the Moldovan plane crash continues|publisher = [[Today's Zaman]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Yavuz| first= Ercan|quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Surendra Kunwar
\n|
\n| C
\n| [[Yeti Airlines]]
\n| [[Yeti Airlines Flight 103|Flight 103]]
\n| {{sort|2008-10-08|8 October 2008}}
\n| 18
\n|<ref name="name">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 8 October 2008|url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/victorians-die-in-nepal-crash/story-e6frf7l6-1111117697554|title = Two Aussies among those killed in plane crash in Nepal|work = [[Australian Associated Press]]|publisher = [[Herald Sun]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=[[Australian Associated Press|AAP]]| first= |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Robert Decker
\n| 28
\n| P
\n| [[Cougar Helicopters]]
\n| [[Cougar Helicopters Flight 91|Flight 91]]
\n| {{sort|2009-03-12|12 March 2009}}
\n| 17
\n|<ref name="nationalpost.com.Decker">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 5 November 2009|url = http://network.nationalpost.com/NP/blogs/posted/archive/2009/11/05/robert-decker-the-only-newfoundland-helicopter-crash-survivor-testifies-today.aspx|title = Robert Decker, the only Newfoundland helicopter crash survivor, testifies: updated with full statement|publisher = [[National Post]]| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Vallis| first= Mary |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| [[Bahia Bakari]]
\n| 14
\n| P
\n| [[Yemenia]]
\n| [[Yemenia Flight 626|Flight 626]]
\n| {{sort|2009-06-30|30 June 2009}}
\n| 152
\n|<ref name="bbc.8680547"/>
\n|-
\n|Ruben van Assouw
\n| {{sort|09|8-10{{#tag:ref|based on different sources [[CNN]] gives his age as 8 years old;<ref name="cnn.com.Assouw">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 13 May 2010|url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/libya.planecrash/index.html|title = Child is lone survivor in Libya plane crash|publisher = CNN| accessdate = 26 May 2010 | last=Wire Staff| first= |quote=}}</ref> the Dutch newspaper ''[[Brabants Dagblad]]'' and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] say he was 9 years old;<ref name="brabantsdagblad.nl">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 13 May 2010|url = http://www.brabantsdagblad.nl/regios/tilburg/6680420/Overlevende-vliegramp-is-Tilburgs-jongetje.ece|title = Ruben is well cared for|publisher = [[Brabants Dagblad]]| accessdate = 26 May 2010 | last=Tacken| first= Tom |quote=}}</ref><ref name="minbuza">{{cite web |ref=harv|date= 13 May 2010|url = http://www.minbuza.nl/en/The_Ministry/Airplane_crash_in_Tripoli#internelink9|title = Identity of Dutch boy now known|publisher = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]| accessdate = 29 August 2010 | last=| first=|quote=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100823141111/http://www.minbuza.nl/en/The_Ministry/Airplane_crash_in_Tripoli#internelink9|archivedate=23 August 2010}}</ref> while [[BBC News]] lists him as 10 years old.<ref name="bbc.8680547"/> |group="A"}}}}
\n| P
\n| [[Afriqiyah Airways]]
\n| [[Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771|Flight 771]]
\n| {{sort|2010-05-12|12 May 2010}}
\n| 103
\n|<ref name="bbc.8680547">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 13 May 2010|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8680547.stm|title = How do 'lone survivors' of air disasters cope?|publisher = BBC News| accessdate = 15 May 2010 | last=Westcott| first= Kathryn |quote=}}</ref>
\n|-
\n|
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Filair]]
\n| [[2010 Bandundu Filair Let L-410 crash]]
\n| {{sort|2010-08-25|25 August 2010}}
\n| 20
\n|<ref name="Telegraph_2010">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 21 October 2010|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/8078612/Aircraft-crashes-after-crocodile-on-board-escapes-and-sparks-panic.html|title = Aircraft crashes after crocodile on board escapes and sparks panic |publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]| accessdate = 23 April 2011 | last=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]| first= |quote= | location=London}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Francis Mwamba
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Georgian Airways]] / United Nations
\n| [[United Nations Bombardier CRJ-100 crash]]
\n| {{sort|2011-04-04|4 April 2011}}
\n| 32
\n|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nsango04.over-blog.com/article-crash-de-ce-lundi-francis-mwamba-journaliste-free-lancer-le-seu-rescape-71150722.html |title=Crash de ce lundi. Francis Mwamba, journaliste free lancer, le seul rescapé. |trans_title=Crash on Monday. Francis Mwamba, a journalist freelancer, the only survivor. |language=fr |publisher=Nsango04.over-blog.com |date=3 February 2012 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Alexander Sizov
\n| 52
\n| C
\n| [[Yak-Service]]
\n| [[2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl air disaster]]
\n| {{sort|2011-09-07|7 September 2011}}
\n| 44
\n|<ref name="CNN-blogs-Yaroslavl">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 7 September 2011|url = http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/07/reports-plane-crashes-during-takeoff-in-russia-killing-36/?iref=allsearch|publisher = [[CNN]]| accessdate = 12 September 2011 | last=| first= |quote= | title=Plane crashes during takeoff in Russia, killing 43 – This Just In}}</ref><ref name="CNN-world-Yaroslavl">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 12 September 2011|url = http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/09/12/russia.plane.crash/index.html?iref=allsearch|publisher = [[CNN]]| accessdate = 12 September 2011 | last=| first= |quote= | title=Russian hockey player dies from injuries after plane crash}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| June Paolo Abrazado
\n|
\n| P
\n| [[Aviatour Air]]
\n| [[2012 Philippine Piper Seneca crash]]
\n| {{sort|2012-08-18|18 August 2012}}
\n| 3
\n| <ref>{{cite web|author=ABS-CBN News |title=Robredo's plane crashes off Masbate|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/18/12/robredos-plane-crashes-masbate|date=August 18, 2012|accessdate=August 18, 2012}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Nimer Djelloul
\n| 21
\n| P
\n| [[Algerian Air Force]]
\n| [[2014 Algeria Lockheed C-130 Hercules crash]]
\n| {{sort|2014-02-11|11 February 2014}}
\n| 77
\n|<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 11 February 2013|url = http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/02/11/algeria-crash-plane-survivor/5393675/|publisher = [[USA Today]]| accessdate = 12 September 2011 | last=Quali| first=Aomar |quote= | title=Official: 1 survivor, 77 dead in Algerian crash}}</ref><ref name="L'Éco News">{{cite news |ref=harv|date= 12 February 2013|year=2011|url = http://www.leconews.com/fr/actualites/nationale/transport/une-ceremonie-de-recueillement-prevue-a-boufarik-12-02-2014-167630_294.php|publisher = [[L'Éco News]]| accessdate = 12 February 2013 | last=| first= |quote= | title=Une cérémonie de recueillement prévue à Boufarik}}</ref>
\n|}
\n
\n==Bibliography==
\n*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Darby|first=Paul | authorlink = |last2=Johnes|first2=Martin|last3=Mellor|first3=Gavin | title = Soccer and disaster|edition=2005|year=2005| publisher = [[Routledge]]| isbn= 978-0-7146-8289-1}} <small>- Total pages: 193 </small>
\n*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Williamson|first=Ronald M.| authorlink = | title = Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, 1940–2000: An Illustrated History|edition=2000|year=2000| publisher = [[Turner Publishing Company]]| isbn= 978-1-56311-730-5 }} <small>- Total pages: 200 </small>
\n*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=U.S. Congress|first=| authorlink = United States Congress| title = Congressional Record|edition=2003|year=2003| publisher = Government Printing Office| isbn= }} <small>- Total pages: 15591</small>
\n
\n==Notes==
\n{{Reflist|group="A"}}
\n
\n==References==
\n{{reflist|2}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n{{Lists of aviation accidents and incidents}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Sole Survivors Of Aviation Accidents Or Incidents}}
\n[[Category:Sole survivors| ]]
\n[[Category:Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents|*]]
",
"pubDate": "2016-04-02T12:35:37+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_sole_survivors_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents"
},
{
"title": "Google App Engine",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_App_Engine&diff=714959294",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_App_Engine&diff=714959294",
"description": "Gregology: updating Google Cloud SQL version
\n
\n{{Infobox software
\n| name = Google App Engine
\n| title =
\n| logo = Google App Engine Logo.png
\n| screenshot = <!-- [[File: ]] -->
\n| caption =
\n| collapsible =
\n| author =
\n| developer = [[Google]]
\n| released = {{start date and age|2008|4|7}}
\n| discontinued =
\n| latest release version = 1.9.26
\n| latest release date = {{release date|df=yes|2015|09|04}}
\n| latest preview version =
\n| latest preview date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
\n| frequently updated = <!-- DO NOT include this parameter unless you know what it does -->
\n| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[PHP]]
\n| operating system =
\n| platform =
\n| size =
\n| language =
\n| status = Released
\n| genre = Web development
\n| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
\n| website = {{URL|https://cloud.google.com/appengine/}}
\n}}
\n
\n'''Google App Engine''' (often referred to as '''GAE''' or simply '''App Engine''') is a [[platform as a service]] (PaaS) [[cloud computing]] platform for developing and hosting [[web application]]s in Google-managed data centers. Applications are [[Sandbox (computer security)|sandbox]]ed and run across multiple servers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/appengine/docs/python/runtime.html |title=Python Runtime Environment - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> App Engine offers automatic scaling for web applications—as the number of requests increases for an application, App Engine automatically allocates more resources for the web application to handle the additional demand.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Dan |title=Programming Google App Engine: Build and Run Scalable Web Apps on Google's Infrastructure |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-596-52272-8}}</ref>
\n
\nGoogle App Engine is free up to a certain level of consumed resources. Fees are charged for additional storage, [[Bandwidth (computing) | bandwidth]], or instance hours required by the application.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/quotas |title=Quotas - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> It was first released as a preview version in April 2008 and came out of preview in September 2011.
\n
\n==Supported features/restrictions==
\n
\n===Runtimes and framework===
\nCurrently, the supported [[programming language]]s are [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Java (software platform)|Java]] (and, by extension, other [[JVM languages]] such as [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]], [[JRuby]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]], [[Clojure]]), [[Go (programming language)|Go]], and [[PHP]]. [[Node.js]] is also available in the Managed VM environment. Google has said that it plans to support more languages in the future, and that the Google App Engine has been written to be language independent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Dan |title=Programming Google App Engine: Build and Run Scalable Web Apps on Google's Infrastructure |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-596-52272-8}}</ref>
\n
\nPython web frameworks that run on Google App Engine include [[Django (Web framework)|Django]], [[CherryPy]], [[Pylons project#Pyramid|Pyramid]], [[Flask (programming)|Flask]], [[web2py]] and [[webapp2]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webapp-improved.appspot.com/ |title=Welcome to webapp2! — webapp2 v2.5.1 documentation |publisher=Webapp-improved.appspot.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> as well as a custom Google-written webapp framework and several others designed specifically for the platform that emerged since the release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/tipfy/wiki/AppEngineFrameworks |title=AppEngineFrameworks - tipfy - The almighty little framework for Google App Engine - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> Any Python framework that supports the [[Web Server Gateway Interface|WSGI]] using the CGI adapter can be used to create an application; the framework can be uploaded with the developed application. Third-party libraries written in pure Python may also be uploaded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/whatisgoogleappengine?csw=1 |title=What Is Google App Engine? - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/tools/webapp/ |title=webapp Overview - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref>
\n
\nGoogle App Engine supports many Java standards and frameworks. Core to this is the [[Java Servlet|servlet 2.5 technology]] using the open-source [[Jetty (web server)|Jetty Web Server]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoq.com/news/2009/08/google-chose-jetty |title=Google Chose Jetty for App Engine |publisher=Infoq.com |date=2012-07-13 |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> along with accompanying technologies such as [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]]. [[JavaServer Faces]] operates with some workarounds.
\n
\nThough the datastore used may be unfamiliar to programmers, it is easily accessed and supported with [[Java Persistence API|JPA]], [[Java Data Objects|JDO]], and by the simple low-level API <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/java/javadoc/com/google/appengine/api/datastore/package-summary|title=Google App Engine Datastore low-level API|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>. There are several alternative libraries and frameworks you can use to model and map the data to the datastore such as Objectify<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/objectify/objectify|title=Objectify library|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>, Slim3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/slim3appengine/Home|title=Slim3 framework|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> and [[Jello framework]]. Jello framework is a full-stack Java framework optimized for Google App Engine that includes comprehensive Data Authorization model and a powerful RESTful engine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jello-framework.com|title=Jello Framework|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>.
\n
\nThe [[Spring Framework]] works with GAE, however the Spring Security module (if used) requires workarounds. [[Apache Struts]] 1 is supported, and [[Apache Struts|Struts 2]] runs with workarounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/googleappengine/wiki/WillItPlayInJava |title=WillItPlayInJava - googleappengine - Lists the level of compatibility of various Java technologies and App Engine - Google App Engine - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref>
\n
\nThe [[Django (web framework)|Django web framework]] and applications running on it can be used on App Engine with modification. Django-nonrel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbuttonspressed.com/projects/django-nonrel |title=Django-nonrel - NoSQL support for Django |publisher=All Buttons Pressed |date=2010-02-04 |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> aims to allow Django to work with non-relational databases and the project includes support for App Engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbuttonspressed.com/projects/djangoappengine |title=djangoappengine - Django App Engine backends (DB, email, etc.) |publisher=All Buttons Pressed |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref>
\n
\n===Reliability and Support===
\nAll billed High-Replication Datastore App Engine applications have a 99.95% uptime [[Service-level agreement|SLA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/appengine/sla.html |title=App Engine Service Level Agreement - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref>
\n
\nApp Engine is designed in such a way that it can sustain multiple datacenter outages without any downtime. This resilience to downtime is shown by the statistic that the High Replication Datastore saw 0% downtime over a period of a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleappengine.blogspot.com/2012/01/happy-birthday-high-replication.html |title=Google App Engine Blog: Happy Birthday High Replication Datastore: 1 year, 100,000 apps, 0% downtime |publisher=Googleappengine.blogspot.com |date=2012-01-05 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref>
\n
\nPaid support from Google engineers is offered as part of Premier Accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/appengine/docs/premier/index.html |title=Premier Accounts - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> Free support is offered in the App Engine Groups, [[Stack Overflow]], [[Server Fault]], and [[GitHub]], however assistance by a Google staff member is not guaranteed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/support |title=Google Cloud Platform - Support}}</ref>
\n
\n===Bulk downloading===
\nSDK version 1.2.2 adds support for bulk downloads of data using Python.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/adminconsole/datastoreadmin?csw=1#backup_and_restore |title=Uploading and Downloading Data - Google App Engine - Google Code |publisher=Code.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> The open source Python projects gaebar,<ref>{{cite web|author=aral |url=https://github.com/aral/gaebar/tree/master |title=aral/gaebar |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> approcket,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/approcket/ |title=approcket - Live synchronization between AppEngine and MySQL - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> and gawsh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/gawsh/ |title=gawsh - Google Apps Web Service Helpers - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref> also allow users to download and backup App Engine data. No method for bulk downloading data from GAE using Java currently exists.
\n
\n===Restrictions===
\n*Developers have read-only access to the filesystem on App Engine. Applications can use only virtual filesystems, like gae-filestore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/gae-filestore/ |title=gae-filestore - Simple Virtual File System on Google App Engine DataStore - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref>
\n*App Engine can only execute code called from an HTTP request (scheduled background tasks allow for self calling HTTP requests).
\n*Users may upload arbitrary Python modules, but only if they are pure-Python; [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[Pyrex (programming language)|Pyrex]] modules are not supported.
\n*Java applications may only use a subset (The JRE Class White List) of the classes from the JRE standard edition.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/java/jrewhitelist |title=The JRE Class White List - Google App Engine - Google Developers |publisher=https://cloud.google.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref>
\n*Datastore cannot use inequality filters on more than one entity property per query.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aleatory.clientsideweb.net/2009/11/28/google-app-engine-datastore-gotchas/ |title=Google App Engine Datastore Gotchas « aleatory |publisher=Aleatory.clientsideweb.net |date=2009-11-28 |accessdate=2012-02-14}}</ref>
\n*A process started on the server to answer a request can't last more than 60 seconds (with the 1.4.0 release, this restriction does not apply to background jobs anymore).
\n*Does not support sticky sessions (a.k.a. session affinity), only replicated sessions are supported including limitation of the amount of data being serialized and time for session serialization.
\n
\n==Major differences==
\n
\n===Differences with other application hosting===
\n
\nCompared to other scalable hosting services such as [[Amazon EC2]], App Engine provides more infrastructure to make it easy to write scalable applications, but can only run a limited range of applications designed for that infrastructure.
\n
\nApp Engine's infrastructure removes many of the system administration and development challenges of building applications to scale to hundreds of requests per second and beyond.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/?csw=1#Quotas_and_Limits | title = Python Runtime Environment - Google App Engine | accessdate = 2009-11-10| date = 2009-11-10}}</ref> Google handles deploying code to a cluster, monitoring, failover, and launching application instances as necessary.
\n
\nWhile other services let users install and configure nearly any *NIX compatible software, App Engine requires developers to use only its [[Google App Engine#Supported programming languages and frameworks|supported languages, APIs, and frameworks]]. Current APIs allow storing and retrieving data from a [[BigTable]] non-relational database; making HTTP requests; sending e-mail; manipulating images; and caching. Existing web applications that require a relational database will not run on App Engine datastore without modification. [https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs Google Cloud SQL] can be used for App Engine applications requiring a relational [[MySQL]] compatible database backend.<ref>https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/java/cloud-sql/</ref>
\n
\nPer-day and per-minute quotas restrict bandwidth and CPU use, number of requests served, number of concurrent requests, and calls to the various APIs, and individual requests are terminated if they take more than 60 seconds or return more than 32MB of data.
\n
\n===Differences between SQL and GQL===
\n
\nGoogle App Engine's datastore has a [[SQL]]-like syntax called "GQL". GQL intentionally does not support the [[Join (SQL)|Join]] statement, because it seems to be inefficient when queries span more than one machine.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oG6Ac7d-Nx8 Introducing Google App Engine part 3]</ref> Instead, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships can be accomplished using ReferenceProperty().<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/appengine/articles/modeling.html |title=Modeling Entity Relationships - Google App Engine — Google Developers |publisher=Code.google.com |date=2012-06-26 |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> This shared-nothing approach allows disks to fail without the system failing.<ref>{{cite web|author=Saturday |url=http://highscalability.com/google-architecture |title=Google Architecture |publisher=High Scalability |date=2008-11-22 |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> Switching from a relational database to the Datastore requires a paradigm shift for developers when modeling their data.
\n
\nUnlike a [[relational database]] the Datastore API is not relational in the SQL sense.
\n
\nThe Java version supports asynchronous non-blocking queries using the Twig Object Datastore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/twig-persist/ |title=twig-persist - Object Datastore for Google App Engine - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> interface. This offers an alternative to using threads for parallel data processing.
\n
\n==Portability concerns==
\nDevelopers worry that the applications will not be portable from App Engine and fear being locked into the technology.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gallagher |first=Sean |url=http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2008/04/analysis-google-app-engine-alluring-will-be-hard-to-escape.ars |title=Analysis: Google App Engine alluring, will be hard to escape |publisher=Ars Technica |date=2008-04-09 |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> In response, there are a number of projects to create open-source back-ends for the various proprietary/closed APIs of app engine, especially the datastore.
\n[[AppScale]], CapeDwarf and TyphoonAE<ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/typhoonae/ |title=typhoonae - Typhoon App Engine - Google Project Hosting |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> are a few of the open source efforts.
\n
\n[[AppScale]] automatically deploys and scales unmodified Google App Engine applications over popular public and private cloud systems and on-premises clusters.<ref>[http://techcrunch.com/2013/06/24/appscale-launches-as-an-open-source-backup-equivalent-to-google-app-engine/ AppScale Launches As An Open-Source Backup Equivalent To Google App Engine]. TechCrunch (2013-06-24). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.</ref> AppScale can run Python, Java, PHP, and Go applications on EC2, Google Compute Engine, Softlayer, Azure and other cloud vendors.
\n
\nTyphoonAE<ref name="google2"/> can run Python App Engine applications on any cloud that support linux machines.
\n
\n[[Web2py]] web framework offers migration between SQL Databases and Google App Engine, however it doesn't support several App Engine-specific features such as transactions and namespaces.<ref>[http://web2py.com/book/default/section/11/13 ] {{wayback|url=http://web2py.com/book/default/section/11/13 |date=20100220195348 }}</ref>
\n
\n==Backends==
\nIn [[Google I/O]] 2011, Google announced ''App Engine Backends'', which are allowed to run continuously, and consume more memory.<ref>{{YouTube|id=-kepYfCBg6w||title=Google I/O 2011: App Engine Backends}}</ref><ref>[https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/backends/?csw=1 Backends Python API Overview]</ref> The Backend API was deprecated as of March 13, 2014 in favor of the Modules API.<ref>[https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/backends/]</ref>
\n
\n==Google Cloud SQL==
\nIn Oct 2011, Google previewed a zero maintenance SQL database, which supports JDBC and DB-API.<ref>[http://googlecode.blogspot.com/2011/10/google-cloud-sql-your-database-in-cloud.html Google Cloud SQL: your database in the cloud]</ref> This service allows to create, configure, and use relational databases with App Engine applications. Google Cloud SQL offers MySQL 5.5 and 5.6<ref>[https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq#version]</ref>.
\n
\n==Usage quotas==
\nGoogle App Engine requires a Google account to get started, and an account may allow the developer to register up to 25 free applications and an unlimited number of paid applications.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Google App Engine General Questions|url = https://cloud.google.com/appengine/kb/general#create|website = Google Developers|accessdate = 2015-06-18}}</ref>
\n
\nGoogle App Engine defines usage quotas for free applications. Extensions to these quotas can be requested, and application authors can pay for additional resources.<ref name="Quotas">{{cite web | url = https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/quotas | title = Understanding Application Quotas with Google App Engine | accessdate = 2010-04-16}}</ref> Below are limit and quotas defined per application:
\n
\n===Hard limits===
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Quota
\n! Limit
\n|-
\n| Time per request
\n| 60 sec per normal request, 10 minutes for tasks, unlimited for backends
\n|-
\n| HTTP response size
\n| 32 MB
\n|-
\n| Datastore item size
\n| 1 MB
\n|}
\n
\n===Free quotas===
\nApplication creators who enable billing pay only for instance hours, bandwidth, storage, and API usage in excess of the free quotas. Free quotas were reduced on May 25, 2009,<ref name="google3">{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/quotas |title=Quotas - Google App Engine — Google Developers |publisher=Code.google.com |date=2012-06-30 |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> reduced again on June 22, 2009.<ref name="google3"/> but then revised in May 2011 to allow for more infrastructure and pricing changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleappengine.blogspot.com/2011/05/year-ahead-for-google-app-engine.html|title=Google App Engine Blog: The Year Ahead for Google App Engine!|work=Google App Engine blog|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/pricing/|title=Google App Engine - Pricing and Features|work=[[Google]]|accessdate=16 Nov 2012}}</ref>
\n
\n{| class="wikitable"
\n|-
\n! Quota
\n! Limit (per day)
\n|-
\n| Backend Instance Hours
\n
\n| 9 hours
\n|-
\n| Frontend Instance Hours
\n| 28 hours
\n|-
\n| Emails
\n| 100 (5000 admin emails)
\n|-
\n| Bandwidth in
\n| 1 GB
\n|-
\n| Bandwidth out
\n| 1 GB
\n|-
\n| Datastore Storage Data
\n| 1 GB
\n|-
\n| Datastore read, write, and store Operations
\n| 50,000 each
\n|-
\n| Code and Static File Storage
\n
\n| 1 GB
\n|-
\n| Logs Stored Data
\n
\n| 1 GB
\n|-
\n| Search API Stored Data
\n
\n| 250 MB
\n|-
\n| Search API Search Minutes
\n
\n| 100 minutes
\n|-
\n| [[Binary large object|Blob]] Storage Data
\n| 5 GB
\n|-
\n| [[XMPP]] API Stanzas Sent
\n| 10,000 stanzas
\n|-
\n| Channel API
\n| 100 channels created
\n|-
\n| Sockets Created
\n
\n| 864,000
\n
\n|-
\n| Sockets Data Sent and Received
\n
\n| 20 GB each
\n
\n|-
\n| URLFetch API calls per day
\n| 657,084
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n* [[AppScale]]
\n* [[Amazon Web Services]]
\n* [[AWS Elastic Beanstalk]]
\n* [[Bluemix]]
\n* [[Cocaine (PaaS)]]
\n* [[Engine Yard]]
\n* [[Google Apps Script]]
\n* [[Heroku]]
\n* [[Force.com]]
\n* [[Skytap]]
\n* [[VMware]]
\n* [[Rackspace Cloud]]
\n* [[GoGrid]]
\n* [[Microsoft Azure]]
\n* [[OpenShift]]
\n* [[Jelastic]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|2}}
\n
\n==Bibliography==
\n{{refbegin}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Dan
\n| last1 = Sanderson
\n| date = October 26, 2012
\n| title = Programming Google App Engine
\n| edition = 2nd
\n| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
\n| page = 536
\n| isbn = 978-1449398262
\n| url = http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920017547.do
\n}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Adriaan
\n| last1 = de Jonge
\n| date = October 31, 2011
\n| title = Essential App Engine: Building High-Performance Java Apps with Google App Engine
\n| edition = 1st
\n| publisher = [[Addison-Wesley Professional]]
\n| page = 304
\n| isbn = 0-321-74263-X
\n| url = http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0132484781
\n}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Daniel
\n| last1 = Guermeur
\n| first2 = Amy
\n| last2 = Unruh
\n| date = November 24, 2010
\n| title = Google App Engine Java and GWT Application Development
\n| edition = 1st
\n| publisher = [[Packt Publishing]]
\n| page = 480
\n| isbn = 1-84969-044-8
\n| url = https://www.packtpub.com/google-app-engine-java-and-gwt-application-development/book
\n}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Kyle
\n| last1 = Roche
\n| first2 = Jeff
\n| last2 = Douglas
\n| date = December 31, 2009
\n| title = Beginning Java Google App Engine
\n| edition = 1st
\n| publisher = [[Apress]]
\n| page = 375
\n| isbn = 1-4302-2553-X
\n| url = http://www.apress.com/9781430225539
\n}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Dan
\n| last1 = Sanderson
\n| date = November 23, 2009
\n| title = Programming Google App Engine
\n| edition = 1st
\n| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
\n| page = 400
\n| isbn = 0-596-52272-X
\n| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596522735
\n}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Charles
\n| last1 = Severance
\n| date = May 22, 2009
\n| title = Using Google App Engine
\n| edition = 1st
\n| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
\n| page = 262
\n| isbn = 0-596-80069-X
\n| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596800697
\n}}
\n*{{citation
\n| first1 = Eugene
\n| last1 = Ciurana
\n| date = February 2, 2009
\n| title = Developing with Google App Engine
\n| edition = 1st
\n| publisher = [[Apress]]
\n| page = 164
\n| isbn = 1-4302-1831-2
\n| url = http://www.apress.com/9781430218319
\n}}
\n{{refend}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n*[https://cloud.google.com/appengine/ Official marketing page]
\n*{{Official website|https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs}}
\n*[http://googlecloudplatform.blogspot.com/ Official Google Cloud Platform Blog]
\n*[https://code.google.com/p/googleappengine/wiki/SdkReleaseNotes Release notes]
\n*[http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/081105.html Google App Engine - Run your web applications on Google's infrastructure] - a technical talk by Google engineer [[Guido van Rossum]] at [[Stanford University]]. ([http://stanford-online.stanford.edu/courses/ee380/081105-ee380-300.asx online video archive])
\n*[http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pRJ_0hajVrhacLjp3HqD5ew Java Frameworks and libraries supported]
\n*[http://web2py.com/book/default/section/11/13 Web2py book -- online documentation -- Google App Engine deployment recipe]
\n*[https://code.google.com/p/cloudsql/ Google Cloud SQL Sample Projects]
\n*[https://cloud.google.com/solutions/nodejs/ Google Cloud supports node.js]
\n*[https://github.com/jacobcui/appmd '''Appmd''': Python development sample project. App Engine/django/Google Closure/Endpoints/Material design ]
\n{{Google Inc.}}
\n{{Cloud computing}}
\n
\n[[Category:2008 introductions]]
\n[[Category:Cloud platforms]]
\n[[Category:Google services|App Engine]]
",
"pubDate": "2016-04-12T21:13:07+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Google_App_Engine"
},
{
"title": "Acroyoga",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=728025246",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=728025246",
"description": "Gregology: Undid revision 728001783 by 208.36.23.182 (talk)
\n
\n{{primary sources|date=April 2014}}
\n[[File:Acroyoga in butler park.jpg|thumb|Participating in acroyoga in a park.]]
\n'''Acroyoga''' (also written ''Acro-Yoga'' or ''AcroYoga'') is a physical practice which combines [[yoga]] and [[acrobatics]].<ref name="origin">{{cite journal |first=Andrea |last=Ferretti |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660 |title=Partners in Play |work=Yoga Journal |date=June 2008 |accessdate=16 May 2008}}</ref>
\n
\nThere are two schools of Acroyoga. Acroyoga Montreal, led by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku, has used the term since 1999. This school brings together acrobatics, yoga and dance.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Montreal |url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us |title=About Us |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref> Acroyoga Inc., which began in California with Jason Nemer and Jenny Klein, was labelled as acroyoga in 2006. The latter practices brings together acrobatics, yoga and Thai massage.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Inc. |url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice |title=The Practice: Three Main Elements |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref> Both schools offer teaching certifications, and despite some differences have many similar poses while using gravity to promote strengthening and stretching.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowan|first1=Claudia|title=People are flipping for AcroYoga|url=http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2015/01/21/acroyoga-combines-acrobatic-with-yoga.html|website=Foxnews.com|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shallow|first1=Parvati|title=AcroYoga: Better than couples therapy?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/acroyoga-better-than-couples-therapy/|website=cbsnews.com|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>
\n
\nAcroYoga may provide physical and mental health benefits. In addition to the exercise and strength building aspects of AcroYoga the partner balancing can improve concentration and the massage elements can provide stress relief.<ref name="newyoga">{{citation |first=Sam |last=Malone |url=http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/articles/320/yoga/acroyoga-a-new-form-of-yoga.html |title=AcroYoga: A New Form of Yoga |publisher=home-remedies-for-you.com |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref> However Acroyoga is more vigorous than many traditional yoga practices and this may lead to more injuries.<ref name="yogainjuries">{{citation |first=Eva Norlyk |last=Smith |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-norlyk-smith-phd/yoga-injuries-debate_b_2896134.html |title=The Yoga Injuries Debate: How 'Dangerous' Is Yoga, Really? |publisher=HuffPost Healthy Living |date=23 March 2013 |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n== Roles ==
\nThere are three primary roles in an Acro-yoga practice: '''base''', '''flyer''', and '''spotter'''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Chee |last=Gates |work=Fitness Magazine |url=http://www.fitnessmagazine.com/workout/yoga/poses/extreme-yoga-poses |title=Extreme Yoga Poses and Positions |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n* '''Base''' - this is the individual who has the most points of contact with the ground. Often this person is lying on the ground with the entire back torso in full contact. This enables both the arms and legs to be "bone-stacked" for maximum stability and support of the Flyer. Main points of contact with the flyer are the feet (generally placed on the Flyer's hips, groin or lower abdomen) and the hands (which either form handholds or grasp the shoulders).
\n* '''Flyer''' - this is the individual who is elevated off the ground by the Base. The Flyer can move into a series of dynamic positions, and generally lets gravity do the work for them. A Flyer needs balance, confidence, and core strength.
\n* '''Spotter''' - this is the individual who has an objective view of the partners, and whose entire focus is on making sure that the Flyer lands safely in case of any slips. The spotter can also make recommendations to the Base and Flyer to improve their form.
\n
\n==Elements==
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Back Bird variation.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga Inverted Dancer pose.]]
\n'''Acrobatics''' is the physical part of Acroyoga that uses [[gymnastics]] techniques to build strength, flexibility, trust and teamwork between partners. This is called ''Solar Acrobatic Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice">{{cite web|title=The AcroYoga Practice|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> ''Front plank'' is a basic Acroyoga pose where one partner (''base'') supports the ''flying'' partner above them with their hands and feet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Front Plank|url=http://acropedia.org/front-plank/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n'''Yoga''' reflects the physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines of traditional [[Yoga]]. This is called ''Yoga Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/>
\n
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Super Yogi.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga therapeutic flying. This pose is called Super Yogi.]]
\n'''Therapeutics''' includes massage, therapeutic flying and partner yoga. The California school teaches [[Thai massage]] and inversion massage with their ''Lunar Healing Arts Practice''.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/> The Montreal school differs from the California school in this area as they teach ''restorative and [[yin yoga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=http://acroyoga.com/faq/1|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A basic therapeutic pose is ''Folded Leaf'' in which one partner is inverted and supported on the vertical legs of the other partner whose hands are then free for back massage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Partners In Play|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660|website=Yoga Journal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nLearning Acroyoga requires strength training, flexibility training and technique training.<ref name="flightmanual">Nemer, Jason and Sauer-Klein, Jenny. ''AcroYoga Flight Manual'', 2008, acroyoga.org</ref> Strength training is accomplished through repetition of exercises like [[push-up]]s and [[hand walking]]. [[Yin yoga|Flexibility training]] is best done at the end of a session with a partner. Learning good Acroyoga technique takes time and effort and is best learned with an expert teacher.<ref name="flightmanual" /> One important Acroyoga technique is called ''stacking the bones.'' This involves the base partner keeping arms and legs straight to maximize the weight load on bones rather than muscles to support the flyer.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIVE REASONS YOU SHOULD DO ACROYOGA|url=http://www.pilgrimageyoga.com/five-reasons-you-should-do-acroyoga/|website=Pilgrimage of the Heart Yoga|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Controversy==
\nIn late 2006, AcroYoga Inc. trademarked the word "ACROYOGA" and asserted that the word's first use anywhere was in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=AcroYoga|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/acroyoga-77066872.html|website=Legal Force Trademark Search|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> However the term had been used since 1999 by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> and their domain, acroyoga.com had been registered since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Is Lookup|url=http://whois.net/whois/acroyoga.com|website=WhoIs.net|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> By way of example only, and not as a limitation, "AcroYoga" and the AcroYoga logo are registered trademarks of AcroYoga, Inc., under the applicable laws of the United States and/or other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright and Trademark Information|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/copyright|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Learning AcroYoga==
\n[[File:AcroYoga Jam.jpg|right|thumb|AcroYoga jam in a public park in Austin, Texas.]]
\nYoga studios may provide instructor led AcroYoga lessons. Both the American and Canadian schools provide teacher training.
\n
\nA typical Acroyoga session may include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kulamovement.com/yoga/acro.html|title=AcroYoga|work=Kula Movement|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Circle ceremony''' promotes communication and openness
\n* [[Warming up|'''Warm-up''']] to gradually get your muscles ready for more strenuous exercise
\n* '''Partner flow''' - continue warming up with [[asana]]s and stretching with a partner<ref name="yogajournal practice">{{cite web|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/article/practice-section/a-touch-of-kindness/|title=Partner Up|last=Lee|first=Cyndi|date=November 2012|work=Yoga Journal|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Inversions''' help build trust between the partners<ref name="yogajournal practice"/>
\n* '''Flying and acrobatics'''
\n* '''Thai Massage''' provides a chance for the flyer to become the giver and repay the base for their work
\n
\nSome communities have regular AcroYoga Jams to provide a place for interested people to come together and practice. There are also larger AcroYoga events such as the annual Divine Play in [[Portland, Oregon]] that draw practitioners from a regional or national area.
\n
\n== Poses ==
\nThere are many static acro yoga poses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poses – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/poses/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A series of acro yoga poses that are repeated in a continuous flow is called a Washing Machine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Washing Machines – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/washing-machines/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n<gallery caption="Acro Yoga Poses" mode="packed">
\nFile:Acro Yoga Flash Mob.jpg|Front Bird - a basic acro yoga pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga Whale Pose.jpg|Whale
\nFile:Hangle Dangle.jpg|Hangle Dangle
\nFile:Acro Yoga.jpg|Back Bird variation
\nFile:Three Person Back Bird Balancing - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Three person balancing pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga - star (side view).jpg|Star - side view
\nFile:Acro Yoga Floating Paschi Pose.jpg|Floating Paschi
\nFile:Throne - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Throne Pose with base smaller than the flyer.
\nFile:Three Person Foot to Foot Downward Dog with Foot Hang Flyer - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Non L-Basing pose
\n</gallery>
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[Acrobalance]]
\n*[[Adagio (acrobatics)]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n*[http://acromaps.com/ acromaps.com] free resource to find groups, classes, and workshops across the globe
\n*[http://acropedia.org/ Acropedia.org] free resource for photos and video of many poses
\n*[Http://www.acromuseum.com/ Acromuseum.com] photo archive of acrobatic poses
\n
\n[[Category:Physical exercise]]
\n[[Category:Yoga schools]]
\n[[Category:Acrobatic gymnasts]]
",
"pubDate": "2016-07-02T17:06:59+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acroyoga"
},
{
"title": "Acroyoga",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=728026618",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=728026618",
"description": "Gregology: rewriting opening paragraph to include other schools.
\n
\n{{primary sources|date=April 2014}}
\n[[File:Acroyoga in butler park.jpg|thumb|Participating in acroyoga in a park.]]
\n'''Acroyoga''' (also written ''Acro-Yoga'' or ''AcroYoga'') is a physical practice which combines [[yoga]] and [[acrobatics]].<ref name="origin">{{cite journal |first=Andrea |last=Ferretti |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660 |title=Partners in Play |work=Yoga Journal |date=June 2008 |accessdate=16 May 2008}}</ref>
\n
\nThere are now many schools of AcroYoga. The original two schools were Acroyoga Montreal and Acroyoga Inc.. Acroyoga Montreal was founded by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku in 1999 combining acrobatics, yoga and dance<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Montreal |url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us |title=About Us |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>. Acroyoga Inc., began in San Franciaco in 2005, founded by Jason Nemer and Jenny Klein. This practice blends acrobatics, yoga and healing arts<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Inc. |url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice |title=The Practice: Three Main Elements |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>. Both schools offer teaching certifications, and despite some differences have many similar poses while using gravity to promote strengthening and stretching.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowan|first1=Claudia|title=People are flipping for AcroYoga|url=http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2015/01/21/acroyoga-combines-acrobatic-with-yoga.html|website=Foxnews.com|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shallow|first1=Parvati|title=AcroYoga: Better than couples therapy?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/acroyoga-better-than-couples-therapy/|website=cbsnews.com|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>
\n
\nAcroYoga may provide physical and mental health benefits. In addition to the exercise and strength building aspects of AcroYoga the partner balancing can improve concentration and the massage elements can provide stress relief.<ref name="newyoga">{{citation |first=Sam |last=Malone |url=http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/articles/320/yoga/acroyoga-a-new-form-of-yoga.html |title=AcroYoga: A New Form of Yoga |publisher=home-remedies-for-you.com |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref> However Acroyoga is more vigorous than many traditional yoga practices and this may lead to more injuries.<ref name="yogainjuries">{{citation |first=Eva Norlyk |last=Smith |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-norlyk-smith-phd/yoga-injuries-debate_b_2896134.html |title=The Yoga Injuries Debate: How 'Dangerous' Is Yoga, Really? |publisher=HuffPost Healthy Living |date=23 March 2013 |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n== Roles ==
\nThere are three primary roles in an Acro-yoga practice: '''base''', '''flyer''', and '''spotter'''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Chee |last=Gates |work=Fitness Magazine |url=http://www.fitnessmagazine.com/workout/yoga/poses/extreme-yoga-poses |title=Extreme Yoga Poses and Positions |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n* '''Base''' - this is the individual who has the most points of contact with the ground. Often this person is lying on the ground with the entire back torso in full contact. This enables both the arms and legs to be "bone-stacked" for maximum stability and support of the Flyer. Main points of contact with the flyer are the feet (generally placed on the Flyer's hips, groin or lower abdomen) and the hands (which either form handholds or grasp the shoulders).
\n* '''Flyer''' - this is the individual who is elevated off the ground by the Base. The Flyer can move into a series of dynamic positions, and generally lets gravity do the work for them. A Flyer needs balance, confidence, and core strength.
\n* '''Spotter''' - this is the individual who has an objective view of the partners, and whose entire focus is on making sure that the Flyer lands safely in case of any slips. The spotter can also make recommendations to the Base and Flyer to improve their form.
\n
\n==Elements==
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Back Bird variation.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga Inverted Dancer pose.]]
\n'''Acrobatics''' is the physical part of Acroyoga that uses [[gymnastics]] techniques to build strength, flexibility, trust and teamwork between partners. This is called ''Solar Acrobatic Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice">{{cite web|title=The AcroYoga Practice|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> ''Front plank'' is a basic Acroyoga pose where one partner (''base'') supports the ''flying'' partner above them with their hands and feet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Front Plank|url=http://acropedia.org/front-plank/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n'''Yoga''' reflects the physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines of traditional [[Yoga]]. This is called ''Yoga Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/>
\n
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Super Yogi.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga therapeutic flying. This pose is called Super Yogi.]]
\n'''Therapeutics''' includes massage, therapeutic flying and partner yoga. The California school teaches [[Thai massage]] and inversion massage with their ''Lunar Healing Arts Practice''.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/> The Montreal school differs from the California school in this area as they teach ''restorative and [[yin yoga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=http://acroyoga.com/faq/1|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A basic therapeutic pose is ''Folded Leaf'' in which one partner is inverted and supported on the vertical legs of the other partner whose hands are then free for back massage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Partners In Play|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660|website=Yoga Journal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nLearning Acroyoga requires strength training, flexibility training and technique training.<ref name="flightmanual">Nemer, Jason and Sauer-Klein, Jenny. ''AcroYoga Flight Manual'', 2008, acroyoga.org</ref> Strength training is accomplished through repetition of exercises like [[push-up]]s and [[hand walking]]. [[Yin yoga|Flexibility training]] is best done at the end of a session with a partner. Learning good Acroyoga technique takes time and effort and is best learned with an expert teacher.<ref name="flightmanual" /> One important Acroyoga technique is called ''stacking the bones.'' This involves the base partner keeping arms and legs straight to maximize the weight load on bones rather than muscles to support the flyer.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIVE REASONS YOU SHOULD DO ACROYOGA|url=http://www.pilgrimageyoga.com/five-reasons-you-should-do-acroyoga/|website=Pilgrimage of the Heart Yoga|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Controversy==
\nIn late 2006, AcroYoga Inc. trademarked the word "ACROYOGA" and asserted that the word's first use anywhere was in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=AcroYoga|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/acroyoga-77066872.html|website=Legal Force Trademark Search|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> However the term had been used since 1999 by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> and their domain, acroyoga.com had been registered since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Is Lookup|url=http://whois.net/whois/acroyoga.com|website=WhoIs.net|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> By way of example only, and not as a limitation, "AcroYoga" and the AcroYoga logo are registered trademarks of AcroYoga, Inc., under the applicable laws of the United States and/or other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright and Trademark Information|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/copyright|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Learning AcroYoga==
\n[[File:AcroYoga Jam.jpg|right|thumb|AcroYoga jam in a public park in Austin, Texas.]]
\nYoga studios may provide instructor led AcroYoga lessons. Both the American and Canadian schools provide teacher training.
\n
\nA typical Acroyoga session may include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kulamovement.com/yoga/acro.html|title=AcroYoga|work=Kula Movement|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Circle ceremony''' promotes communication and openness
\n* [[Warming up|'''Warm-up''']] to gradually get your muscles ready for more strenuous exercise
\n* '''Partner flow''' - continue warming up with [[asana]]s and stretching with a partner<ref name="yogajournal practice">{{cite web|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/article/practice-section/a-touch-of-kindness/|title=Partner Up|last=Lee|first=Cyndi|date=November 2012|work=Yoga Journal|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Inversions''' help build trust between the partners<ref name="yogajournal practice"/>
\n* '''Flying and acrobatics'''
\n* '''Thai Massage''' provides a chance for the flyer to become the giver and repay the base for their work
\n
\nSome communities have regular AcroYoga Jams to provide a place for interested people to come together and practice. There are also larger AcroYoga events such as the annual Divine Play in [[Portland, Oregon]] that draw practitioners from a regional or national area.
\n
\n== Poses ==
\nThere are many static acro yoga poses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poses – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/poses/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A series of acro yoga poses that are repeated in a continuous flow is called a Washing Machine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Washing Machines – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/washing-machines/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n<gallery caption="Acro Yoga Poses" mode="packed">
\nFile:Acro Yoga Flash Mob.jpg|Front Bird - a basic acro yoga pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga Whale Pose.jpg|Whale
\nFile:Hangle Dangle.jpg|Hangle Dangle
\nFile:Acro Yoga.jpg|Back Bird variation
\nFile:Three Person Back Bird Balancing - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Three person balancing pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga - star (side view).jpg|Star - side view
\nFile:Acro Yoga Floating Paschi Pose.jpg|Floating Paschi
\nFile:Throne - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Throne Pose with base smaller than the flyer.
\nFile:Three Person Foot to Foot Downward Dog with Foot Hang Flyer - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Non L-Basing pose
\n</gallery>
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[Acrobalance]]
\n*[[Adagio (acrobatics)]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n*[http://acromaps.com/ acromaps.com] free resource to find groups, classes, and workshops across the globe
\n*[http://acropedia.org/ Acropedia.org] free resource for photos and video of many poses
\n*[Http://www.acromuseum.com/ Acromuseum.com] photo archive of acrobatic poses
\n
\n[[Category:Physical exercise]]
\n[[Category:Yoga schools]]
\n[[Category:Acrobatic gymnasts]]
",
"pubDate": "2016-07-02T17:18:04+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acroyoga"
},
{
"title": "Acroyoga",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=728027972",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acroyoga&diff=728027972",
"description": "Gregology: updated trademark links
\n
\n{{primary sources|date=April 2014}}
\n[[File:Acroyoga in butler park.jpg|thumb|Participating in acroyoga in a park.]]
\n'''Acroyoga''' (also written ''Acro-Yoga'' or ''AcroYoga'') is a physical practice which combines [[yoga]] and [[acrobatics]].<ref name="origin">{{cite journal |first=Andrea |last=Ferretti |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660 |title=Partners in Play |work=Yoga Journal |date=June 2008 |accessdate=16 May 2008}}</ref>
\n
\nThere are now many schools of AcroYoga. The original two schools were Acroyoga Montreal and Acroyoga Inc.. Acroyoga Montreal was founded by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku in 1999 combining acrobatics, yoga and dance<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Montreal |url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us |title=About Us |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>. Acroyoga Inc., began in San Franciaco in 2006, founded by Jason Nemer and Jenny Klein. This practice blends acrobatics, yoga and healing arts<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AcroYoga Inc. |url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice |title=The Practice: Three Main Elements |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>. Both schools offer teaching certifications, and despite some differences have many similar poses while using gravity to promote strengthening and stretching.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowan|first1=Claudia|title=People are flipping for AcroYoga|url=http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2015/01/21/acroyoga-combines-acrobatic-with-yoga.html|website=Foxnews.com|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shallow|first1=Parvati|title=AcroYoga: Better than couples therapy?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/acroyoga-better-than-couples-therapy/|website=cbsnews.com|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>
\n
\nAcroYoga may provide physical and mental health benefits. In addition to the exercise and strength building aspects of AcroYoga the partner balancing can improve concentration and the massage elements can provide stress relief.<ref name="newyoga">{{citation |first=Sam |last=Malone |url=http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/articles/320/yoga/acroyoga-a-new-form-of-yoga.html |title=AcroYoga: A New Form of Yoga |publisher=home-remedies-for-you.com |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref> However Acroyoga is more vigorous than many traditional yoga practices and this may lead to more injuries.<ref name="yogainjuries">{{citation |first=Eva Norlyk |last=Smith |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-norlyk-smith-phd/yoga-injuries-debate_b_2896134.html |title=The Yoga Injuries Debate: How 'Dangerous' Is Yoga, Really? |publisher=HuffPost Healthy Living |date=23 March 2013 |accessdate=2 February 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n== Roles ==
\nThere are three primary roles in an Acro-yoga practice: '''base''', '''flyer''', and '''spotter'''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Chee |last=Gates |work=Fitness Magazine |url=http://www.fitnessmagazine.com/workout/yoga/poses/extreme-yoga-poses |title=Extreme Yoga Poses and Positions |accessdate=29 April 2014 }}</ref>
\n
\n* '''Base''' - this is the individual who has the most points of contact with the ground. Often this person is lying on the ground with the entire back torso in full contact. This enables both the arms and legs to be "bone-stacked" for maximum stability and support of the Flyer. Main points of contact with the flyer are the feet (generally placed on the Flyer's hips, groin or lower abdomen) and the hands (which either form handholds or grasp the shoulders).
\n* '''Flyer''' - this is the individual who is elevated off the ground by the Base. The Flyer can move into a series of dynamic positions, and generally lets gravity do the work for them. A Flyer needs balance, confidence, and core strength.
\n* '''Spotter''' - this is the individual who has an objective view of the partners, and whose entire focus is on making sure that the Flyer lands safely in case of any slips. The spotter can also make recommendations to the Base and Flyer to improve their form.
\n
\n==Elements==
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Back Bird variation.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga Inverted Dancer pose.]]
\n'''Acrobatics''' is the physical part of Acroyoga that uses [[gymnastics]] techniques to build strength, flexibility, trust and teamwork between partners. This is called ''Solar Acrobatic Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice">{{cite web|title=The AcroYoga Practice|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/about/the-acroyoga-practice|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> ''Front plank'' is a basic Acroyoga pose where one partner (''base'') supports the ''flying'' partner above them with their hands and feet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Front Plank|url=http://acropedia.org/front-plank/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n'''Yoga''' reflects the physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines of traditional [[Yoga]]. This is called ''Yoga Practice'' by the California school.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/>
\n
\n[[File:AcroYoga pose Super Yogi.jpg|thumb|Acro Yoga therapeutic flying. This pose is called Super Yogi.]]
\n'''Therapeutics''' includes massage, therapeutic flying and partner yoga. The California school teaches [[Thai massage]] and inversion massage with their ''Lunar Healing Arts Practice''.<ref name="The AcroYoga Practice"/> The Montreal school differs from the California school in this area as they teach ''restorative and [[yin yoga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=http://acroyoga.com/faq/1|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A basic therapeutic pose is ''Folded Leaf'' in which one partner is inverted and supported on the vertical legs of the other partner whose hands are then free for back massage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Partners In Play|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/practice/2660|website=Yoga Journal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nLearning Acroyoga requires strength training, flexibility training and technique training.<ref name="flightmanual">Nemer, Jason and Sauer-Klein, Jenny. ''AcroYoga Flight Manual'', 2008, acroyoga.org</ref> Strength training is accomplished through repetition of exercises like [[push-up]]s and [[hand walking]]. [[Yin yoga|Flexibility training]] is best done at the end of a session with a partner. Learning good Acroyoga technique takes time and effort and is best learned with an expert teacher.<ref name="flightmanual" /> One important Acroyoga technique is called ''stacking the bones.'' This involves the base partner keeping arms and legs straight to maximize the weight load on bones rather than muscles to support the flyer.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIVE REASONS YOU SHOULD DO ACROYOGA|url=http://www.pilgrimageyoga.com/five-reasons-you-should-do-acroyoga/|website=Pilgrimage of the Heart Yoga|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n==Controversy==
\nIn late 2006, AcroYoga Inc. trademarked the word "ACROYOGA" and asserted that the word's first use anywhere was in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=AcroYoga|url=http://www.trademarkia.com/acroyoga-77066872.html|website=Legal Force Trademark Search|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> However the term had been used since 1999 by Jessie Goldberg and Eugene Poku<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://acroyoga.com/about-us|website=acroyogamontréal|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> and their domain, acroyoga.com had been registered since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Is Lookup|url=http://whois.net/whois/acroyoga.com|website=WhoIs.net|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> By way of example only, and not as a limitation, "AcroYoga" and the AcroYoga logo are registered trademarks of AcroYoga, Inc., under the applicable laws of the United States and/or other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright and Trademark Information|url=http://www.acroyoga.org/pages/trademark|website=AcroYoga.org|accessdate=03 July 2016}}</ref>
\n
\n==Learning AcroYoga==
\n[[File:AcroYoga Jam.jpg|right|thumb|AcroYoga jam in a public park in Austin, Texas.]]
\nYoga studios may provide instructor led AcroYoga lessons. Both the American and Canadian schools provide teacher training.
\n
\nA typical Acroyoga session may include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kulamovement.com/yoga/acro.html|title=AcroYoga|work=Kula Movement|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Circle ceremony''' promotes communication and openness
\n* [[Warming up|'''Warm-up''']] to gradually get your muscles ready for more strenuous exercise
\n* '''Partner flow''' - continue warming up with [[asana]]s and stretching with a partner<ref name="yogajournal practice">{{cite web|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/article/practice-section/a-touch-of-kindness/|title=Partner Up|last=Lee|first=Cyndi|date=November 2012|work=Yoga Journal|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
\n* '''Inversions''' help build trust between the partners<ref name="yogajournal practice"/>
\n* '''Flying and acrobatics'''
\n* '''Thai Massage''' provides a chance for the flyer to become the giver and repay the base for their work
\n
\nSome communities have regular AcroYoga Jams to provide a place for interested people to come together and practice. There are also larger AcroYoga events such as the annual Divine Play in [[Portland, Oregon]] that draw practitioners from a regional or national area.
\n
\n== Poses ==
\nThere are many static acro yoga poses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poses – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/poses/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> A series of acro yoga poses that are repeated in a continuous flow is called a Washing Machine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Washing Machines – Alphabetized|url=http://acropedia.org/washing-machines/|website=acropedia.org|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
\n<gallery caption="Acro Yoga Poses" mode="packed">
\nFile:Acro Yoga Flash Mob.jpg|Front Bird - a basic acro yoga pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga Whale Pose.jpg|Whale
\nFile:Hangle Dangle.jpg|Hangle Dangle
\nFile:Acro Yoga.jpg|Back Bird variation
\nFile:Three Person Back Bird Balancing - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Three person balancing pose
\nFile:Acro Yoga - star (side view).jpg|Star - side view
\nFile:Acro Yoga Floating Paschi Pose.jpg|Floating Paschi
\nFile:Throne - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Throne Pose with base smaller than the flyer.
\nFile:Three Person Foot to Foot Downward Dog with Foot Hang Flyer - Acroyoga Pose.jpg|Non L-Basing pose
\n</gallery>
\n
\n==See also==
\n*[[Acrobalance]]
\n*[[Adagio (acrobatics)]]
\n
\n== References ==
\n{{Reflist}}
\n
\n== External links ==
\n*[http://acromaps.com/ acromaps.com] free resource to find groups, classes, and workshops across the globe
\n*[http://acropedia.org/ Acropedia.org] free resource for photos and video of many poses
\n*[Http://www.acromuseum.com/ Acromuseum.com] photo archive of acrobatic poses
\n
\n[[Category:Physical exercise]]
\n[[Category:Yoga schools]]
\n[[Category:Acrobatic gymnasts]]
",
"pubDate": "2016-07-02T17:29:54+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acroyoga"
},
{
"title": "Comparison of shopping cart software",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software&diff=790431563",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software&diff=790431563",
"description": "Gregology: Added Shopify Start Year
\n
\n{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
\n{{Multiple issues|
\n{{refimprove|date=December 2010}}
\n{{very long|date=April 2010}}
\n}}
\n
\n<!-- IF YOU DON'T PAY ATTENTION TO THIS MESSAGE, YOUR EDIT WILL BE ROLLED BACK WITHOUT WARNING.
\nOnly place entries here (with the exception of the 'Popularity section') that are links to actual Wikipedia articles about notable shopping cart software. External links, redlinks, non-notable sites or sites that are not shopping cart software will be removed. If you have questions, use the talk page. Please try to keep entries in alphabetical order. Adding unnecessary links or text to any other section (such as the "References" section) will also be removed. Thanks.
\n-->
\nThe following is a comparison of the features of notable [[shopping cart software]] packages available. Some such shopping cart software is extensible through [[third-party software component]]s and applications. As such, the features listed below may not encompass all possible features for a given software package. The software listed here is but a fraction of all such packages on the market.
\n
\n==General information==
\nBasic information about the shopping carts including creator, software license and framework, and updates.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n! | Name
\n!Creator
\n!First release date
\n!Latest stable version
\n!Latest release date
\n![[software license|License]]
\n!Language
\n!Web application framework
\n!CMS extension
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| Belavier Commerce
\n| 2011-11-11
\n| 1.2.10<ref>[http://www.abantecart.com Open Source eCommerce Platform | AbanteCart]. AbanteCart.com. Retrieved on 2016-11-15.</ref>
\n| 2017-04-01
\n| {{Free|[[Open Software License 3.0|OSL 3.0]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| Apache Software Foundation
\n| 2007
\n| 16.11.01<ref name="ofbiz_release">{{cite web|url=http://ofbiz.apache.org/release-notes-16.11.01.html|title=Apache OFBiz - Release Notes|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref>
\n| 2016-11-27
\n| {{Free|[[Apache License|Apache]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Java (programming language)|Java]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Apache OFBiz]]}}
\n| integrated, and 3rd party extensions
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| Batavi
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 1.3<ref>[[SourceForge:projects/batavi/files/|Batavi - Browse Files at]]. Sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2015-04-27.</ref>
\n| 2013-11-28
\n| {{Free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| Bigcommerce Inc
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| Continuous/SaaS
\n| Continuous/SaaS
\n| {{Proprietary|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| Drupal Commerce
\n| 2011-08-23
\n| 1.13<ref name="drupal_release">{{cite web | url=https://www.drupal.org/project/commerce | title=cDrupal Commerce | publisher=Drupal | accessdate=23 June 2015}}</ref>
\n| 2016-04-06
\n| {{Free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n| {{Free|[[Drupal]]}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| ACE GmbH
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| {{Proprietary|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Sometimes|[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[ASP.NET MVC]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| DS Data Systems UK Ltd
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 8.5.0.0<ref>http://www.konakart.com/downloads/ver-8500-whats-new</ref>
\n| 2017-01-18
\n| {{Free|[[GNU LGPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Java (programming language)|Java]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| Limewheel Creative Inc.
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 1.5.52
\n| 2011-06-03
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| Varien
\n| 2007-08-13
\n| 2.1.6<ref>[http://www.magentocommerce.com/download Open Source Ecommerce Software & Solutions | Magento]. Magentocommerce.com. Retrieved on 2017-05-21.</ref>
\n| 2017-04-11
\n| {{Free|[[Open Software License 3.0|OSL 3.0]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Zend Framework]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Miva Merchant]]
\n| Miva, Inc.
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 9
\n| 2014-11-17
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Proprietary|[[MIVA Script]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| Nop Solutions Ltd
\n| 2008-10-23
\n| 3.90<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nopcommerce.com/downloads.aspx |title=Download nopCommerce}}</ref>
\n| 2017-03-14
\n| {{Free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[C#]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[ASP.NET MVC]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[OpenCart]]
\n| OpenCart Ltd.
\n| 1999-05-11
\n| 2.3.0.2<ref name="oc_release">{{cite web | url=http://www.opencart.com/index.php?route=download/download | title=OpenCart - Download | publisher=opencart.com | accessdate=7 August 2016}}</ref>
\n| 2016-08-01
\n| {{Free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| osCommerce
\n| 2000-03
\n| 2.3.4<ref>[http://library.oscommerce.com/Online&en&oscom_2_3&release_notes&v2_3_4 osCommerce Library, Online Merchant v2.3, Release Notes, osCommerce Online Merchant v2.3.4]. Library.oscommerce.com. Retrieved on 2015-04-27.</ref>
\n| 2014-06-05
\n| {{Free|[[GNU GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n! | [[pimcore]]
\n| pimcore GmbH
\n| 2010
\n| 4.5.0<ref name="pimcore_release">{{cite web | url=https://www.pimcore.org/download | title=Release 4.5.0 · pimcore/pimcore | publisher=github.com/brusch | accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
\n| 2017-03-22
\n| {{Free|[[BSD Licenses|BSD]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Zend Framework]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[pimcore]]}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| PrestaShop SA
\n| 2007-08-15
\n| 1.7.<ref name="prestashop_release">{{cite web | url=https://www.prestashop.com/en/download | title=Download Prestashop | publisher=prestashop.com | accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
\n| 2017-04-20
\n| {{Free|[[Open Software License 3.0|OSL 3.0]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n| [[Model-View-Controller]]
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[ProStores]] (discontinued)
\n| ProStores Inc.
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 10.3
\n| 2011-05-17
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| Sana Commerce
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| SC v 9.0 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sana-commerce.com/news/announcing-sana-9-future-b2b-e-commerce/|title=Announcing Sana 9: the future of B2B e-commerce - Sana Commerce: B2B e-commerce for wholesale, distribution and manufacturing|date=30 January 2015|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| 2015-02-15
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Sometimes|[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]}}
\n| {{Free|ASP.NET WebForms and [[ASP.NET MVC]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| Shopify
\n| 2006<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techvibes.com/2015/09/04/a-brief-history-of-shopify-2015-09-04 | title=A Brief History of Shopify}}</ref>
\n| Continuous/SAAS<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zorzini|first1=Catalin|title=The Ultimate Shopify Ecommerce Review|url=http://ecommerce-platforms.com/ecommerce-reviews/the-ultimate-shopify-ecommerce-review|publisher=Ecommerce Platforms|date=25 July 2014|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref>
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Ruby on Rails]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Spree Commerce]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 2007
\n| 3.2.0<ref name="spree_release">{{cite web | url=https://github.com/spree/spree/releases/tag/v3.2.0 | title=Version 3.2.0 | publisher=GitHub | accessdate=17 March 2017}}</ref>
\n| 2017-03-17
\n| {{Free|[[BSD Licenses|BSD]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Ruby]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Ruby on Rails]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[Storehippo]]
\n| Hippo Innovations P Ltd
\n| 2014
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Node.js]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[MEAN_(software_bundle)]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| SupaDupa
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Ruby on Rails]]}}
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[uCoz]]
\n| uCoz Media
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| Continuous/SAAS
\n| {{Proprietary|[[proprietary software|Proprietary]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[Perl]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n!| [[VirtueMart]]
\n| Max Milbers and Team
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| 3.2.2<ref name="vm_release">{{cite web|url=http://dev.virtuemart.net/projects/virtuemart/files|title=Files - VirtueMart|publisher=|accessdate=21 May 2017}}</ref>
\n| 2017-05-17
\n| {{Free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n| {{Free|[[Mambo (software)|Mambo]] or [[Joomla!]]}}
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| WooThemes
\n| 2011<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.woothemes.com/2011/09/woocommerce-has-arrived/ | title=WooCommerce Has Arrived | publisher=WooCommerce | date=27 September 2011 | accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>
\n| 3.0.7<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wordpress.org/plugins/woocommerce/changelog/ | title=WooCommerce - excelling eCommerce | publisher=WordPress | accessdate=2017-05-21}}</ref>
\n| 2017-05-16
\n| {{Free|[[GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n| {{Free|[[WordPress]]}}
\n|-
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| Zen Ventures
\n| 2003-06<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zen-cart.com/wiki/index.php/Introduction#History | title=zen cart}}</ref>
\n| 1.5.5e<ref name="zencart_release">{{cite web | url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/zencart/files/ | title=Zen Cart E-Commerce Shopping Cart | publisher=sourceforge.net}}</ref>
\n| 2017-03-08
\n| {{Free|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]}}
\n| {{Free|[[PHP]]}}
\n|
\n|
\n|-
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Creator
\n!First release date
\n!Latest stable version
\n!Latest release date
\n![[software license|License]]
\n!Language
\n!Web application framework
\n!CMS extension
\n|}
\n
\n==Data storage==
\nInformation about what data storage system can be used.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n![[Flat file database|Flat file]]
\n![[MySQL]]
\n![[MySQLi]]
\n![[PostgreSQL]]
\n![[Microsoft SQL Server|MSSQL]]
\n![[Oracle database|Oracle]]
\n![[SQLite]]
\n![[Firebird (database server)|Firebird]]
\n![[Apache Derby]]
\n![[MongoDB]]
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bitbucket.org/xerial/sqlite-jdbc/downloads|title=xerial / sqlite-jdbc / Downloads — Bitbucket|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[OpenCart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Spree Commerce]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Storehippo]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}<ref>There are some discussion for database abstraction in the future for WordPress, specially using PostgreSQL https://codex.wordpress.org/Using_Alternative_Databases</ref>
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[X-Cart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n![[Flat file database|Flat file]]
\n![[MySQL]]
\n![[MySQLi]]
\n![[PostgreSQL]]
\n![[Microsoft SQL Server|MSSQL]]
\n![[Oracle database|Oracle]]
\n![[SQLite]]
\n![[Firebird (database server)|Firebird]]
\n![[Apache Derby]]
\n![[MongoDB]]
\n|}
\n
\n==General features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Source code provided
\n!Ajax use
\n!Digital downloads
\n!eBay listing integration
\n!eBay order import
\n!Multiple skins
\n!Point of sale order management
\n!Subscriptions
\n!Taxation
\n!Template engine
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{n/a}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{n/a}}
\n|-
\n!| [[OpenCart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Add-on
\n| | Add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{n/a}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{n/a}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Source code provided
\n!Ajax use
\n!Digital downloads
\n!eBay listing integration
\n!eBay order import
\n!Multiple skins
\n!Point of sale order management
\n!Subscriptions
\n!Taxation
\n!Template engine
\n|}
\n
\n==Customer features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ecommerce-platforms.com/comparison-chart | title=Top Ecommerce Platforms & Shopping Carts | publisher=Ecommerce Platforms | accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref>
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Guest account
\n!Customer testimonials
\n!Featured products
\n!Glossary, tool tip words
\n!Image enlarge
\n!Mini cart
\n!Multiple addresses
\n!Newest products
\n!Newsletter
\n!News
\n!Next-previous product links
\n!Polls
\n!Popular products
\n!Printing-friendly
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n|| Free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| | Free add-on
\n| | Free add-on
\n| | Free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[OpenCart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Add-on
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| | Free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=594|title=Fast and Easy Checkout for Zen Cart - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| | Free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=299|title=Testimonial Manager - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | Free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=1823|title=Multiple Ship-To Addresses - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n|-
\n!
\n!Guest account
\n!Customer testimonials
\n!Featured products
\n!Glossary, tool tip words
\n!Image enlarge
\n!Mini cart
\n!Multiple addresses
\n!Newest products
\n!Newsletter
\n!News
\n!Next-previous product links
\n!Polls
\n!Popular products
\n!Printing-friendly
\n|}
\n
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Product image attaching
\n!Product rating
\n!Product reviews
\n!Quotes
\n!Reordering
\n!Returns
\n!Searching
\n!Search as user types
\n!Search cloud
\n!Site map, viewable
\n!Social bookmarking
\n!Tell friends
\n!Wish list
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party module, price varies
\n| | 3rd party module, price varies
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | Free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=288|title=Return Authorization - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party module, price varies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.numinix.com/downloads/zen-cart-modules/other-modules/ajax-auto-search-suggest|title=AJAX Auto Search Suggest plugin for Zen Cart by Numinix|first=Numinix Web Development|last=Ltd|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=207|title=Social Bookmarking - easy install - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | Free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=1072|title=WishLists - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n|-
\n
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | Free add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n|| 3rd party
\n| 3rd party
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Product image attaching
\n!Product rating
\n!Product reviews
\n!Quotes
\n!Reordering
\n!Returns
\n!Searching
\n!Search as user types
\n!Search cloud
\n!Site map, viewable
\n!Social bookmarking
\n!Tell friends
\n!Wish list
\n|}
\n
\n==Customer reward features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Coupons
\n!Gift certificates
\n!Membership discounts
\n!Membership-only categories
\n!Membership-only products
\n!Reward points
\n!Special offers
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party module
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}} ''(Enterprise Edition)''
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| | free add-on
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on<ref name="zen-cart.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=1819|title=Twitch Restrict Categories by Customer or Group - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| | free add-on<ref name="zen-cart.com"/>
\n| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/index.php?main_page=contrib_search_result&search_in_description=1&keyword=reward|title=Zen Cart Support - Zen Cart - Putting the dream of your own business within reach of anyone!|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party module
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!
\n!
\n!
\n!
\n!
\n!
\n!
\n!
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Coupons
\n!Gift certificates
\n!Membership discounts
\n!Membership-only categories
\n!Membership-only products
\n!Reward points
\n!Special offers
\n|}
\n
\n==Administration area features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Product import-export
\n!Statistics
\n!Stock control
\n!WYSIWYG editor
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Product import-export
\n!Statistics
\n!Stock control
\n!WYSIWYG editor
\n|}
\n
\n==Search engine optimization features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!HTML catalog
\n!Meta tagging
\n!RSS feeds
\n!SEO URLs
\n!Site map, XML
\n![[GoodRelations]] RDFa
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | add-on
\n| | add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[WooCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Uttamchandani|first1=Rohit|title=10 Best E-commerce Platforms for your Online Store|url=http://www.socialbeat.in/2015/01/19/10-best-e-commerce-platforms-for-online-store-india/|publisher=Social Beat|accessdate=11 February 2015|date=January 19, 2015}}</ref>
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}} - added manually
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| | free add-on, printable price list
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=511|title=RSS Feed - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| | free add-on
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!HTML catalog
\n!Meta tagging
\n!RSS feeds
\n!SEO URLs
\n!Site map, XML
\n!GoodRelations RDFa
\n|}
\n
\n==Security features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Access control list
\n!Form CAPTCHA
\n!Staff action logging
\n!PA/DSS certified
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| enterprise
\n| {{yes}} / Magento Payment Bridge
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Miva Merchant]]
\n| n/a
\n| n/a
\n| n/a
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}} / PCI/DSS
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Access control list
\n!Form CAPTCHA
\n!Staff action logging
\n!PA/DSS certified
\n|}
\n
\n==Other features==
\nInformation about the features the shopping carts offer.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!Multiple store fronts
\n!Affiliates
\n!API (remote management functions)
\n!Minimum orders
\n!Multiple vendor support
\n!Out-of-the-box shopping cart
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party module
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| n/a
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| n/a
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | 3rd party module
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| n/a
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| | free add-on
\n| | 3rd party module
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on, low order fee std.
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[SupaDupa]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| |3rd party module
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Multiple store fronts
\n!Affiliates
\n!API (remote management functions)
\n!Minimum orders
\n!Multiple vendor support
\n|}
\n
\n==Payment gateway support==
\nInformation about which payment gateways are supported.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n!2Checkout
\n![[Authorize.Net|Authorize.Net AIM]]
\n![[Authorize.Net|Authorize.Net SIM]]
\n![[Barclaycard|Barclaycard CPI]]
\n![[Barclaycard|Barclaycard MPI]]
\n![[HSBC|HSBC API]]
\n![[HSBC|HSBC CPI]]
\n![[Nochex]]
\n![[PayPal]] Standard
\n![[Transaction Central]]
\n![[Transaction Express]]
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | add-on ($50.00)
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!2Checkout
\n!Authorize.Net AIM
\n!Authorize.Net SIM
\n!Barclaycard CPI
\n!Barclaycard MPI
\n!HSBC API
\n!HSBC CPI
\n!Nochex
\n!PayPal Standard
\n!Transaction Central
\n!Transaction Express
\n|}
\n<br />
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n![[Skrill]]
\n![[Stripe (company)|Stripe]]
\n![[PayPal]] Pro
\n!PayPal Payflow Link
\n!PayPal Payflow Pro
\n!Sage Pay Form
\n!Sage Pay Direct
\n![[USAePay]]
\n![[WorldPay]]
\n!Offline processing
\n!Offline methods
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | add-on ($175.00)
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | add-on ($175.00)
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on, removed from core for PCI compliance
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Skrill
\n!Stripe
\n!PayPal Pro
\n!PayPal Payflow Link
\n!PayPal Payflow Pro
\n!Sage Pay Form
\n!Sage Pay Direct
\n!USAePay
\n!WorldPay
\n!Offline processing
\n!Offline methods
\n|}
\n
\n==Alternative checkout support==
\nInformation about which alternative checkouts are supported.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n![[Amazon Flexible Payments Service|Amazon FPS]]
\n![[Amazon Payments#Checkout by Amazon|Checkout by Amazon]]
\n![[Google Checkout]]
\n![[PayPal]] Express
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Drupal Commerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[pimcore]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{dunno}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=1144|title=Checkout by Amazon Zen Cart Plug-in - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Amazon FPS
\n!Checkout by Amazon
\n!Google Checkout
\n!PayPal Express
\n|}
\n
\n==Real-time shipping calculation==
\nInformation about if shopping carts have real-time shipping calculation built-in to allow calculating how much it will cost to ship an order in real time when the customer checks out an order.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n![[Australia Post]]
\n![[Canada Post]]
\n![[DHL Express|DHL]]
\n![[FedEx]]
\n!Intershipper
\n![[OnTrac]]
\n![[United States Postal Service]]
\n![[United Parcel Service|UPS]]
\n![[Purolator Courier|Purolator]]
\n|-
\n!| [[AbanteCart Software]]
\n| | 3rd party add-on
\n| | 3rd party add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|| 3rd party add-on
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| n/a
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| n/a
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| n/a
\n|-
\n!| [[LemonStand]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| n/a
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| n/a
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| | free add-on
\n| | free add-on
\n| | free add-on<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=file&id=1910|title=DHL Shipping - Zen Cart® Plugins and Addons|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| | free add-on
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| n/a
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Australia Post
\n!Canada Post
\n!DHL
\n!FedEx
\n!Intershipper
\n!OnTrac
\n!United States Postal Service
\n!UPS
\n!Purolator
\n|}
\n
\n==Shipment booking integration==
\nInformation about if shopping carts have shipment booking integration to allow staff to be able to book shipments for a number of orders at once via the control panel.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n![[Australia Post]]
\n![[Canada Post]]
\n![[DHL Express|DHL]]
\n![[FedEx]]
\n!Intershipper
\n![[OnTrac]]
\n![[United States Postal Service]]
\n![[United Parcel Service|UPS]]
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | Yes*
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | Yes*
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| via webservice
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| yes with Stamps
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Australia Post
\n!Canada Post
\n!DHL
\n!FedEx
\n!Intershipper
\n!OnTrac
\n!United States Postal Service
\n!UPS
\n|}
\n
\n==Shipment tracking integration==
\nInformation about if shopping carts have shipment tracking integration to show the customers the tracking information on the "View order" pages.
\n{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n!|
\n![[Australia Post]]
\n![[Canada Post]]
\n![[DHL Express|DHL]]
\n![[FedEx]]
\n!Intershipper
\n![[United States Postal Service]]
\n![[United Parcel Service|UPS]]
\n|-
\n!| [[Apache OFBiz]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Sana Commerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Batavi (software)|Batavi]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[KonaKart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[nopCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Magento]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[osCommerce]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[PrestaShop]]
\n| via webservice
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Shopify]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Zen Cart]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on (Ty)
\n| | free add-on (Ty)
\n| {{no}}
\n| | free add-on (Ty)
\n| | free add-on (Ty)
\n|-
\n!| [[FlickRocket]]
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{no}}
\n|-
\n!| [[Bigcommerce]]
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{no}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n| {{yes}}
\n|- class="sortbottom"
\n!
\n!Australia Post
\n!Canada Post
\n!DHL
\n!FedEx
\n!Intershipper
\n!United States Postal Service
\n!UPS
\n|}
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{Portal|Information technology}}
\n<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] -->
\n{{div col||20em|small=yes}}
\n*[[Comparison of Payment Systems]]
\n*[[E-commerce]]
\n*[[Online shopping]]
\n*[[Types of E-commerce]]
\n{{div col end}}
\n<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|30em}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Shopping cart software comparison}}
\n[[Category:Software comparisons]]
\n[[Category:E-commerce]]
",
"pubDate": "2017-07-13T18:26:57+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software"
},
{
"title": "Engineer",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineer&diff=793879479",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineer&diff=793879479",
"description": "Gregology: /* North America */ adding reference for ontario law on engineer usage
\n
\n{{Other uses}}
\n{{Infobox Occupation
\n| name = Engineers
\n| image = [[File:Kitty_Joyner_-_Electrical_Engineer_-_GPN-2000-001933.jpg|250px]]
\n| caption = [[Kitty Joyner]], an American engineer in 1952
\n| official_names = Engineer
\n| type = [[Profession]]
\n| activity_sector = [[Applied science]]
\n| competencies = [[Mathematics]] and [[scientific]] knowledge, art and design, analytical and [[critical thinking]], [[engineering ethics]]
\n| formation = [[Engineering education]]
\n| employment_field = [[Research and development]], [[industry]], [[business]]
\n| related_occupation = [[Scientist]], [[architect]], [[project manager]], [[inventor]], [[astronaut]]
\n}}
\n'''Engineers''' are people who design, construct and test structures, materials and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.<ref name="bls">{{cite web |author=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]], U.S. Department of Labor |title=Engineers |work=Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition |url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm|accessdate=2006-09-21 |year=2006}}</ref><ref name="nspe">{{cite web|author=National Society of Professional Engineers |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering |url=http://www.nspe.org/media/mr1-faqs.asp|accessdate=2006-09-21 |year=2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060522214617/http://www.nspe.org/media/mr1-faqs.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-05-22 |authorlink= National Society of Professional Engineers}} "Science is knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives."</ref> The word ''engineer'' ([[Latin]] ''ingeniator''<ref>{{Cite web|jstor=2856447|title=The Term 'Architect' in the Middle Ages|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=}}</ref>) is derived from the Latin words ''ingeniare'' ("to contrive, devise") and ''ingenium'' ("cleverness").<ref>Oxford Concise Dictionary, 1995</ref><ref>"engineer". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 22 October 2011</ref> The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor's degree or in some countries, a master's degree in an engineering discipline plus 4–6 years peer-reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis.
\n
\nThe work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life.<ref name="bls" />
\n
\n==Definition==
\nIn 1960, the Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America defined "professional engineer" as follows:<ref>Steen Hyldgaard Christensen, Christelle Didier, Andrew Jamison, Martin Meganck, Carl Mitcham, and Byron Newberry
\nSpringer. {{Google books|BFnACQAAQBAJ|Engineering Identities, Epistemologies and Values: Engineering Education and Practice in Context, Volume 2|page=170}}</ref>
\n
\n{{Quote|text=A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing and in the education of the engineer. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical and administrative work of others. His/her education will have been such as to make him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress in his/her branch of engineering science by consulting newly published works on a worldwide basis, assimilating such information and applying it independently. He/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. His/her education and training will have been such that he/she will have acquired a broad and general appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as thorough insight into the special features of his/her own branch. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice and to assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch. }}
\n
\n==Roles and expertise==
\n
\n===Design===
\nEngineers develop new technological solutions. During the [[engineering design process]], the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent on [[research]]ing, locating, applying, and transferring information.<ref>A. Eide, R. Jenison, L. Mashaw, L. Northup. Engineering: Fundamentals and Problem Solving. New York City: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2002</ref> Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.<ref name="Robinson (2010) JASIST"/>
\n
\nEngineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.
\n
\n===Analysis===
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-23805-1665, Ingenieure mit Konstruktionsplan.jpg|thumb|Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954]]
\n
\nEngineers apply techniques of [[engineering analysis]] in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure, and test output to maintain quality. They also estimate the [[time and motion study|time and cost required to complete projects]]. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design into the mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and recombining the components. They may [[Risk analysis (engineering)|analyze risk]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baecher | first1 = G.B. | last2 = Pate | first2 = E.M. | last3 = de Neufville | first3 = R. | year = 1979 | title = Risk of dam failure in benefit/cost analysis | url = | journal = Water Resources Research | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 449–456 | doi=10.1029/wr016i003p00449 | bibcode=1980WRR....16..449B}}</ref><ref>Hartford, D.N.D. and Baecher, G.B. (2004) Risk and Uncertainty in Dam Safety. Thomas Telford</ref><ref>International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) (2003) Risk Assessment in Dam Safety Management. ICOLD, Paris</ref><ref>British Standards Institution (BSIA) (1991) BC 5760 Part 5: Reliability of systems equipment and components - Guide to failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMEA and FMECA).</ref>
\n
\nMany engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.
\n
\n===Specialization and management===
\n[[Image:Firing Room -2 During Apollo 12 CDDT - GPN-2000-000632.jpg|300px|left|thumb|NASA Launch Control Center Firing Room 2 as it appeared in the Apollo era]]
\nMost engineers specialize in one or more [[List of engineering branches|engineering disciplines]].<ref name="bls" /> Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is [[applied physics]]. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.<ref name="bls" />
\n
\nSeveral recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time; that is, the work tasks they perform and how their time is distributed among these. Research<ref name="Robinson (2010) JASIST">{{cite journal | last1 = Robinson | first1 = M. A. | year = 2010 | title = An empirical analysis of engineers' information behaviors | url = | journal = Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology | volume = 61 | issue = 4| pages = 640–658 | doi = 10.1002/asi.21290 }}</ref><ref name="Robinson (2012) DS">{{cite journal | last1 = Robinson | first1 = M. A. | year = 2012 | title = How design engineers spend their time: Job content and task satisfaction | url = | journal = Design Studies | volume = 33 | issue = 4| pages = 391–425 | doi = 10.1016/j.destud.2012.03.002 }}</ref> suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work: (1) technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development); (2) social work (i.e., interactive communication between people); (3) computer-based work; (4) information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent [[work sampling]] study<ref name="Robinson (2012) DS"/> found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in technical work, 40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work. Furthermore, there was considerable overlap between these different types of work, with engineers spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work, 37.97% in technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66% in non-technical and non-social.
\n
\nEngineering is also an information-intensive field, with research finding that engineers spend 55.8% of their time engaged in various different information behaviours, including 14.2% actively [[information seeking|seeking information]] from other people (7.8%) and information repositories such as documents and databases (6.4%).<ref name="Robinson (2010) JASIST"/>
\n
\nThe time engineers spend engaged in such activities is also reflected in the [[competence (human resources)|competencies]] required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers’ core technical competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to success in the role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Robinson | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Sparrow | first2 = P. R. | last3 = Clegg | first3 = C. | last4 = Birdi | first4 = K. | year = 2005 | title = Design engineering competencies: Future requirements and predicted changes in the forthcoming decade | url = | journal = Design Studies | volume = 26 | issue = 2| pages = 123–153 | doi = 10.1016/j.destud.2004.09.004 }}</ref>
\n
\n==Types of engineers==
\n{{Main article|List of engineering branches}}
\n
\nThere are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies and products. Typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. For example, mechanical engineering curricula typically includes introductory courses in electrical engineering, computer science, materials science, metallurgy, mathematics, and software engineering.
\n
\nWhen developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building [[robot]]s an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors, and control circuitry. Finally, a software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly. Engineers that aspire to management engage in further study in business administration, project management and organizational or business psychology. Often engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional departments, divisions and eventually CEO's of a multi-national corporation. Management Engineers also work in [[management consulting]] firms in the area of [[strategic management]] of change in engineering-driven organizations.
\n
\n{| class="wikitable sortable"
\n|-
\n! Branch
\n! Technologies
\n! Related Sciences
\n! Products
\n|-
\n| [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the development of aircraft and spacecraft.
\n| [[Aeronautics]], [[Astrodynamics]], [[Astronautics]], [[Avionics engineering|Avionics]], [[Control Engineering]], [[Fluid mechanics]], [[Kinematics]], [[Materials Science]], [[Thermodynamics]]
\n| [[Aircraft]], [[Robotics]], [[Spacecraft]], [[Trajectory|Trajectories]]
\n|-
\n| [[Architectural Engineering]] & [[Building engineer]]ing
\n| Focuses on building and construction.
\n| [[Architecture]], [[architectural technology]]
\n| [[Buildings]] and [[bridges]]
\n|-
\n|[[Biomedical engineering|Biomedical Engineering]]
\n|Focuses on closing the gap between engineering and medicine to advance various health care treatments.
\n|[[Biology]], [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Medicine]]
\n|[[Prosthesis|Prostheses]], [[Medical device|Medical Devices]], [[Stem-cell therapy|Regenerative Tissue Growth]], [[Seat belt#Technology|Various Safety Mechanisms]]
\n|-
\n| [[Chemical Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the manufacturing of [[chemical]]s and chemical production processes.
\n| [[Chemistry]], [[Thermodynamics]], [[Biology]], [[Medicine]]
\n| Chemicals, Petroleum, Medicines, Raw Materials, Food & Drink
\n|-
\n| [[Civil Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the construction of large systems and structures.
\n| [[Statics]], [[Fluid Mechanics]], [[Soil Mechanics]]
\n| [[Road]]s, [[Bridge]]s, [[Dam]]s, [[Building]]s
\n|-
\n| [[Computer Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the design and development of [[Computer Hardware]] & [[Software Systems]]
\n| [[Computer Science]], [[Mathematics]], [[Electrical Engineering]]
\n| [[Microprocessors]], [[Microcontrollers]], [[Operating System]]s, [[Embedded System]]s
\n|-
\n| [[Electrical Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the design of Electrical and associated systems, [[Generation of electricity]], [[Transmission and Distribution]] systems, Low, Medium and High voltage [[Power Engineering]], plant and equipment power and control requirements, [[power conditioning]] devices, [[Lighting]] systems
\n| [[Mathematics]], [[Physics]], [[Electromagnetism]], [[Programming]], [[Logic]]
\n| [[Electrical Plants]] and Equipment, [[Home appliances]], [[Consumer Electronics]]
\n|-
\n| [[Genetic Engineering]]
\n| Focusses on manipulation and modification of [[genetic material]].
\n| [[Synthetic Biology]], [[Biotechnology]], [[Bioinformatics]]
\n| [[Drugs]], [[Genetically modified food]], [[Genetically modified organism]]
\n|-
\n| [[Industrial Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of production, logistics, and service systems and processes.
\n| [[Operations Research]], [[Engineering Statistics]], [[Applied probability|Applied Probability]] and [[Stochastic process|Stochastic Processes]], [[Methods engineering|Methods Engineering]], [[Production Engineering]], [[Manufacturing Engineering]], [[Systems Engineering]], [[Logistics engineering|Logistics Engineering]], [[Ergonomics]]
\n| [[Statistical process control|Quality Control Systems]], [[Manufacturing]] Systems, [[Warehousing]] Systems, [[Supply Chain]]s, [[Logistics|Logistics Networks]], [[Queueing theory|Queueing Systems]]
\n|-
\n| [[Management Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the [[organization]] and [[operations management]] of activities across any engineering discipline
\n| [[Strategic Management]], [[Project Management]], [[Business Administration]], [[Product Development]], [[Product Engineering]], [[Research]], [[organizational psychology]], [[Finance]], [[Management Accounting]], [[Leadership]], [[Systems Engineering]], [[Technology Management]], [[Management Consulting]], [[Innovation]]
\n| [[Performance Management]]
\n|-
\n| [[Mathematical Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the design & development of [[mathematical model]]s
\n| [[Computer Science]], [[Mathematics]], [[Electrical Engineering]], [[Statics]]
\n| [[Scientific Computing]], [[Datamining]], [[Control Theory]], [[Optimization]]
\n|-
\n| [[Mechatronics Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the technology and controlling all the industrial field
\n| [[Process Control]], [[Automation]]
\n| [[Robotics]], [[PID controller|Controller]]s, [[CNC]]
\n|-
\n| [[Mechanical Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the development and operation of [[Energy]] Systems, [[Transport]] Systems, [[Manufacturing]] Systems, [[Machine]]s and [[Control Systems]].
\n| [[Dynamics (mechanics)|Dynamics]], [[Kinematics]], [[Statics]], [[Fluid Mechanics]], [[Materials Science]], [[Metallurgy]], [[Strength of Materials]], [[Thermodynamics]], [[Heat Transfer]], [[Mechanics]], [[Mechatronics]], [[Manufacturing Engineering]], [[Control Engineering]]
\n| [[Car]]s, [[Airplane]]s, [[Machines]], [[Power Generation]], [[Spacecraft]], [[Buildings]], [[Consumer Goods]], [[Manufacturing]]
\n|-
\n| [[Metallurgical Engineering]]/[[Materials Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on extraction of metals from its ores and development of new materials
\n| [[Material Science]], [[Thermodynamics]], Extraction of Metals, Physical Metallurgy, Mechanical Metallurgy, Nuclear Materials, Steel Technology
\n| [[Iron]], [[Steel]], [[Polymers]], [[Ceramics]], [[Metals]]
\n|-
\n| [[Software Engineering]]
\n| Focuses on the design & development of [[Software Systems]]
\n| [[Computer Science]], [[Information theory]], [[Systems Engineering]], [[Formal language]]
\n| [[Mobile app|Apps]], [[Website]]s, [[Operating System]]s, [[Embedded Systems]]
\n|-
\n|}
\n
\n==Ethics==
\n{{Main article|Engineering ethics}}
\n[[File:Challenger explosion.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]] is held as a case study of [[engineering ethics]].]]Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers, and the profession. Many [[engineering societies]] have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. Each engineering discipline and professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members pledge to uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the principles of [[business ethics]].<ref>{{cite book | author = American Society of Civil Engineers | authorlink = American Society of Civil Engineers | year = 2006 | title = Code of Ethics | publisher = ASCE Press | location = Reston, Virginia, USA | url = http://www.asce.org/Leadership-and-Management/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/ | accessdate = 2011-06-11 | origyear = 1914 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Institution of Civil Engineers | authorlink= Institution of Civil Engineers | year = 2009 | title = Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules | url = http://www.ice.org.uk/getattachment/c0b1371e-5179-49da-8e5f-62a6abe0b9fd/ICE-Royal-Charter,-By-laws,-Regulations-and-Rules.aspx | accessdate = 2011-06-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = National Society of Professional Engineers | authorlink = National Society of Professional Engineers | year = 2007 | title = Code of Ethics | publisher = NSPE | location = Alexandria, Virginia, USA | url = http://www.nspe.org/resources/pdfs/Ethics/CodeofEthics/Code-2007-July.pdf | accessdate = 2006-10-20 | origyear = 1964 }}</ref>[[File:Engg Ringing CU.jpg|thumb|left|An engineer receiving his [[Order of the Engineer]] ring|215x215px]]
\n
\nSome graduates of engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the [[Iron Ring]] or [[Engineer's Ring]], a ring made of iron or stainless steel that is worn on the little finger of the dominant hand. This tradition began in 1925 in Canada with [[The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer]], where the ring serves as a symbol and reminder of the engineer's obligations to the engineering profession. In 1972, the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including members of the [[Order of the Engineer]].
\n
\n==Education==
\n{{Main article|Engineering education}}
\n
\nMost engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering and applied accounting. A design course, often accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are required.
\n
\n[[Educational accreditation|Accreditation]] is the process by which engineering programs are evaluated by an external body to determine if applicable standards are met. The [[Washington Accord]] serves as an international accreditation agreement for academic engineering degrees, recognizing the substantial equivalency in the standards set by many major national engineering bodies. In the United States, post-secondary degree programs in engineering are accredited by the [[Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology]].
\n
\n==Regulation==
\n{{Main article|Regulation and licensure in engineering}}
\nIn many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, industrial equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed professional engineer. Most commonly titled [[Professional Engineer]] is a license to practice and is indicated with the use of [[post-nominal letters]]; PE or P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is European Engineer ([[European Engineer|EUR ING]]) in Europe. The practice of engineering in the UK is not a regulated profession but the control of the titles of [[Chartered Engineer (UK)|Chartered Engineer (CEng)]] and [[Engineering technologist#United Kingdom|Incorporated Engineer (IEng)]] is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict requirements defined by the Engineering Council UK. The title CEng is in use in much of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].
\n
\n<!-- Commented out: [[Image:TacomaNarrowsBridgeCollapse in color.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse]] -->
\nMany skilled / semi-skilled trades and [[engineering technician]]s in the UK call themselves engineers. A growing movement in the UK is to legally protect the title 'Engineer' so that only professional engineers can use it; a [[petition]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/6271|title=Make 'Engineer' a protected title - Petitions|work=Petitions - UK Government and Parliament}}</ref> was started to further this cause.
\n
\nIn the United States, licensure is generally attainable through combination of [[education]], pre-examination ([[Fundamentals of Engineering exam]]), examination (Professional Engineering Exam),<ref>[http://www.ncees.org/] NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors.</ref> and engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state tests and licenses [[Professional Engineer]]s. Currently, most states do not license by specific engineering discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to use professional judgment regarding their individual competencies; this is the favoured approach of the professional societies. Despite this, however, at least one of the examinations required by most states is actually focused on a particular discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category of examination which comes closest to their respective expertise.
\n
\nIn Canada, engineering is a self regulated profession. The profession in each province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional Engineers and Geoscientists ([[APEGBC]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apeg.bc.ca/|title=APEGBC - Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia|publisher=}}</ref> in order to become a Professional Engineer and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice engineering.
\n
\nIn [[Continental Europe]], [[Latin America]], [[Turkey]] and elsewhere the title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is illegal. In [[Italy]], the title is limited to people who both hold an engineering degree and have passed a professional qualification examination (''Esame di Stato''). In [[Portugal]], professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are regulated and certified by the ''[[Ordem dos Engenheiros]]''. In the [[Czech Republic]], the title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people with a (masters) degree in chemistry, technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In [[Greece]], the academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded after completion of the five-year engineering study course and the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological Educational Institute (TEI).
\n
\n==Perception==
\n{{Original research section|date=July 2014}}
\nThe perception and definition of the term 'engineer' varies across countries and continents.[[File:Brunel.jpg|thumb|right|19th century engineer [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] by the launching chains of the [[SS Great Eastern]]]]
\n
\n=== UK ===
\nBritish school children in the 1950s were brought up with stirring tales of "the Victorian Engineers", chief amongst whom were [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel|Brunel]], [[George Stephenson|Stephenson]], [[Thomas Telford|Telford]], and their contemporaries. In the UK, "engineering" has more recently been styled as an industry sector consisting of employers and employees loosely termed "engineers" who included semi-skilled trades. However, the 21st-century view, especially amongst the more educated members of society, is to reserve the term Engineer to describe a university-educated practitioner of ingenuity represented by the Chartered (or Incorporated) Engineer qualifications. However, a large proportion of the UK public still thinks of "Engineers" as skilled trades or even semi-skilled tradespeople with a high school education. And UK skilled and semi-skilled trades style themselves as "Engineers". This has created confusion in the eyes of the public to understand what professional engineers actually do from fixing car engines, TV's, fridges to designing and managing the development of aircraft, space craft, power stations, infrastructure, and other complex technological systems.
\n
\n=== France ===
\nIn France, the term 'ingénieur" (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone, even by those who do not possess an academic degree.
\n
\nHowever, the title "Ingénieur Diplomé" (Graduate Engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the "[[Diplôme d'Ingénieur]]", which is one of the most prestigious academic degrees in France. Anyone misusing this title in France can be fined a large sum and jailed, as it is reserved for graduates of French engineering ''[[grandes écoles]]'' that provide highly intensive training in science and engineering. Among such institutions, the most renown (and hardest to gain admission) are [[École Centrale Paris|Ecole Centrale Paris (Centrale)]], [[Mines ParisTech|Ecole des Mines de Paris (Mines Paristech)]], [[Arts et Métiers ParisTech|Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers]], [[École Polytechnique|Ecole Polytechnique]], and [[Ecole des Ponts ParisTech]]. Engineering schools which were created during the French revolution have a special reputation among the French people, as they helped to make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of late 18th century to the industrially developed France of the 19th century. A great part of 19th century France's economic wealth and industrial prowess was created by engineers that have graduated from [[École Centrale Paris|Ecole Centrale Paris]], [[Mines ParisTech|Ecole des Mines de Paris]], or [[École Polytechnique|Ecole Polytechnique]]. This was also the case after the WWII when France had to be rebuilt.
\n
\nBefore the "réforme [[René Haby]]" in the 70's, it was very difficult to be admitted to such schools, and the French ''ingénieurs'' were commonly perceived as the nation's elite (hence the term "faire les [[Grandes écoles|Grandes Écoles]]" in language of older people). However, after the Haby reform and a string of further reforms ([[Modernization plans of French universities]]), several engineering schools were created which can be accessed with relatively lower competition, and this reputation as being part of the French elite now applies to those from 'top' engineering schools for engineers, [[École nationale d'administration|École Nationale d'Administration (ENA)]] for managers or politicians and [[École normale supérieure|École Normale Supérieure (ENS)]] for researchers in science and humanities. Engineers are less highlighted in current French economy as industry provides less than a quarter of the GDP.
\n
\n=== North America ===
\nIn the US and Canada, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensed professional engineers in Canada and the USA are referred to as P.Eng (Canada) and PE (USA). A 2002 study by the Ontario Society of Professional Engineers revealed that engineers are the third most respected professionals behind doctors and pharmacists.<ref>Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, 2002, [http://www.ospe.on.ca/pdf/Newsletter-Feb-2002.pdf Engineering: One of Ontario's most respected professions]</ref>
\n[[File:Auto Rice Milling Plants.jpg|thumb|left|180x180px|Auto rice milling machinery in Bangladesh]]
\nIn Ontario, and all other Canadian provinces, the "title" Engineer is protected by law and any non-licensed individual or company using the title is committing a legal offense, and can get fined<ref>Professional Engineers Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. P.28[https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90p28]</ref>. Companies usually prefer not to use the title except for license holders because of liability reasons, for instance, if the company filed a lawsuit and the judge, investigators, or lawyers found that the company is using the word engineer for non licensed employees this could be used by opponents to hinder the company's efforts.
\n
\n=== Asia and Africa ===
\nIn the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Russia]], Middle East, Africa, and [[China]], engineering is one of the most sought after undergraduate courses, inviting thousands of applicants to show their ability in highly competitive entrance examinations.
\n
\nIn [[Egypt]], the [[Education in Egypt|educational system]] makes engineering the second-most-respected profession in the country (after medicine); engineering colleges at [[Egyptian universities]] require extremely high marks on the General Certificate of Secondary Education ({{lang-ar|الثانوية العامة}} ''al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah'')—on the order of 97 or 98%—and are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and pharmacy) to be among the "pinnacle colleges" ({{lang|ar|كليات القمة}} ''kullīyāt al-qimmah'').
\n
\nIn the [[Philippines]] and [[Overseas Filipino|Filipino communities overseas]], engineers who are either Filipino or not, especially those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are addressed and introduced as ''Engineer'', rather than ''Sir/Madam'' in speech or ''Mr./Mrs./Ms.'' (''G./Gng./Bb.'' in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in itself or before the given name or surname.
\n
\n===Corporate culture===
\nIn companies and other organizations, there is sometimes a tendency to undervalue people with advanced technological and scientific skills compared to celebrities, fashion practitioners, entertainers, and [[Management|managers]]. In his book, ''[[The Mythical Man-Month]]'',<ref>The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, p119 (see also p242), Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2nd ed. 1995, pub. Addison-Wesley</ref> Fred Brooks Jr says that managers think of senior people as "too valuable" for technical tasks and that management jobs carry higher prestige. He tells how some laboratories, such as Bell Labs, abolish all job titles to overcome this problem: a professional employee is a "member of the technical staff." IBM maintain a dual ladder of advancement; the corresponding managerial and engineering or scientific rungs are equivalent. Brooks recommends that structures need to be changed; the boss must give a great deal of attention to keeping his managers and his technical people as interchangeable as their talents allow.
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{Portal|Engineering}}
\n{{Wiktionary|engineer}}
\n{{Commons category|Engineers}}
\n* [[Building engineer]]
\n* [[Engineer's degree]]
\n* [[Engineers Without Borders]]
\n* [[Greatest Engineering Achievements]]
\n* [[History of engineering]]
\n* [[List of engineering branches]]
\n* [[List of engineers]]
\n* [[List of fictional scientists and engineers]]
\n* [[Washington Accord]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|30em}}
\n
\n{{Engineering fields}}
\n{{Technology}}
\n
\n{{Authority control}}
\n
\n[[Category:Engineering occupations]]
\n[[Category:Engineers| ]]
\n[[Category:Science occupations]]
",
"pubDate": "2017-08-04T14:20:53+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Engineer"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793879673",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793879673",
"description": "Gregology: /* Gregology websites */ Adding memair and SV Catsaway
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Zentyal]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity (audio editor)|Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [http://gho.st/ Gho.st]
\n* [https://smileyom.com/ SmileyOm.com]
\n* [https://memair.com/ Memair]
\n* [https://SVCatsaway.com SV Catsaway]
",
"pubDate": "2017-08-04T14:22:11+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793879736",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793879736",
"description": "Gregology: /* Gregology websites */ Removing gho.st as there is no actual website there atm
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n==Open source projects of interest==
\n
\n===Operating systems===
\n* [[Linux]]
\n* [[Linux Mint]]
\n* [[Debian]]
\n* [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]
\n* [[Zentyal]]
\n
\n===Applications===
\n====Office====
\n* [[Open Office]]
\n* [[Firefox]]
\n* [[Thunderbird]]
\n====Graphics====
\n* [[GIMP]]
\n* [[Inkscape]]
\n* [[KolourPaint]]
\n====Audio====
\n* [[Amarok (software)]]
\n* [[Audacity (audio editor)|Audacity]]
\n====Video====
\n* [[VLC]]
\n* [[Handbrake]]
\n* [[Kdenlive]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [https://smileyom.com/ SmileyOm.com]
\n* [https://memair.com/ Memair]
\n* [https://SVCatsaway.com SV Catsaway]
",
"pubDate": "2017-08-04T14:22:33+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793879897",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793879897",
"description": "Gregology: Removing open source projects, it's not up to date, I still support open source :)
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n===Projects without Wikipedia articles===
\n* [http://packages.debian.org/soundkonverter SoundKonverter]
\n* [http://gmfsk.connect.fi/ gMFSK]
\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/aldo/ aldo]
\n* [http://www.bombono.org/ Bombono DVD]
\n* [http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ XMoto]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [https://smileyom.com/ SmileyOm.com]
\n* [https://memair.com/ Memair]
\n* [https://SVCatsaway.com SV Catsaway]
",
"pubDate": "2017-08-04T14:23:56+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793880070",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=793880070",
"description": "Gregology: /* Interesting articles */ I don't even know what some of these are
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [http://www.gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [https://smileyom.com/ SmileyOm.com]
\n* [https://memair.com/ Memair]
\n* [https://SVCatsaway.com SV Catsaway]
",
"pubDate": "2017-08-04T14:25:11+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "User:Gregology",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=872886750",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gregology&diff=872886750",
"description": "Gregology: /* Gregology websites */ https gregology link
\n
\n==About Gregology==
\nI'm an E-Socialist who enjoys science, technology, history and open source projects.
\n
\n==Current drafts==
\n[[User:Gregology/Bur.st networking]]
\n
\n==Created articles==
\n* [[Kangatarianism]]
\n* [[Civilian casualties of strategic bombing]]
\n
\n==Contributions==
\n* [[Special:Contributions/Gregology]]
\nnote: I rarely login to do edits.
\n
\n==Interesting People==
\n* [[Stanislav Petrov]]
\n* [[Valery Sablin]]
\n* [[Erwin Rommel]]
\n* [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]
\n* [[Jonas Pleškys]]
\n* [[Dušan Popov]]
\n* [[Lawrence Oates]]
\n* [[Francis Walsingham]]
\n* [[William Wickham (spymaster)]]
\n* [[Rudolf Roessler]]
\n* [[Elizabeth Báthory]]
\n* [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]]
\n* [[Werner Hartenstein]]
\n
\n==Interesting articles==
\n* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]
\n* [[List of wars and disasters by death toll]]
\n* [[Tanganyika laughter epidemic]]
\n* [[World War II posters from Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Battle of Mons]]
\n* [[Dancing Mania]]
\n* [[Battle of Taranto]]
\n* [[Bonobo]]
\n* [[Black Sea deluge theory]]
\n* [[The Principality of Sealand]]
\n* [[Wikipedia:Unusual_articles]]
\n* [[Ethnic succession theory]]
\n* [[Numbers station]]
\n* [[Death from laughter]]
\n* [[Penis fencing]]
\n* [[Nazi UFOs]]
\n* [[British Rail flying saucer]]
\n* [[Wow! Signal]]
\n* [[Fan death]]
\n* [[Humanzee]]
\n* [[Traumatic insemination]]
\n* [[Armenian Genocide]]
\n* [[My Lai Massacre]]
\n* [[Covert United States foreign regime change actions]]
\n* [[United States and state terrorism]]
\n* [[Soviet war crimes]]
\n* [[Nanking Massacre]]
\n* [[Battle of Berlin]]
\n* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Morgenthau Plan]]
\n* [[Operation Gold]]
\n
\n====Misc====
\n* [[Stellarium (computer program)]]
\n====Games====
\n* [[Alien Arena]]
\n* [[zsnes]]
\n* [[OpenTTD]]
\n* [[Simutrans]]
\n
\n===Websites===
\n* [[Wikileaks]]
\n
\n===Misc===
\n* [[Open Source Beer Project]]
\n* [[Open source governance]]
\n
\n==Gregology websites==
\n* [https://gregology.net/ Gregology.net]
\n* [https://smileyom.com/ SmileyOm.com]
\n* [https://memair.com/ Memair]
\n* [https://SVCatsaway.com SV Catsaway]
",
"pubDate": "2018-12-09T21:29:33+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gregology"
},
{
"title": "T-34",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-34&diff=880724443",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-34&diff=880724443",
"description": "Gregology: Added photo of T34s in Afghanistan
\n
\n{{About|the Soviet medium tank|other uses|T34 (disambiguation)}}
\n{{Use British English|date=August 2018}}
\n{{Infobox weapon
\n| name=T-34
\n| image=[[File:Char T-34.jpg|border|frameless|upright=1.36|A T-34-85 tank on display at the Musée des Blindés in [[Saumur]], April 2007]]
\n| caption= A T-34-85 tank on display at [[Musée des Blindés]] in April 2007.
\n| origin=[[Soviet Union]]
\n| type=[[Medium tank]]
\n| is_UK = yes
\n<!-- Type selection -->
\n| is_vehicle=yes
\n<!-- Service history -->
\n| service= 1940–late 1960s (Soviet Union)<br />1950s–present (by other states)
\n| used_by= [[Soviet Union]] and 39 others
\n| wars=[[World War II]], and many others<!-- Production history -->
\n| designer=[[Kharkov Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau|KMDB]]
\n| design_date=1937–1940
\n| manufacturer=
\n| production_date=1940–1958
\n| number=84,070<ref name="Zaloga-1996-18">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:18]]</ref><br />35,120 T-34<ref name="Zaloga-1996-18" /><br />48,950 T-34-85<ref name="Zaloga-1996-18" />
\n<!-- General specifications -->
\n| spec_label=T-34 Model 1941<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:184]]</ref>
\n| weight={{convert|26.5|t|ST LT}}
\n| length={{cvt|6.68|m|ftin}}
\n| width={{cvt|3.00|m|ftin}}
\n| height={{cvt|2.45|m|ftin}}
\n| crew=4 (T-34) <br /> 5 (T-34-85)
\n<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
\n| armour=Hull front 47 mm /60° (upper part)<ref>[http://www.wwiivehicles.com/soviet-union/vehicle/medium-tank/t-34-76-1941-medium-tank.asp Specifications for T-34 model 41] WWIIVehicles.com. Retrieved on 18 May 2013.</ref> <br />45 mm (1.8")/60° (lower part), <br />Hull side 40 mm<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:5]]</ref>/41°(upper part), <br />Hull rear 45 mm, <br />Hull top 20 mm, <br />Hull bottom 15 mm; <br />Turret front 60 mm (2.4"), <br />Turret side 52 mm/30°, <br />Turret rear 30 mm, <br />Turret top 16 mm {{verify source|date=November 2015}}
\n| primary_armament= 76.2 mm (3.00 in) [[F-34 tank gun]]<br /> (T-34-85: 85 mm [[ZiS-S-53]] gun)
\n| secondary_armament=2 × 7.62 mm (0.3 in) [[Degtyaryov machine gun|DT machine guns]]
\n| engine=[[Diesel model V-2|Model V-2-34]] 38.8 L [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Diesel engine]]
\n| engine_power=500 hp (370 kW)
\n| pw_ratio=18.9 hp (14 kW) / tonne
\n| suspension=[[Christie suspension|Christie]]
\n| clearance={{cvt|0.4|m|in}}
\n| vehicle_range={{unbulleted list|250–330 km (T-34) (250 mi)|250–300 km (T-34-85) (150 mi)}}
\n| speed=53 km/h (33 mph)
\n}}
\n{{T-34 navigation}}
\n{{WWII tanks}}
\n{{Cold War tanks}}
\n{{Post-Cold War tanks}}
\n
\nThe '''T-34''' is a [[Tanks in the Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[medium tank]] that had a profound and lasting effect on the field of tank design. At its introduction in 1940, the T-34 possessed an unprecedented combination of firepower, mobility, protection and ruggedness. Its 76.2 mm (3 in) high-velocity [[tank gun]] provided a substantial increase in firepower over any of its contemporaries;<ref>{{cite book|last=McFadden|first=David Frederick|title=Two ways to build a better mousetrap|url=|accessdate=|year=2002|publisher=Ohio State University |location=Ohio|isbn=|page=11}}</ref> its well-[[sloped armour]] was difficult to penetrate by most contemporary [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] weapons. When it was first encountered in 1941, German general [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist]] called it "the finest tank in the world"<ref>{{cite book|last=Stahel|first=David|title=Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East|chapter-url=|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge university press|location=New York|chapter=5|isbn=978-0-521-76847-4|page=169}}</ref> and [[Heinz Guderian]] affirmed the T-34's "vast superiority" over existing German armour of the period.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guderian|first=Heinz|authorlink=|title=Panzer Leader|chapter-url=|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Classics|location=London|chapter=6|isbn=978-0-14-139027-7|page=233}}</ref><ref>Caidin, M. (1974). 14 "The incredible T-34 tank." In ''The Tigers are Burning'' (2nd ed., p. 162). Los Angeles: Pinnacle Books.</ref> Although its armour and armament were surpassed later in the war, it has often been credited as the most effective, efficient and influential [[tank]] design of the [[Second World War]].<ref>[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm Achtung Panzer! – T-34!]</ref>
\n
\nThe T-34 was the mainstay of Soviet [[armoured warfare|armoured forces]] throughout the Second World War. Its design allowed it to be continuously refined to meet the constantly evolving needs of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]: as the war went on it became more capable, but also quicker and cheaper to produce. Soviet industry would eventually produce over 80,000 T-34s of all variants, allowing steadily greater numbers to be fielded as the war progressed despite the loss of tens of thousands in combat against the German [[Wehrmacht]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The T-34 in WWII: the Legend vs. the Performance {{!}} Operation Barbarrosa|url=http://www.operationbarbarossa.net/the-t-34-in-wwii-the-legend-vs-the-performance/#Conclusions%2520Regarding%20the%20T-34%E2%80%99s%20Overall%20Performance%20as%20a%20%E2%80%98War%20Winner%E2%80%99|website=www.operationbarbarossa.net|accessdate=2015-12-16}}</ref> Replacing many [[light tank|light]] and [[medium tank]]s in [[Red Army]] service, it was the most-produced tank of the war, as well as the second most produced tank of all time (after its successor, the [[T-54/55]] series).<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison 2002]]</ref> At 44,900 losses during the war, it also suffered the most tank losses of all time.<ref name="Kirosheev 253">{{cite book|first=G. I.|last=Krivosheev |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses|publisher=Greenhill|year=1997|isbn=978-1-85367-280-4|page=253}}</ref> Its development led directly to the T-54 and T-55 series of tanks, which in turn evolved into the later [[T-62]], [[T-72]], and [[T-90]] that form the armoured core of many modern armies. T-34 variants were widely exported after World War II, and in 2010 the tank remained in limited front-line service with several developing countries.<ref name="IISS2010">{{cite book|last= International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|title= The Military Balance 2010|year= 2010|publisher= IISS|location=London|isbn= 978-1-85743-557-3}}
\n</ref>
\n
\n==Development and production==
\n
\n===Origins===
\nIn 1939, the most numerous [[Tanks in the Soviet Union|Soviet tank]] models were the [[T-26]] infantry tank and the [[BT tank|BT series]] of fast tanks. The T-26 was slow-moving, designed to keep pace with infantry on the ground. The BT tanks were [[cavalry tank]]s: fast-moving and light, designed for maneuver warfare. Both were Soviet developments of foreign designs from the early 1930s; the T-26 was based on the British [[Vickers 6-Ton]], and the BT tanks were based on a design from American engineer [[J. Walter Christie]].<ref>Sale, Richard. [http://turcopolier.typepad.com/the_athenaeum/2013/01/the-soviet-command-economy-by-richard-sale.html "The Soviet Command Economy,"]:5</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34 prototypes.jpg|thumb|BT-7, A-20, T-34 (model 1940), and T-34 (model 1941)]]
\n
\nIn 1937, the [[Red Army]] had assigned engineer [[Mikhail Koshkin]] to lead a new team to design a replacement for the BT tanks at the [[Malyshev Factory|Kharkov Komintern Locomotive Plant]] (KhPZ). The [[prototype]] tank, designated A-20, was specified with {{cvt|20|mm|in|1}} of [[vehicle armour|armour]], a 45 mm (1.77 in) gun, and the new [[Diesel model V-2|Model V-2-34]] engine, using less-flammable diesel fuel in a [[V12 engine|V12]] configuration designed by [[Chelpan Konstantin Fyodorovich|Konstantin Chelpan]]. It also had an 8×6-wheel convertible drive similar to the BT tank's 8×2, which allowed it to run on wheels without [[caterpillar track]]s.<ref>[[#Reference-Zheltov-1999|Zheltov 1999]]</ref> This feature had greatly saved on maintenance and repair of the unreliable tank tracks of the early 1930s, and allowed tanks to exceed {{convert|85|km/h}} on roads, but gave no advantage in combat and its complexity made it difficult to maintain. By 1937–38, track design had improved and the designers considered it a waste of space, weight, and maintenance resources, despite the road speed advantage.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:66, 111]]</ref> The A-20 also incorporated previous research (BT-IS and BT-SW-2 projects) into [[sloped armour]]: its all-round sloped armour plates were more likely to deflect rounds than perpendicular armour.<ref>Yaziv, D.; Chocron, S.; Anderson, Jr., C.E.; Grosch, D.J. "Oblique Penetration in Ceramic Targets". ''Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Ballistics IBS 2001'', Interlaken, Switzerland: 1257–64</ref>
\n
\nDuring the [[Battle of Lake Khasan]] in July 1938 and the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939, an undeclared border war with [[Japan]] on the frontier with occupied [[Manchuria]], the Soviets deployed numerous tanks against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] (IJA). Although the IJA [[Type 95 Ha-Go]] light tanks had [[diesel engine]]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2007|pp=}}</ref> the Red Army's T-26 and BT tanks used petrol engines which, while common in tank designs of the time, often burst into flames when hit by IJA tank-killer teams<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:311]]</ref> using [[Molotov cocktail]]s. Poor quality welds in the Soviet armour plates left small gaps between them, and flaming petrol from the Molotov cocktails easily seeped into the fighting and engine compartment; portions of the armour plating that had been assembled with [[rivet]]s also proved to be vulnerable.<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:309]]</ref> The Soviet tanks were also easily destroyed by the Japanese Type 95 tank's 37 mm gunfire, despite the low velocity of that gun,<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:437, 993]]</ref> or "at any other slightest provocation".<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:111]]</ref> The use of riveted armour led to a problem whereby the impact of enemy shells, even if they failed to disable the tank or kill the crew on their own, would cause the rivets to break off and become projectiles inside the tank.
\n
\n[[File:Medium tank A-32.jpg|thumbnail|Medium tank A-32]]
\nAfter these battles, Koshkin convinced Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] to let him develop a second prototype, a more heavily armed and armoured "universal tank" that reflected the lessons learned and could replace both the T-26 and the BT tanks. Koshkin named the second prototype A-32, after its {{cvt|32|mm|in|1}} of frontal armour. It had an L-10 76.2 mm (3 in) gun, and the same Model V-2-34 diesel.<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:5]]</ref> Both were tested in [[quality control|field trials]] at [[Kubinka]] in 1939, with the heavier A-32 proving to be as mobile as the A-20. A still heavier version of the A-32, with 45 mm (1.77 in) of front armour, wider tracks, and a newer L-11 76.2 mm gun, was approved for production as the T-34. Koshkin chose the name after the year 1934, when he began to formulate his ideas about the new tank, and to commemorate that year's decree expanding the armoured force and appointing [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]] to head tank production.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:6]]</ref>
\n
\nValuable lessons from Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol regarding armour protection, mobility, quality welding, and main guns were incorporated into the new T-34 tank, which represented a substantial improvement over the BT and T-26 tanks in all four areas.<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:998]]</ref> Koshkin's team completed two prototype T-34s in January 1940. In April and May, they underwent a grueling {{convert|2000|km|adj=on}} drive from [[Kharkov]] to [[Moscow]] for a demonstration for the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] leaders, to the [[Mannerheim Line]] in [[Finland]], and back to Kharkov via [[Minsk]] and [[Kiev]].<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Some [[powertrain|drivetrain]] shortcomings were identified and corrected.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:6]]</ref>
\n
\n===Initial production{{Anchor|Establishing and maintaining production|Production history}}===
\n[[File:T-34 Model 1940.jpg|thumb|left|Pre-production prototype A-34 with a complex single-piece hull front.]]
\n
\nPolitical pressure came from conservative elements in the army to redirect resources into building the older T-26 and BT tanks, or to cancel T-34 production pending completion of the more advanced [[T-34 variants#Tanks|T-34M]] design. This pressure was brought to bear by the developer of the [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV-1]] tank which was in competition with the T-34.
\n
\nResistance from the military command and concerns about high production cost were finally overcome by anxieties about the poor performance of Soviet tanks in the [[Winter War]] in Finland, and the effectiveness of German tanks during the [[Battle of France]]. The first production T-34s were completed in September 1940, completely replacing the production of the T-26, the BT series and the multi-turreted [[T-28]] medium tank at the KhPZ plant.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:4]]</ref> Koshkin died of pneumonia (exacerbated by the drive from Kharkov to Moscow) at the end of that month, and the T-34's drivetrain developer, [[Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov|Alexander Morozov]], was appointed Chief Designer.<ref name="Zaloga-1984-130">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:130]]</ref>
\n
\nThe T-34 posed new challenges for the Soviet industry. It had heavier armour than any medium tank produced to date, and there were problems with defective armour plates.<ref name="auto">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga 1983:6]]</ref> Only company commanders' tanks could be fitted with radios (originally the 71-TK-3 radio set), due to their expense and short supply – the rest of the tank crews in each company signalled with flags.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" /> The L-11 gun did not live up to expectations, so the [[Vasiliy Grabin|Grabin]] Design Bureau at [[Gorky Factory No. 92|Gorky Factory N.92]] designed the superior [[F-34 tank gun|F-34 76.2 mm gun]] (see [[Designations of Soviet artillery]]). No bureaucrat would approve production of the new gun, but Gorky and KhPZ started producing it anyway; official permission came from the [[USSR State Defense Committee|State Defense Committee]] only after troops praised the weapon's performance in combat against the Germans.<ref name="Zaloga-1984-130" />
\n
\nProduction of this first T-34 series – the Model 1940 – totalled only about 400,<ref name=":0">''The Russian Battlefield'' [[#Reference-Russian Battlefield-2000|2000]]</ref> before production was switched to the Model 1941, with the F-34 gun, 9-RS radio set (also installed on the [[SU-100]]), and even thicker armour.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga (1983:14)]], [[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen (1984:113, 184)]], [[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison (2002:181)]], [[#Reference-KMDB-2006|KMDB (2006)]].</ref>
\n
\n===Mass production===
\n[[File:RIAN archive 1274 Tanks going to the front.jpg|thumb|left|T-34 tanks headed to the front.]]
\nSubassemblies for the T-34 originated at several plants: Kharkov Diesel Factory N.75 supplied the model V-2-34 engine, Leningrad [[Kirovsky Factory]] (formerly the Putilov works) made the original L-11 gun, and the Dinamo Factory in Moscow produced electrical components. Tanks were initially built at KhPZ N.183, in early 1941 at the [[Stalingrad Tractor Factory]] (STZ), and starting in July at [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112|Krasnoye Sormovo Factory N.112]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Gasoline-variant" group="notes">Due to a shortage of new Model V-2-34 diesel engines and a need to produce as many T-34s as possible, the initial production run from the Gorky factory were equipped with the BT tank's [[Mikulin M-17]] gasoline aircraft engine, and inferior [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and [[clutch]]. [[#Reference-Zheltov-2001|(Zheltov 2001:40–42)]]</ref>
\n
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin: 1em auto 1em 1em;"
\n|-
\n! Type !! Production<br />(June 1941 –<br /> May 1945)<ref name=sk>{{cite book|title=Stalin's Keys to Victory: The Rebirth of the Red Army|year=2007|publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, PA|isbn=978-0-8117-3423-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE7Yd2sNBu4C&lpg=PA92&dq=%22T-34%22%20June%201941&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=%22T-34%22&f=false |author=Walter S. Dunn, Jr}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Light tanks || 14,508
\n|-
\n| '''T-34''' || '''35,119'''
\n|-
\n| '''T-34-85''' || '''29,430'''
\n|-
\n| KV and KV-85 || 4,581
\n|-
\n| IS || 3,854
\n|-
\n| SU-76 || 12,671
\n|-
\n| '''SU-85''' || '''2,050'''
\n|-
\n| '''SU-100''' || '''1,675'''
\n|-
\n| '''SU-122''' || '''1,148'''
\n|-
\n| SU-152 || 4,779
\n|}
\n
\nAfter [[Nazi Germany|Germany's]] surprise invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 ([[Operation Barbarossa]]), the [[Wehrmacht]]'s rapid advances forced the evacuation and relocation of Soviet tank factories eastwards of the [[Ural Mountains]], an undertaking of immense scale and haste that presented enormous logistic difficulties and was extremely punishing to the workers involved. Alexander Morozov personally supervised the evacuation of all skilled engineers and laborers, machinery and stock from KhPZ to re-establish the factory at the site of the [[Uralvagonzavod|Dzerzhinsky Ural Railcar Factory]] in [[Nizhny Tagil]], renamed Stalin Ural Tank Factory N.183.<ref name="auto1">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:17]]</ref> The Kirovsky Factory, evacuated just weeks before the Germans surrounded Leningrad, moved with the Kharkov Diesel Factory to the [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant|Stalin Tractor Factory]] in [[Chelyabinsk]], soon to be nicknamed ''Tankograd'' ("Tank City"). The workers and machinery from Leningrad's Voroshilov Tank Factory N.174 were incorporated into the Ural Factory and the new Omsk Factory N.174. The [[Uralmash|Ordzhonikidze Ural Heavy Machine Tool Works]] (UZTM) in [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] absorbed workers and machines from several small machine shops in the path of German forces.
\n
\nWhile these factories were being rapidly moved, the industrial complex surrounding the [[Volgograd Tractor Factory|Dzerzhinsky Tractor Factory]] in Stalingrad continued to work double shifts throughout the period of withdrawal (September 1941 to September 1942) to make up for production lost, and produced 40% of all T-34s during the period.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:13]]</ref> As the factory became surrounded by heavy fighting in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in 1942, the situation there grew desperate: manufacturing innovations were necessitated by material shortages, and stories persist of unpainted T-34 tanks driven out of the factory directly to the battlefields around it.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:23]]</ref> Stalingrad kept up production until September 1942.
\n
\nSoviet designers were aware of design deficiencies in the tank, but most of the desired remedies would have slowed tank production and so were not implemented: the only changes allowed on the production lines through to 1944 were those to make production simpler and cheaper. New methods were developed for automated [[welding]] and [[hardening (metallurgy)|hardening]] the armour plate, including innovations by Prof. [[Evgeny Paton]].<ref>"[https://archive.is/20120905165316/http://www.paton.kiev.ua/eng/inst/person/patoneo.html Paton Evgeny Oscarovich]", at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute. Retrieved November 17, 2008.</ref> The design of the 76.2 mm [[F-34 gun Model 1941]] was reduced from an initial 861 parts to 614.<ref name="Zaloga-1984-131">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:131]]</ref> The initial narrow, cramped turrets, both the cast one and the one welded of rolled armour plates bent to shape, were since 1942 gradually replaced with the somewhat less cramped hexagonal one; as it was mostly cast with only a few, simple flat armour plates welded in (roof etc.), this turret was actually faster to produce. Limited [[rubber]] supplies led to the adoption of all-steel, internally sprung road wheels, and a new clutch was added to an improved five-speed transmission and engine, improving reliability.<ref name="auto2">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:18]]</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34-76 RB8.JPG|thumb|left|Polish T-34 Model 1943 in [[Poznań]], Poland. The model 1943's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.]]
\n
\nOver two years, the unit production cost of the T-34 was reduced from 269,500 [[Soviet ruble|rubles]] in 1941, to 193,000, and then to 135,000<ref name="Zaloga-1984-131" />. This was achieved by underpaying and overworking all the factory workers. Through this time, the workers were treated as little more than slaves.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} At the same time, its production time was cut in half by the end of 1942, even though most of the more experienced factory workers had been sent to the battlefield and were replaced by a workforce that included 50% women, 15% boys, and 15% invalids and old men.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Originally "beautifully crafted machines with excellent exterior finish comparable or superior to those in Western Europe or America", later T-34s were much more roughly finished.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}
\n
\nIn 1943, T-34 production had reached an average of 1,300 per month; this was the equivalent of three full-strength [[Panzer Divisions|Panzer divisions]].<ref>Zaloga 1984:225</ref> By the end of 1945, over 57,300 T-34s had been built: 34,780 T-34 tanks in multiple variants with 76.2 mm guns in 1940–44,{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} and another 22,609 of the revised T-34-85 model in 1944–45.<ref name="auto3">''The Russian Battlefield'' [[#Reference-Russian Battlefield-2003|2003]]</ref> The single largest producer was Factory N.183 (UTZ), building 28,952 T-34s and T-34-85s from 1941 to 1945. The second-largest was [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory]] N.112 in Gorky, with 12,604 in the same period.<ref>[[T-34#References|Michulec & Zientarzewski 2006:220]]</ref>
\n
\nAt the start of the German-Soviet war, T-34s comprised about four percent of the Soviet tank arsenal, but by the end it made up at least 55% of tank production (based on figures from;<ref>Zaloga 1984:125–6, 225</ref> [[#Reference-Zheltov-2001|Zheltov 2001]] lists even larger numbers).
\n
\nFollowing the end of the war, a further 2,701 T-34s were built prior to the end of Soviet production. Under licence, production was restarted in [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] (1951–55) and [[Czechoslovakia]] (1951–58), where 1,380 and 3,185 T-34-85s were made, respectively, by 1956.<ref>Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.) ''East Central Europe: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow.'' Hoover Press 1982:150.</ref> Altogether, as many as 84,070 T-34s are thought to have been built, plus 13,170 self-propelled guns built on T-34 chassis.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Grandsen 1996:18]]</ref> It was the most-produced tank of the Second World War, and the second most-produced tank of all time, after its successor, the [[T-54/55]] series.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
\n
\n==Design {{anchor|Design}}==
\n
\n===Overview===
\n[[File:T-34-85-Interior.jpg|thumb|300px|Interior view of T-34-85.]]
\nThe T-34 had well-sloped armour, a relatively powerful engine and wide tracks.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" /> The initial T-34 version had a powerful 76.2 mm gun, and is often called the T-34/76 (originally a World War II German designation, never used by the Red Army). In 1944, a second major version began production, the T-34-85, with a larger 85 mm gun intended to deal with newer German tanks.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:14]]</ref>
\n
\nComparisons can be drawn between the T-34 and the U.S. [[M4 Sherman]] tank. Both tanks were the backbone of the armoured units in their respective armies, both nations distributed these tanks to their allies, who also used them as the mainstay of their own armoured formations, and both were upgraded extensively and fitted with more powerful guns. Both were designed for mobility and ease of manufacture and maintenance, sacrificing some performance for these goals. Both chassis were used as the foundation for a variety of support vehicles, such as armour recovery vehicles, [[tank destroyer]]s, and self-propelled artillery. Both were an approximately even match for the standard German medium tank, the [[Panzer IV]], though each of these three tanks had particular advantages and weaknesses compared with the other two. Neither the T-34 nor the M4 was a match for Germany's heavier tanks, the [[Panther tank|Panther]] (technically a medium tank) or the [[Tiger I]]; the Soviets used the [[IS-2 heavy tank]] and the U.S. used the [[M26 Pershing]] as the heavy tanks of their forces instead.<ref>Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:37</ref>
\n
\n{| class="wikitable" summary="Characteristics and production cost of the main models of T-34, T-34-85 and T-44"
\n|+ Soviet medium tank models of World War II<ref name="Zaloga 2006">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen (1984:113, 184)]], [[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison (2002:181)]], [[#Reference-KMDB-2006|KMDB (2006)]].</ref>
\n|-
\n! Model
\n! T-34 Model 1940
\n! T-34 Model 1941
\n! T-34 Model 1942
\n! T-34 Model 1943
\n! [[T-43 medium tank|T-43]] prototype
\n! T-34-85
\n! [[T-44]]
\n|-
\n! Weight
\n| {{cvt|26|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|26.5|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|28.5|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|30.9|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|34|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|32|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|31.9|tonne}}
\n|-
\n! Gun
\n| 76.2 mm L-11
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 85 mm ZiS-S-53
\n| 85 mm ZiS-S-53
\n|-
\n! Ammunition
\n| 76 rounds
\n| 77 rounds
\n| 77 rounds
\n| 100 rounds
\n|
\n| 60 rounds
\n| 58 rounds
\n|-
\n! Fuel (internal)
\n| {{cvt|460|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|460|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|460|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|610|litre}}
\n|
\n| {{cvt|545|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|500|litre}}
\n|-
\n! Road range
\n| {{cvt|160-250|km}}
\n| {{cvt|160-250|km}}
\n| {{cvt|160-250|km}}
\n| {{cvt|330|km}}
\n| {{cvt|240|km}}
\n| {{cvt|250-300|km}}
\n| {{cvt|250|km}}
\n|-
\n! Armour
\n| {{cvt|15|-|45|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|52|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|65|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|70|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|16|-|90|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|90|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|15|-|120|mm}}
\n|-
\n! Cost
\n|
\n| 270,000 rubles
\n| 193,000 rubles
\n| 135,000 rubles
\n|
\n| 164,000 rubles
\n|
\n|}
\n
\nDimensions, road speed and engine horsepower of the various models did not vary significantly, except for the T-43, which was slower than the T-34.
\n
\n===Armour===
\nThe heavily [[sloped armour]] design made the tank better protected than the armour thickness alone would indicate. The shape also saved weight by reducing the thickness required to achieve equal protection. A few tanks also had [[appliqué armour]] of varying thickness welded onto the hull and turret. Tanks thus modified were called ''s ekranami'' ({{lang-ru|с экранами}}, "with screens").<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" />
\n
\nThe USSR donated two combat-used Model 1941 T-34s to the United States for testing purposes in late 1942.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kavalerchik|first=Boris|date=March 2015|title=Once Again About the T-34|journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies|volume=28|pages=186–214|doi=10.1080/13518046.2015.998132|pmid=}}</ref> The examinations, performed at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], revealed problems with overall armour build quality, especially of the plate joins and welds, as well as the use of soft steel combined with shallow surface tempering. Leak issues were noted: "In a heavy rain lots of water flows through chinks/cracks, which leads to the disabling of the electrical equipment and even the ammunition".<ref name="Aberdeen" /> Earlier models of the T-34, until the Model 1942, had cast turrets whose armour was softer than that of the other parts of the tank, and offered poor resistance even to 37 mm anti-aircraft shells.
\n
\nIn addition, close examination of the T-34 at the Aberdeen Testing Ground showed that a variety of alloys were used in different portions of the armour on the T-34. "Mn-Si-Mo steels were employed for the thinner rolled armour sections, Cr-Mo steels for the thicker rolled armour sections, Mn-Si-Ni-Cr-Mo steels were employed for both rolled and cast steel components from 2" to 5" in thickness, and Ni-Cr-Mo steels were employed for some of the moderately thick cast armour sections".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/011426.pdf|title = Review of Soviet Ordnance Metallurgy by A. Hurlich|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> The armour was heat-treated in order to prevent penetration by armour-piercing shells, but this also caused it to be structurally weak, resulting in strikes by high explosive shells causing [[spall]]ing.
\n
\nDespite these deficiencies, the T-34's armour proved problematic for the Germans in the initial stages of the war on the Eastern Front. In one wartime account, a single T-34 came under heavy fire upon encountering one of the most common German anti-tank guns at that stage of the war: "Remarkably enough, one determined [[PaK 37mm|37 mm gun]] crew reported firing 23 times against a single T-34 tank, only managing to jam the tank’s turret ring."<ref name="S. Zaloga 1994, p. 12">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:12]]</ref> Similarly, a German report of May 1942 noted the ineffectiveness of their [[5 cm Pak 38|50 mm gun]] as well, noting that "Combating the T-34 with the 5 cm KwK tank gun is possible only at short ranges from the flank or rear, where it is important to achieve a hit as perpendicular to the surface as possible."<ref name=":0" /> However, a Military Commissariat Report of the 10th Tank Division, dated 2 August 1941 reported that within 300–400 m the 37 mm Pak 36's armour-piercing shot could defeat the frontal armour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/10TD1941.html|title=Technical Report from the 10th Tank Division, August 1941|publisher=Mark Conrad, 1995|accessdate=2015-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdsa.ru/documents/html/donesaugust41/410801.html|title=Original Report: БОЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ 10-й ТАНКОВОЙ ДИВИЗИИ НА ФРОНТЕ БОРЬБЫ С ГЕРМАНСКИМ ФАШИЗМОМ ЗА ПЕРИОД С 22.6 ПО 1.8.41 г.|language=Russian|accessdate=2015-02-25}}</ref> According to an examination of damaged T-34 tanks in several repair workshops in August to September 1942, collected by the People's Commissariat for Tank Industry in January 1943, 54.3% of all T-34 losses were caused by the German long-barreled [[5 cm KwK 39|50 mm KwK 39]] gun.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zaloga|first1=Steven|last2=Ness|first2=Leland|title=Red Army Handbook 1939–1945|date=2003|publisher= Sutton Publishing|isbn=978-0-7509-3209-7|page=179}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://litl-bro.livejournal.com/1700.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150225115504/http://litl-bro.livejournal.com/1700.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-02-25 |title=Original Report: Отчет ЦНИИ-48 "Изучение пробивного действия немецких трофейных снарядов по броне наших танков и разработка мер борьбы с ними" |language=Russian |accessdate=2015-02-25 }}</ref>
\n
\nAs the war went on, the T-34 gradually lost some of its initial advantages. The Germans responded to the T-34 by fielding large numbers of improved anti-tank weapons such as the [[7.5 cm Pak 40|towed 75 mm gun]], while hits from 88 mm-armed Tigers, anti-aircraft guns and [[8.8 cm Pak 43|PaK 43]] 88 mm anti-tank guns usually proved lethal.<ref name="Drabkin & Sheremet p. 43.">Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:43.</ref> A Wa Pruef 1 report estimated that, with the target angled 30° sideward, a [[Panther tank]] could penetrate the turret of a T-34-85 from the front at ranges up to 2000 m, the mantlet at 1200 m, and the frontal hull armour at 300 m.<ref name="Jentz 1995:128">Jentz 1995:128</ref> According to the ''Pantherfibel'', the T-34's glacis could be penetrated from 800 m and the mantlet from 1500 m at 30° sideward angle.<ref>[http://s14.directupload.net/images/141103/d25fktfl.jpg Pantherfibel]</ref> Ground trials by employees of NIBT Polygon in May 1943 reported that the KwK 36 88 mm gun could pierce the T-34 frontal hull from 1,500 meters at 90 degrees and cause a disastrous burst effect inside the tank. The examined hull showed cracks, spalling, and delamination due to the poor quality of the armour. It was recommended to increase and improve the quality of welds and armour.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Baryatinsky|first1= Mikhail|title= The T-34 in Combat|date=2008|publisher= Jauza, Moscow |isbn=978-5-699-26709-5|pages=29–30}}</ref>
\n
\n===Firepower===
\n[[File:T-34-76 RB6.JPG|thumb|T-34 side view, displaying the F-34 gun, with an [[ISU-122]] and [[T-54/T-55|T-54]] in background]]
\nThe [[F-34 tank gun|F-34]] {{cvt|76.2|mm|in|0}} gun, fitted on the vast majority of T-34s produced through to the beginning of 1944, was able to penetrate any early German tank's armour at normal combat ranges. When firing [[Shell (projectile)#APCR|APCR]] shells, it could pierce 92 mm of armour at 500 m.<ref>Fleischer, Wolfgang. ''Russian Tanks and Armored Vehicles 1917–1945'', 1999.</ref> The best German tanks of 1941, the [[Panzer III]] and Panzer IV, had no more than 50 or 60 mm of flat frontal armour.<ref>Jörgensen, Christen. ''Rommel's Panzers: Rommel and the Panzer Forces of the Blitzkrieg 1940–42''. Zenith Imprint 2003:38.</ref> The F-34 also fired an adequate [[high explosive]] round.
\n
\nThe gun sights and range finding for the F-34 main gun (either the [[TMFD-7]] or the [[PT4-7]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/weapons/sign_tanks.htm|title=Armchairgeneral|author=amvas|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>) were rather crude, especially compared to those of their German adversaries, affecting accuracy and the ability to engage at long ranges.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:126–27, 135]]</ref> As a result of the T-34's two-man turret, weak optics and poor vision devices, the Germans noted:
\n
\n{{quotation|T-34s operated in a disorganized fashion with little coordination or else tended to clump together like a hen with its chicks. Individual tank commanders lacked situational awareness due to the poor provision of vision devices and preoccupation with gunnery duties. A tank platoon would seldom be capable of engaging three separate targets but would tend to focus on a single target selected by the platoon leader. As a result, T-34 platoons lost the greater firepower of three independently operating tanks.<ref name="Zaloga-1994-40">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:40]]</ref>}}
\n
\nThe Germans also noted that the T-34 was very slow to find and engage targets, while their own tanks could typically get off three rounds for every one fired by the T-34.<ref name="Zaloga-1994-40" /> When new German tanks types with thicker armour began appearing in mid-1942, the T-34's 76.2 mm cannon had to fire at their flanks to assure penetration. As a result, the T-34 was upgraded to the T-34-85 model. This model, with its [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|85 mm]] (3.35 in) ZiS gun, provided greatly increased firepower compared to the previous T-34's 76.2mm gun. The 85 mm gun could penetrate the turret front of a [[Tiger I]] tank from {{cvt|500|m|yd}} and the driver's front plate from {{cvt|300|m|yd}} at the side angle of 30 degrees, and the larger turret enabled the addition of another crew member, allowing the roles of commander and gunner to be separated and increasing the rate of fire and overall effectiveness.<ref name="Jentz and Doyle 1993:19–20">Jentz and Doyle 1993:20.</ref> Against the frontal armour of the [[Panther tank|Panther]] at 30 degrees sidewards, the T-34-85 could not penetrate the non-[[Gun mantlet|mantlet]] of its turret at {{cvt|500|m|yd}},<ref name="Jentz 1995:128" /> meaning that even upgraded models of the T-34 usually needed tungsten rounds or had to flank a Panther to destroy it.<ref>Healy 2008:167–172</ref><!--sentence doesn't make sense-->{{clarify|date=April 2016}}
\n
\nThe greater length of the 85 mm gun barrel (4.645 meters) made it necessary for crews to be careful not to plow it into the ground on bumpy roads or in combat. Tank commander A.K. Rodkin commented: "the tank could have dug the ground with it in the smallest ditch [filling the barrel with dirt]. If you fired it after that, the barrel would open up at the end like the petals of a flower", destroying the barrel. Standard practice when moving the T-34-85 cross-country in non-combat situations was to fully elevate the gun, or reverse the turret.<ref>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:33]]</ref>
\n
\n===Mobility===
\n[[File:T34 engine parola 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The T-34's 12-cylinder Model V-2-34 diesel engine at the [[Parola Tank Museum|Finnish Tank Museum]] in [[Parola]]]]
\n
\nThe T-34 was powered by a [[Diesel model V-2|Model V-2-34]] 38.8 L [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Diesel engine]] of 500 hp (370 kW),<ref name="Engine-name" group="notes">The name of the T-34's engine (V-2; B-2 in Russian) is a model name, and has nothing to do with its number of cylinders.</ref> giving a top speed of 53 km/h (33 mph). It used the coil-spring [[Christie suspension]] of the earlier BT-series tanks, using a "slack track" tread system with a rear-mounted drive sprocket and no system of return rollers for the upper run of track, but dispensed with the heavy and ineffective convertible drive.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" />
\n
\nDuring the winters of 1941–42 and 1942–43, the T-34 had a marked advantage over German tanks through its ability to move over deep mud or snow—especially important in Russia's twice-annual ''[[rasputitsa]]'' mud seasons—without bogging down. In addition, its pneumatic engine starting system, fed from a compressed air cylinder mounted inside the tank's bow, remained reliable even in the coldest conditions. The Panzer IV, its closest German equivalent at that time, used narrower track which tended to sink in such conditions.<ref>Perrett 1999</ref><sup>[more specific citation needed]</sup>
\n
\n===Ergonomics===
\nThe T-34 suffered from the unsatisfactory ergonomic layout of its crew compartment. The two-man [[gun turret|turret]] crew arrangement required the commander to aim and fire the gun, an arrangement common to most Soviet tanks of the day. The two-man turret was "cramped and inefficient" {{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=63}} and was inferior to the three-man (commander, gunner, and loader) turret crews of German Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks. The Germans noted the T-34 was very slow to find and engage targets while the Panzers could typically get off three rounds for every one fired by the T-34.<ref name="Zaloga-1994-40" />
\n
\nEarly in the war, the commander fought at a further disadvantage; the forward-opening [[trapdoor|hatch]] and the lack of a turret cupola forced him to observe the battlefield through a single vision slit and traversable [[periscope]].<ref>Zaloga, p. 39</ref> German commanders liked to fight "heads-up", with their seat raised and having a full field of view – in the T-34 this was impossible.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:135–7]]</ref> Soviet veterans condemned the turret hatches of the early models. Nicknamed ''[[pirozhok]]'' (stuffed bun) because of its characteristic shape, it was heavy and hard to open. The complaints of the crews urged the design group led by Alexander Morozov to switch in August 1942<ref>http://english.battlefield.ru/t-34.html</ref> to using two hatches in the turret.<ref>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:27-28]]</ref>
\n
\nThe loader also had a difficult job due to the lack of a turret basket (a rotating floor that moves as the turret turns); the same fault was present on all German tanks prior to the Panzer IV. The floor under the T-34's turret was made up of ammunition stored in small metal boxes, covered by a rubber mat. There were nine ready rounds of ammunition stowed in racks on the sides of the fighting compartment. Once these rounds had been used, the crew had to pull additional ammunition out of the floor boxes, leaving the floor littered with open bins and matting and reducing their performance.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:137]]</ref>
\n
\n{{quotation|The main weakness [of the two-man turret of a T-34 Model 1941] is that it is very tight. The Americans couldn't understand how our tankers could fit inside during a winter when they wear sheepskin jackets. The electrical mechanism for rotating the turret is very bad. The motor is weak, very overloaded and sparks horribly, as a result of which the device regulating the speed of the rotation burns out, and the teeth of the cogwheels break into pieces. They recommend replacing it with a hydraulic or simply manual system.<ref name="Aberdeen" />}}
\n
\nThe problems created by the cramped T-34/76 turret, known before the war, were fully corrected with the provision of a bigger cast three-man turret{{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=61,63}} on the T-34-85 in 1944.
\n
\n===General reliability===
\nThe T-34's wide track and good suspension gave it excellent cross-country performance. Early in the tank's life, however, this advantage was greatly reduced by the numerous teething troubles the design displayed: a long road trip could be a lethal exercise for a T-34 tank at the start of the war. When in June 1941, the [[8th Mechanised Corps]] of [[D.I. Ryabyshev]] marched towards Dubno, the corps lost half of its vehicles. A.V. Bodnar, who was in combat in 1941–42, recalled:
\n
\n{{quotation|From the point of view of operating them, the German armored machines were almost perfect, they broke down less often. For the Germans, covering 200 km was nothing, but with T-34s something would have been lost, something would have broken down. The technological equipment of their machines was better, the combat gear was worse.<ref name=Drabkin-2006-43>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:43]]</ref>}}
\n
\nThe T-34 gearbox had four forward and one reverse gear, replaced by a five-speed box on the last of the Model 1943s.{{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=40}} The earlier transmissions were troublesome, and some tanks went into battle with a spare transmission cabled onto the engine compartment deck.{{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=34}}
\n
\nThe tracks of early models were the most frequently repaired part. A.V. Maryevski later remembered:
\n
\n{{quotation|The caterpillars used to break apart even without a bullet or shell hits. When earth got stuck between the road wheels, the caterpillar, especially during a turn – strained to such an extent that the pins and tracks themselves couldn't hold out.<ref>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:42]]</ref>}}
\n
\nThe USSR donated two combat-used Model 1941 T-34s to the United States for testing purposes in late 1942. The examinations, performed at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, highlighted these early faults, which were in turn acknowledged in a 1942 Soviet report on the results of the testing:
\n
\n{{quotation|The Christie's suspension was tested a long time ago by the Americans and unconditionally rejected. On our tanks, as a result of the poor steel on the springs, it very quickly [unclear word] and as a result clearance is noticeably reduced. The deficiencies in our tracks from their viewpoint result from the lightness of their construction. They can easily be damaged by small-caliber and mortar rounds. The pins are extremely poorly tempered and made of poor steel. As a result, they quickly wear and the track often breaks.<ref name="Aberdeen">{{citation |author=Major-General of Tank Armies, Khlopov, 2nd Department |publisher=Main Intelligence Department of the Red Army (n.d.) via ''The Russian Battlefield'' |url=http://english.battlefield.ru/evaluation-of-the-t-34-and-kv-dp1.html |title=Evaluation of The T-34 and KV Tanks By Engineers of the Aberdeen Proving Grounds USA |accessdate= November 23, 2011}}</ref>}}
\n
\nTesting at Aberdeen also revealed that engines could grind to a halt from dust and sand ingestion, as the original "Pomon" air filter was almost totally ineffective and had an insufficient air-inflow capacity, starving the combustion chambers of oxygen, lowering compression, and thereby restricting the engine from operating at full capacity.<ref name="Aberdeen" /> The air filter issue was later remedied by the addition of "Cyclone" filters on the Model 1943,<ref name=":0" /> and even more efficient "Multi-Cyclone" filters on the T-34-85.<ref name="auto3" />
\n
\nThe testing at Aberdeen revealed other problems as well. The turret drive also suffered from poor reliability. The use of poorly machined, low quality steel side friction clutches and the T-34's outdated and poorly manufactured transmission meant frequent mechanical failure occurred and that they "create an inhuman harshness for the driver". A lack of properly installed and shielded radios – if they existed at all – restricted their operational range to under {{cvt|16|km}}.<ref name="Aberdeen" />
\n
\n{{quotation|Judging by samples, Russians when producing tanks pay little attention to careful machining or the finishing and technology of small parts and components, which leads to the loss of the advantage what would otherwise accrue from what on the whole are well-designed tanks. Despite the advantages of the use of diesel, the good contours of the tanks, thick armor, good and reliable armaments, the successful design of the tracks etc., Russian tanks are significantly inferior to American tanks in their simplicity of driving, manoeuvrability, the strength of firing (reference to muzzle velocity), speed, the reliability of mechanical construction and the ease of keeping them running.<ref name="Aberdeen" />}}
\n
\n==Operational history==
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\n===Operation Barbarossa (1941) {{Anchor|Combat history|World War II}}===
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\n{{Main|German encounter of Soviet T-34 and KV tanks}}
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08362, Übung, Panzer-Nahbekämpfung.jpg|thumb|left|German training mockup of a T-34 built over a captured Polish [[TK-3]] [[tankette]] ]]
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\nGermany launched [[Operation Barbarossa]], its invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941. The existence of the T-34 and [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV]] tanks proved a psychological shock to German soldiers, who had expected to face an inferior enemy.<ref name="Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:126">Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:126</ref> The T-34 was superior to any tank the Germans then had in service. Initially, the Wehrmacht had great difficulty destroying T-34s in combat, as standard German anti-tank weaponry proved ineffective against its heavy, sloped armour. The diary of [[Alfred Jodl]] seems to express surprise at the appearance of the T-34 in [[Riga]].<ref>{{ cite book | title=Hitler's Generals | editor=Correlli Barnett | publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson | year=1989 | page=456 | isbn=0 297 79462 0 }}</ref>
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\nAt the start of hostilities, the Red Army had 967 T-34 tanks and 508 KV tanks<ref>Erickson 1962/2001:567.</ref> concentrated in five<ref>Zaloga 1995:9.</ref> of their [[mechanized corps (Soviet Union)|twenty-nine mechanized corps]]. In one of the first known encounters, a T-34 crushed a 37 mm [[PaK 36]], destroyed two [[Panzer II]]s, and left a {{convert|14|km|mi}}-long swathe of destruction in its wake before a howitzer destroyed it at close range.<ref>Carell, Paul. ''Hitler Moves East 1941–1943''. Bantam Books, 1966, p. 75.</ref> The Germans' standard anti-tank gun, the 37 mm PaK 36, proved ineffective against the T-34; the Germans were forced to deploy [[10 cm schwere Kanone 18|105 mm field guns]] and [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41|88 mm anti-aircraft guns]] in a [[direct fire]] role to stop them.<ref>Bailey, Jonathan B.A. ''Field Artillery and Firepower'' (Naval Institute Press, London 2003), p.337. {{ISBN|978-1591140290}}</ref>
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\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F016221-0016, Russland, Brennender T-34.jpg|thumb|Burning T-34, Russia, 1941]]
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\nDespite this, the Soviet corps equipped with these new tanks lost most of them within weeks.<ref>Solonin:145, 261–262, 321.</ref> The combat statistics for 1941 show that the Soviets lost an average of over seven tanks for every German tank lost.<ref name=Fowler-2002-170>[[#Reference-Fowler-2002|Fowler & Bean 2002:170]]</ref><ref name="Zaloga-1998-181">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1998|Zaloga & Ness 1998:181, table 6.3]].</ref> The Soviets lost a total of 20,500 tanks in 1941 (approximately 2,300 of them T-34s, as well as over 900 heavy tanks, mostly KVs).<ref name=Krivosheev-1997-252>[[#Reference-Krivosheev-1997|Krivosheev & Erickson 1997:252, table 95.]]</ref> The destruction of the Soviet tank force was accomplished not only by the glaring disparity in the tactical and operational skills of the opponents but also by the mechanical defects that affected the Soviet armour pool.<ref name="Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:127">Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:127</ref> Besides the poor state of older tanks, the new T-34s and KVs suffered from initial mechanical and design problems, particularly with regard to clutches and transmissions. Mechanical breakdowns accounted for at least 50 percent of the tank losses in the summer fighting, and recovery or repair equipment was not to be found.<ref name="Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:127" /> The shortage of repair equipment and recovery vehicles led the early T-34 crews to enter combat carrying a spare transmission on the engine deck.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson 1994:24.</ref>
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\nOther key factors diminishing the initial impact of T-34s on the battlefield were the poor state of [[leadership]], tank [[Military tactics|tactics]], initial lack of radios in tanks, and [[Military education and training|crew training]]; these factors were partially consequences of Stalin's [[Great Purge#Purge of the army|purges]] of the Soviet officer corps in 1937, reducing the army's efficiency and morale.<ref>Bullock, Alan. ''Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives''. New York: Vintage Books 1993:489.</ref> This was aggravated as the campaign progressed by the loss of many of the properly trained personnel during the Red Army's disastrous defeats early in the invasion. Typical crews went into combat with only their basic military training plus 72 hours of classroom instruction; according to historian [[Steven Zaloga]]:
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\n{{quotation|The weakness of mechanized corps lay not in the design of their equipment, but rather in its poor mechanical state, the inadequate training of their crews, and the abysmal quality of Soviet military leadership in the first month of the war.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:126]]</ref>}}
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\n===Further action (1942–1943)===
\n{{refimprove section|date=July 2013}}
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\nAs the invasion progressed, German infantry began receiving increasing numbers of the [[Pak 40]] 75 mm, which were capable of penetrating the T-34's armour at long range. Larger numbers of the [[88mm flak gun|88 mm ''Flak'']] guns also arrived, which could easily defeat a T-34 at very long ranges, though their size and general unwieldiness meant that they were often difficult to move into position in the rough Russian terrain.<ref>Gander and Chamberlain, 1979:119</ref> The heavy German [[Tiger I]] tank appeared on the Eastern Front in late 1942, as a response to the T-34.
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\nAt the same time, the Soviets incrementally upgraded the T-34. The Model 1942 featured increased armour on the turret and many simplified components. The Model 1943 (confusingly also introduced in 1942) had yet more armour, as well as increased fuel capacity and more ammunition storage. Also added were an improved engine air filter and a new clutch mated to an improved and more reliable five-speed transmission.<ref name="Zaloga 2006" /> Finally, the Model 1943 also had a new, slightly roomier (but still two-man) turret of a distinctive hexagonal shape that was easier to manufacture, derived from the abandoned [[T-34 variants#Tanks|T-34M]] project.<ref name="auto2" />
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\nThe T-34 was essential in resisting the German summer offensive in 1942, and executing the double encirclement manoeuver that cut off the German Sixth Army at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in December 1942. The Sixth Army was surrounded, and eventually surrendered in February 1943, a campaign widely regarded as the turning point of the war on the Eastern Front.
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\nIn 1943, the Soviets formed [[Polish Armed Forces in the East|Polish]] and [[I Corps (Czechoslovakia)|Czechoslovak]] armies-in-exile, and these started to receive the T-34 Model 1943 with a hexagonal turret. Like the Soviet forces themselves, the Polish and Czechoslovak tank crews were sent into action quickly with little training, and suffered high casualties.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} The Czechoslovak crews of T-34 saw their first action in the [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|Battle of Kiev]] in November 1943. The battalion forces consisting of ten T-34, ten [[T-70]] and ten [[BA-64]] quickly captured the city center and destroyed 4 enemy tanks, 2 [[tank destroyer]]s and 7 other [[armored vehicle|armoured vehicles]] with the own losses of only three T-34s light damaged. For his performance the commander of the tank unit, [[Josef Buršík]], received the golden star [[Hero of the USSR]].<ref name="czechpatriots">{{cite web|title=Battle of Kiev (03.-06.11.1943)|url=http://www.czechpatriots.com//bri-combats.php|website=Czechoslovak military units in the USSR (1942–1945)|accessdate=29 June 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613043248/http://www.czechpatriots.com/bri-combats.php|archivedate=13 June 2016|df=}}</ref><ref name="vets">{{cite web|last1=Lukášek|first1=Michal|title=Kyjev|url=http://www.vets.cz/vpm/mista/obec/4097-kyjev/|website=vets.cz|publisher=Spolek pro vojenská pietní místa|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="vhu">{{cite book|title=Osvobození Kyjeva pod československým praporem|publisher=Vojenský historický ústav |url=http://www.mzv.cz/file/1058559/KYJEV_82x57_CESKA_VERZE_A4.pdf|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref>
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\nIn July 1943, the Germans launched [[Operation Citadel]], in the region around [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk]], their last major offensive on the Eastern Front in the Second World War. It was the debut of the German [[Panther tank]], although the numbers employed at Kursk were small and the brunt of the burden was carried by the [[Panzer III]], [[Sturmgeschütz III|StuG III]], and [[Panzer IV]]. The campaign featured the largest tank battles in history. The high-water mark of the battle was the massive armour engagement at [[Battle of Prokhorovka|Prokhorovka]], which began on 12 July, though the vast majority of armour losses on both sides were caused by artillery and mines, rather than tanks.<ref name="Prokhorovka Interview">{{cite web|last1=Zamulin|first1=Valeriy|title=Prokhorovka Interview|url=http://worldoftanks.ru/ru/news/pc-browser/12/prokhorovka_interview_zamulin/?|website=World of Tanks|accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> Over 6,000 fully tracked armoured vehicles, 4,000 combat aircraft, and 2 million men are believed to have participated in these battles.
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\nThe Soviet high command's decision to focus on one cost-effective design, cutting costs and simplifying production wherever possible while only allowing relatively minor improvements, had proven to be an astute choice for the first two years of the war. However, the battles in the summer of 1943 demonstrated that the 76.2 mm gun of the T-34 was no longer as effective as it was in 1941. Soviet tank crews struggled at longer ranges with the additional frontal armour applied to the later variants of the Panzer III and Panzer IV, and were unable to penetrate the frontal armour of the new German Panther or Tiger I tank at standard combat ranges without tungsten rounds, and had to rely on tactical skill through flanking maneuvers and combined arms.<ref name="Prokhorovka Interview" />
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\n===T-34-85===
\n[[File:P82-2l.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A T-34 Model 1943 (left), next to the [[T-43 medium tank|T-43]].]]
\nAfter improved German Panzer IVs with the high-velocity [[7.5 cm KwK 40|75 mm (2.95 in) gun]] were encountered in combat in 1942, a project to design an entirely new Soviet tank was begun, with the goals of increasing armour protection while adding modern features like a [[torsion-bar]] suspension and a three-man turret. This new tank, the [[T-43 medium tank|T-43]], was intended to be a universal tank to replace both the T-34 and the [[KV-1 (tank)|KV-1]] heavy tank. However, the T-43 prototype's armour, though heavier, was still not proof against German 88 mm guns, while its mobility was found to be inferior to the T-34. Finally, although the T-43 shared over 70% of its components with the T-34, manufacturing it would still have required a significant slow-down in production.<ref name="zaloga1997">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1997|Zaloga et al. 1997:5]]</ref> Consequently, the T-43 was cancelled.
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\nNot only were the weapons of German tanks improving, so was their armour. Soviet firing tests against a captured Tiger I heavy tank in April 1943 showed that the T-34's 76 mm gun could not penetrate the front of the Tiger I at all, and the side only at the very close range. A Soviet 85 mm anti-aircraft gun, the [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|52-K]], was found capable of doing the job, and so derivatives of it were developed for tanks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eugene Boldyrev |url=http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/87/43/lang,en/ |title=Средний танк Т-34-85 – The Russian Battlefield |publisher=Battlefield.ru |date=2005-09-20 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref>Healy 2008:167–171</ref> The resulting tank gun could penetrate the side armour of the Tiger I from a distance of 800 meters and the turret side from a distance of 600 meters. It was still not enough to match the Tiger, as a Tiger could destroy the T-34 from a distance of 1,500 to 2,000 meters,<ref name="auto4" /> but it was a noticeable improvement.
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\n[[File:T34-85 Heckansicht.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of a T-34-85 from Factory 174. In the center is a circular transmission access hatch, flanked by exhaust pipes, MDSh [[smoke-screen|smoke]] canisters on the hull rear, and extra fuel tanks on the hull sides.]]
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\nWith the T-43 canceled, the Soviet command made the decision to retool the factories to produce an improved version of the T-34. Its turret ring was enlarged from 1,425 mm (56 in) to 1,600 mm (63 in), allowing a larger turret to be fitted and thus the larger 85 mm gun. The prototype T-43's turret design was hurriedly adopted by Vyacheslav Kerichev at the [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory]] to fit the T-34.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:166]]</ref> This was a larger three-man turret, with radio (previously in the hull) and observation cupola in the roof. Now the tank commander needed only to command (aided by cupola and radio systems), leaving the operation of the gun to the gunner and the loader. The turret armour was much thicker, 90 mm, even if bigger and less sloped than the original T-34 turret. This made the turret, overall, a bigger target (due to the three-man crew and bigger gun), but more resistant to enemy fire. The ammunition load shrank from around 90-100 to 55-60 shells, but the projectiles were 50% heavier (9 kg) and were much better in the anti-armour role, and reasonable in a general purpose role. The resulting new tank, the T-34-85, was seen as a compromise between advocates for the T-43 and others who wanted to continue to build as many 76 mm-armed T-34s as possible without interruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=63|title=T-34/85 – Medium Tank – History, Specs and Pictures – Military Tanks, Vehicles and Artillery|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
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\n[[File:T-34-85 interior Parola Tank Museum.jpg|thumb|Interior of a T-34-85 viewed from the driver's hatch, showing the ammunition boxes on which the loader had to stand in the absence of a turret basket. In the foreground is the driver's seat. Levers for radiator flaps can be seen on the firewall.]]
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\nProduction of the T-34-85 began in February 1944, first using the 85 mm S-53 gun and then in mid-1944 the 85 mm ZiS-S-53 (the ZiS-S-53 was a modified S-53 designed by the Grabin Design Bureau in order to simplify the gun and reduce its price; the ballistics of both were the same).<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|last1=Pyatakhin|first1=Dmitry|title=The New Generation of Soviet Armor vs. Tigers|url=http://www.achtungpanzer.com/the-new-generation-of-soviet-armor-vs-tigers.htm|website=Achtung Panzer|accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Soviet Guns 85 mm calibre|url=http://amizaur.prv.pl/www.wargamer.org/GvA/weapons/soviet_guns7.html| accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref> The improved T-34-85 became the standard Soviet medium tank, with an uninterrupted production run until the end of the war. A T-34-85 initially cost about 30 percent more to produce than a Model 1943, at 164,000 [[ruble]]s; by 1945 this had been reduced to 142,000 rubles.<ref name="harrison2002">[[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison 2002:181]]</ref> During the course of the [[World War II]], the cost of a T-34 tank was reduced by almost half, from 270,000 rubles in 1941,<ref name="harrison2002" /> while in the meantime its top speed remained about the same, and its main gun's armour penetration and turret frontal armour thickness both nearly doubled.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga 1984:113, 184, 225]]</ref>
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\nThe T-34-85 gave the Red Army a tank with better armour and mobility than the German Panzer IV tank and StuG III assault gun. While it could not match the armour or weapons of the heavier Panther and Tiger tanks, its improved firepower made it much more effective than earlier models, and overall it was more cost-effective than the heaviest German tanks. In comparison with the T-34-85 program, the Germans instead chose an upgrade path based on the introduction of completely new, expensive, heavier, and more complex tanks, greatly slowing the growth of their tank production and aiding the Soviets in maintaining a substantial numerical superiority in tanks.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:37]]</ref> By May 1944, T-34-85 production had reached 1,200 tanks per month.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1997|Zaloga et al. 1997:6]]</ref> In the entire war, production figures for all Panther types reached no more than 6,557, and for all Tiger types (including the Tiger I and Tiger II) 2,027.<ref>Tom Philo, "[http://www.taphilo.com/history/WWII/Production-Figures-WWII.shtml Selected Equipment Production Figures World War II]". at ''Tom Philo Photography'' website, retrieved on July 4, 2013</ref> Production figures for the T-34-85 alone reached 22,559.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}
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\n===German use of T-34s===
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-277-0836-04, Russland, erbeutete russische T-34 Panzer.jpg|thumb|Captured T-34 Model 1943 tanks pressed into service with the [[Wehrmacht]], January 1944]]
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\nThe German army often employed as much captured [[materiel]] as possible and T-34s were not an exception. Fighting on the Eastern Front saw large numbers of T-34s captured, though few were T-34-85s. These were designated by the Germans as Panzerkampfwagen T-34 747(r). From late 1941, captured T-34s were transported to a German workshop for repairs and modification to German requirements. In 1943 a local tank factory in [[Kharkov]] was used for this purpose. These were sometimes modified to German standards by the installation of a German commander's cupola and radio equipment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}
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\nThe first captured T-34s entered German service during the summer of 1941. In order to prevent recognition mistakes, large-dimension crosses or even swastikas were painted on the tanks, including on top of the turret, in order to prevent strikes from [[Axis powers|Axis]] aircraft. Badly damaged tanks were either dug in as pillboxes or were used for testing and training purposes.
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\nThere are unconfirmed reports of [[7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|7th Panzer Division]] capturing at least one T-34-85. Reportedly the T-34-85 was fitted with a German 88mm gun ([[8.8 cm KwK 36|KwK 36]]) that was removed from a damaged [[Tiger I]] and it was used during the [[East Prussian Offensive]]. There was no picture of the vehicle and it is unknown if it was ever actually created.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
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\n===Manchurian campaign (August 1945)===
\n{{Main|Soviet invasion of Manchuria}}
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\nJust after midnight on 9 August 1945, though the terrain was believed by the Japanese to be impassable by armoured formations, the Soviet Union invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria. Red Army combined-arms forces achieved complete surprise and used a powerful, deep-penetrating attack in a classic double encirclement pattern, spearheaded by the T-34-85. The opposing Japanese forces had been reduced as elite units had been drawn off to other fronts and the remaining forces were in the middle of a redeployment. The Japanese tanks remaining to face them were all held in the rear and not used in combat; the Japanese had weak support from [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force|IJAAF]] forces, engineering, and communications. Japanese forces were overwhelmed, though some put up resistance. The Japanese emperor transmitted a surrender order on 14 August, but the Kwangtung Army was not given a formal cease-fire until 17 August.<ref name=GlobalSecurity>Marine Corps University Command and Staff College (1986) [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm "The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945."] Global Security website.</ref>
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\n===Korean War (1950–1953)===
\n[[File:T-34 knocked out September 1950.jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] knocked out this North Korean T-34-85 in September 1950 while American and [[United Nations]] forces [[Second Battle of Seoul|advanced on]] [[Seoul]] after their successful [[Battle of Inchon|amphibious landings at Inchon]] during the [[Korean War]]. At least two penetrating hits can be seen on the tank's front.]]
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\nA full [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People's Army]] (KPA) brigade equipped with about 120 Soviet-supplied T-34-85s spearheaded the [[Korean War#North Korea escalates the conflict (June 1950)|invasion of South Korea]] in June 1950.<ref>[[#Reference-Perrett-1987|Perrett 1987:134-35]]</ref> The WWII-era 2.36-inch [[bazooka]]s initially used by the American troops in Korea were useless against the KPA's T-34 tanks,<ref name="Perrett 1987:135">[[#Reference-Perrett-1987|Perrett 1987:135]]</ref> as were the 75 mm main guns of the [[M24 Chaffee]] light tank.<ref name="auto5">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:36]]</ref> However, following the introduction of heavier and more capable armour into the war by US and UN forces, such as the American [[M4 Sherman]], [[M26 Pershing]] and [[M46 Patton]] tanks, as well as the British [[Comet tank|Comet]] and [[Centurion tank|Centurion]] tanks, the KPA began to suffer more T-34 tank losses in combat from enemy armour, aside from further losses due to numerous US/UN airstrikes and increasingly-effective anti-tank firepower for US/UN infantry on the ground, such as the then-new 3.5-inch bazooka (replacing the earlier 2.36-inch model). By the time the invading North Korean troops were forced to withdraw from the south, about 239 T-34s and 74 [[SU-76]] assault guns had been lost or abandoned.<ref name="Perrett 1987:135"/> After October 1950, North Korean armour was rarely encountered. Despite China's entry into the conflict in the following month, no major armour deployments were carried out by them (with their focus being on (massed) infantry attacks rather than armour assaults). China became involved in the war with limited armour (mainly several T-34-85s and a few [[IS tank family|IS-2]] tanks), which were primarily dispersed with their infantry, thus making armoured engagements with US and UN forces rare from then on.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:33-4]]</ref>
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\nIn summary, a 1954 US military survey concluded that there were, in all, 119 tanks vs. tank actions involving US Army and US Marine units against North Korean and Chinese forces during the Korean War, with 97 T-34-85 tanks knocked out and another 18 considered probable.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-2010|Zaloga 2010:74-75]]</ref>
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\n===Angolan Civil War (1975–1988)===
\n[[File:FAPLA tank.jpg|thumb|Restored FAPLA T-34-85 at the [[South African National Museum of Military History]], [[Johannesburg]].]]
\nOne of the last modern conflicts which saw the extensive combat deployment of the T-34-85 was the [[Angolan Civil War]].<ref name=Tucker-Jones1>{{cite book|last=Tucker-Jones|first=Anthony|title=T-34: The Red Army's Legendary Medium Tank|date=2015|page=134|publisher=Pen & Sword Books, Ltd|location=Barnsley|isbn=978-1-78159-095-9}}</ref> In 1975, the Soviet Union shipped eighty T-34-85s to Angola as part of its support for the ongoing [[Cuban intervention in Angola|Cuban military intervention]] there.<ref name=Tucker-Jones1 /> Cuban crewmen instructed [[People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola|FAPLA]] personnel in their operation; other FAPLA drivers and gunners accompanied Cuban crews in an apprentice role.<ref name="Cubans">{{cite book |first=Edward |last=George |title=The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale |year=2005 |page=99 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-35015-0}}</ref>
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\nFAPLA began deploying T-34-85s against the [[National Union for the Total Independence of Angola|UNITA]] and [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]] forces on June 9, 1975.<ref name=Dimensions>{{cite book|last1=Fauriol|first1=Georges Alfred|last2=Loser|first2=Eva|title=Cuba: The International Dimension|date=1990|page=141|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-0-88738-324-3}}</ref>
\nThe appearance of FAPLA and Cuban tanks prompted South Africa to reinforce UNITA with a single squadron of [[Eland Mk7|Eland-90]] armoured cars.<ref name="Dupreez">{{cite book|last=Du Preez|first=Sophia|title=Avontuur in Angola: Die verhaal van Suid-Afrika se soldate in Angola 1975–1976|page=182|publisher=J.L. van Schaik|isbn=978-0-627-01691-2|year=1989}}</ref>
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\n===Other regions and countries===
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\n====The Balkans====
\n[[File:Serbisk T-34 85 trekkes tilbake.jpg|thumb|A Bosnian Serb Army T-34-85, with rubber matting added in an attempt to hide its thermal signature, near [[Doboj]] in early 1996.]]
\nIn early 1991, the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] possessed 250 T-34-85s, none of which were in active service.<ref name="Jane1991AA">{{cite book |last=Christopher F. Foss|title=Jane's Armour and Artillery|edition=1991|page=156 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd|isbn=978-0-7106-0964-9}}</ref> During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the T-34-85s were inherited by the national armies of [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], and [[Serbia and Montenegro]] and continued to see action during the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name=Tucker-Jones1 /><ref name=Gow>{{cite book|last=Gow|first=James|title=The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes|date=2003|pages=91–92|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-2386-9}}</ref> Some were also acquired from Yugoslav reserve stocks by Serbian separatist armies, namely the [[Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina]] (SVK) and the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS).<ref name=Taylor1>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Scott|title=Unembedded: Two Decades of Maverick War Reporting|date=2009|page=128 |publisher=Douglas & MacIntyre, Publishers|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-1-55365-292-2}}</ref><ref name=Viney>{{cite book|last=Viney|first=Mark|title=United States Cavalry Peacekeepers in Bosnia: An Inside Account of Operation Joint Endeavor, 1996|date=2012|pages=35, 67|publisher=McFarland & Company, Publishers|location=Jefferson|isbn= 978-0-7864-6340-4}}</ref> Most of these tanks were in poor condition at the beginning of the conflict and some were soon rendered unserviceable, likely through inadequate maintenance and lack of spares.<ref name=Viney />
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\nOn 3 May 1995, a VRS T-34-85 attacked an [[UNPROFOR]] outpost manned by the 21st Regiment of the [[Royal Engineers]] in [[Maglaj]], Bosnia, injuring six British peacekeepers, with at least one of them sustaining a permanent disability.<ref>"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000406/walker-1.htm#prof Regina v. Ministry of Defence Ex Parte Walker]" (judgment), 6 April 2000. Retrieved November 17, 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1996/may/20/sergeant-trevor-walker|title = Sergeant Trevor Walker|accessdate = 25 June 2014|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> A number of T-34s being stored by the VRS at a base in [[Zvornik]] were temporarily confiscated by UNPROFOR as part of a local disarmament programme the following year.<ref name=Viney />
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\n====The Middle East====
\n[[File:Flickr - Gaspa - Cairo, museo militare (4).jpg|thumbnail|left|Egyptian Army T-34-85 in the [[Egyptian Military museum]].]]
\n[[File:T-100-latrun-2.jpg|thumbnail|Egyptian Army T-34-100 in the Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel. 2005.]]
\nCzechoslovak-produced T-34-85s were used by Egypt in the Arab-Israeli Wars of 1956 and 1967 in the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt went on to build the T-34-100, a local and unique conversion that was made up of a Soviet BS-3 100 mm heavy field-artillery gun mounted within a heavily modified turret, as well as the T-34-122 mounting the D-30 gun. In 1956, they were used as regular tanks to support Egyptian infantry, the tank was still in use by the 1973 October war.
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\nThe Syrian Army also received T-34-85s from the Soviet Union and they took part in the many artillery duels with Israeli tanks in November 1964 and in the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967.
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\n====The Warsaw Pact====
\nT-34-85s equipped many of the armies of Eastern European countries (later forming the [[Warsaw Pact]]) and the armies of other Soviet client-states elsewhere. East German, Hungarian and Soviet T-34-85s served in the suppression of the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|East German uprising]] of 17 June 1953 as well as the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].
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\n====Afghanistan====
\n[[File:T-34-85s outside Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Abandoned Soviet T-34-85s lined up outside Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan]]
\nT-34-85s were sporadically available in [[Afghanistan]] but it is not known if they were used against the military forces in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|coalition troops]].
\n
\n====China====
\n[[File:PRC T-34 1950.jpg|thumb|Some of the [[China|PRC]]'s T-34-85s in the country's 1950 National Day parade.]]
\n
\nAfter the formation of the People's Republic of China (the PRC) in 1949, the Soviet Union sent many T-34s and T-34-85s to the PRC's People's Liberation Army (the PLA). The T-34s were phased out by the end of 1960, while the T-34-85 was put into production locally by the PRC and was known as the Type 58 medium tank, although the production of the Type 58 was ended soon after once the PRC received T-54 main battle tanks from the Soviet Union and began to build the Type 59 tank, which was a direct copy of the T-54.
\n
\n====Cuba====
\n[[File:Russian T-34 tank in Museo Giron.jpg|thumb|left|T-34-85 tank in Museo Giron, Cuba]]
\n
\nCuba received 150 T-34-85 tanks as military aid from the Soviet Union in 1960. The T-34-85 was the first Soviet tank to enter service with the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]] (FAR), along with the [[IS tank family|IS-2]]. Many T-34-85 tanks first saw action in April 1961 during the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] with an unknown number destroyed or knocked out during the battle.<ref name="trade">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|date=|publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org|accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> In 1975, large quantities of T-34-85s were also donated from the USSR to the FAR to support its lengthy intervention in the Angolan Civil War.<ref name=Tucker-Jones1 />
\n
\nA platoon of five Cuban T-34-85s saw combat in Angola against South African troops during the [[Battle of Cassinga]]. The tanks were based along with a company of Cuban mechanized infantry equipped with [[BTR-152]] armoured personnel carriers. In May 1978, South Africa launched a major airborne raid on [[Cassinga]] with the objective of destroying a [[South West African People's Organization|South West African People's Organisation]] (SWAPO) base there. The Cuban forces were mobilised to stop them. As they approached Cassinga they were strafed by South African aircraft, which destroyed most of the BTR-152s and three of the T-34-85s; a fourth T-34-85 was disabled by an anti-tank mine buried in the road. The remaining tank continued to engage the withdrawing South African paratroops from a [[hull down]] position until the battle was over.<ref name="Steenkamp1">{{cite book|title=Borderstrike! South Africa into Angola|last=Steenkamp|first=Willem|publisher=Butterworths Publishers|year=1983|isbn=978-0-409-10062-4|location=Durban|pages=19}}</ref>
\n
\nOver a hundred Cuban T-34-85s and their respective crews remained in Angola as of the mid 1980s. In September 1986, Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]] complained to General Konstantin Kurochkin, head of the Soviet military delegation to Angola, that his men could no longer be expected to fight South African armour with T-34s of "World War II vintage"; Castro insisted that the Soviets furbish the Cuban forces with a larger quantity of T-55s.<ref name="Gleijeses">{{cite book|title=Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991|last=Gleijeses|first=Piero|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4696-0968-3|location=Chapel Hill|page=369}}</ref> By 1987 Castro's request appeared to have been granted, as Cuban tank battalions were able to deploy substantial numbers of T-54Bs, T-55s, and T-62s; the T-34-85 was no longer in service.<ref name="Bush">{{cite book |last1=Tokarev |first1=Andrei |last2=Shubin |first2=Gennady |title=Bush War: The Road to Cuito Cuanavale : Soviet Soldiers' Accounts of the Angolan War|edition= 2011|pages=107–168 |publisher=Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd|isbn=978-1-4314-0185-7|year=2011 }}</ref>
\n
\n====Cyprus====
\n[[Cypriot National Guard]] forces equipped with some 35 T-34-85 tanks helped to support a coup by the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek junta]] against President [[Makarios III|Archbishop Makarios]] on 15 July 1974. They also saw extensive action against Turkish forces during the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion]] in July and August 1974, with two major actions at [[Kioneli]] and at [[Kyrenia]] on 20 July 1974.<ref>[[#Reference-Drousiotis-2006|Drousiotis, 2006]].</ref>
\n
\n====Namibia====
\nIn 1984, the South West African People's Organisation made a concerted attempt to establish its own conventional armoured battalion through its armed wing, the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]].<ref name="Windhoek">{{cite news|title=SWAPO strengthened by Red T-34 tanks|last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5QEAQAAIAAJ&d |work=Windhoek Advertiser|location=Windhoek, South West Africa (Namibia)|date=12 October 1984|accessdate=4 February 2017}}</ref> As part of this effort, SWAPO diplomatic representatives in Europe approached the [[German Democratic Republic]] with a request for ten T-34 tanks, which were delivered.<ref name=Schleicher>{{cite book |last1=Schleicher|first1=Hans-Georg|last2=Schleicher|first2=Ilona|title=Special flights: the GDR and liberation movements in southern Africa|date=1998|page=213|publisher=SAPES Books|location=Harare |isbn=978-1-77905-071-7}}</ref> SWAPO T-34s were never deployed during offensive operations against the South African military, being confined to the role of protecting strategic bases inside northern Angola.<ref name="Windhoek" /><ref name=Legum>{{cite book|last=Legum|first=Colin|title=The battlefronts of Southern Africa|date=1987|pages=343 |publisher=Holmes & Meier Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8419-1144-4}}</ref>
\n
\nBy 1988 most of them had been stationed near Luanda, where their crews received training from Cuban instructors. In March 1989, SWAPO inexplicably moved all its armoured units south towards the Namibian border. South Africa accused SWAPO of planning a major offensive to influence Namibia's [[Namibian parliamentary election, 1989|pending general elections]], but the tank crews remained stationary and even refrained from intervening in a series of renewed clashes later that year.<ref name="Stiff">{{cite book|title=Nine Days of War|last=Stiff|first=Peter|date=1989|publisher=Lemur Books (Pty) Ltd|isbn=978-0-620-14260-1|location=Alberton|pages=20, 89, 260}}</ref> All SWAPO T-34s were finally repatriated to Namibia at the movement's expense, following Namibian independence in 1990.<ref name="Stiff2">{{cite book|last=Stiff|first=Peter|title=Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s|date=2001|page=379|publisher=Galago Publishing Pty Ltd|location=Johannesburg|isbn=978-1-919854-01-4}}</ref> Four later entered service with the new [[Namibian Army]].<ref name="congo">{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/Scramble%20for%20the%20Congo%20Anatomy%20of%20an%20Ugly%20War.pdf |title=Scramble for the Congo – Anatomy of an Ugly War |publisher=ICG Africa |date=2000-12-20 |accessdate=2013-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201147/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/Scramble%20for%20the%20Congo%20Anatomy%20of%20an%20Ugly%20War.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref>
\n
\n====Finland====
\nThe Soviet and Finnish armies used T-34s until the 1960s; the former included the 76.2 mm-armed versions until at least 1968, when they were used in filming the sequel to the movie ''[[The Alive and the Dead]]''. The Finnish tanks were captured directly from the Soviets or purchased from Germany's captured stocks. Many of the Т-34-85s were enhanced with Finnish or Western equipment, such as improved optics.<ref name=Michulec>Michulec, Robert (2007). ''T-34: Mythical Weapon.'' Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: Air Connection.</ref>
\n
\n====Ukraine====
\nIn January 2015, video emerged of [[SU-100]] and T-34 tanks being transferred by rail, reportedly to participate in the invasion of Ukraine. It was later confirmed that these tanks were being transported to Moscow for the 2015 [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Victory Day Parade]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHhBQc-n0vo "В России готовят Танки Т34 к отправки в Украину/Russian T-34 tanks are preparing to send to Ukraine"</ref>
\n
\n====Vietnam====
\nDuring the [[Vietnam War]], the [[People's Army of Vietnam|North Vietnamese Army]] was equipped with many Chinese Type 58 tanks, a copy of T-34, and these were used in the [[Operation Lam Son 719]], the 1972 [[Easter Offensive]] and the [[1975 Spring Offensive]]. They were later used during the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea]] and the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The T-34 in Vietnam|date=January 14, 2016|url=https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2016/01/14/the-t-34-in-vietnam/|website=wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com}}{{Self-published source|date=October 2018}}</ref>
\n
\n====Yemen====
\nIn 2015, both T-34-85 Model 1969 tanks and [[SU-100]] self-propelled guns were photographed being used in [[Houthi takeover in Yemen]].<ref>http://www.uskowioniran.com/2015/04/wwii-era-soviet-armor-engaged-in-yemen.html "WWII era Soviet armor engaged in Yemen conflict"{{Self-published source|date=November 2017}}</ref>
\n
\n===Current active service===
\nIn 2010, there were eleven countries that maintained T-34s in the inventories of their national armed forces: [[Cuba]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Yemen]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mali]], [[Namibia]], [[North Korea]], [[Laos]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="IISS2010" /> Of these operators, Vietnam possessed the largest known surviving fleet of T-34 series tanks, with 45.<ref name="IISS2010" /> Bosnia-Herzegovina possessed 5, Yemen 30, Guinea 30, Guinea-Bissau 10, Mali 21, and Laos 30.<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="LaosRetired">[https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/tank-helped-russia-defeat-nazi-germany-has-finally-retired-laos-41122 The Tank That Helped Russia Defeat Nazi Germany Has Finally Retired (In Laos)]. ''The National Interest''. 10 January 2019.</ref> It was unclear how many Cuban and North Korean T-34s remained in service.<ref name="IISS2010" /> All the Congolese, Namibian and Malian tanks were believed to be in reserve storage or inoperable.<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="Jeune Afrique">{{cite news|title=Armée malienne : le difficile inventaire |trans-title=Malian Army: The difficult inventory|language=fr|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/170176/politique/arm-e-malienne-le-difficile-inventaire/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|first=Laurent |last=Touchard |date=18 June 2013}}</ref> The Laotian Army retired its T-34s in early 2019 and sold them all to Russia, where they will be used for public displays and museum exhibits.<ref name="LaosRetired"/>
\n
\n===Successors===
\nIn 1944, pre-war development of a more advanced T-34 tank was resumed, leading to the [[T-44]]. The new tank had a turret design based on the T-34-85's, but featured a new hull with [[torsion-bar suspension]] and [[transverse engine|transversely mounted engine]]; it had a lower profile than the T-34-85 and was simpler to manufacture. Between 150 and 200 of these tanks were built before the end of the war. With substantial drivetrain changes, a new turret, and 100 mm gun, it became the [[T-54]], starting production in 1947.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-2004|Zaloga & Johnson 2004:6]]</ref>
\n
\n==Operators==
\n[[File:T-34-85 in military base in Zenica.jpg|thumb|T-34-85 of the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 2014.]]
\n<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
\n
\n===Current operators===
\n* {{flag|Cuba}}: 642;<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> undisclosed number in service.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Bosnia-Herzegovina}}: 5<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}: In reserve.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Guinea}}: 45;<ref name="SIPRI" /> 30 operational.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}: 10<ref name="SIPRI" /><ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Mali}}: 30;<ref name="SIPRI" /> 21 in reserve.<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="Jeune Afrique"/>
\n* {{flag|Namibia}}: 4;<ref name="congo" /> in reserve.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|North Korea}}: 650;<ref name="SIPRI" /> undisclosed number in service.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Yemen}}: 250;<ref name=Cordesman2016>{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony|title=After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East|date=October 2016|pages=112–124, 701|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4742-9256-6}}</ref> 30 operational.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Vietnam}}: 300;<ref name="SIPRI" /> 45 operational.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n
\n===Former operators===
\n* {{flag|Afghanistan|1980}}: 175<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Algeria}}: 113<ref name=Cordesman2016 />
\n* {{flag|Albania|1946}}: 138<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Angola}}: 80<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Austria}}: 25<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Bulgaria|1971}}: 599<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|People's Republic of China}}: 2,500<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Cyprus}}: 32<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: 1,800<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Egypt}}: 380<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<ref name="Zal34">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:34]]</ref>
\n* {{flag|Ethiopia}}: 56<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Finland}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|East Germany}}: 872<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Hungary}}: 150<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: Captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beutepanzer.ru/Beutepanzer/italy/Color/Beute/color.htm|title=Italian army|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
\n* {{flag|Iraq}}: 175<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Laos}}: 30<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="LaosRetired"/>
\n* {{flag|Lebanon}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|Libya|1977}}: 65<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Mongolia}}: 40<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Mozambique}}: 200<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Pakistan}}: 25<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Palestine Liberation Organization}}: 24<ref>Kassis, ''30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon'' (2003), p. 73.</ref>
\n* {{flag|Poland}}: 1,000<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Romania|1965}}: 250<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Somalia}}: 120<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|Sudan}}: 20<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Syria}}: 200<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Togo}}: 7<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|title=Handbook of Major Foreign Weapons Systems Exported to the Third World: 1981–86|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88T00706R000500410003-2.pdf|location=Langley
\n|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=November 1987|accessdate=20 June 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123043011/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88T00706R000500410003-2.pdf|archivedate=23 January 2017}}</ref>
\n* {{flag|Uganda}}: 10<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of UNITA.svg}} [[UNITA]]<ref name="UNITA">{{cite journal|last=Grilz|first=Almerigo|date=1991|title=Briefing – The War in Angola: Forces and Organisation|volume=4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wbBDAQAAIAAJ|journal=Jane's Defence Weekly|page=1087}}</ref>
\n* {{flag|North Yemen}}: 150<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|South Yemen}}: 80<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|Zimbabwe}}: 10<ref name="Nelson">{{Cite book|title=Zimbabwe, a Country Study |edition=Second |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Harold D |year=1983 |publisher=Department of the Army, [[American University]] |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Area Handbook Series |oclc=227599708 |page=316}}</ref><ref name="Keegan">{{Cite book|title=World Armies |page=683 |edition=Second |last=Keegan |first=John |publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan |location=London |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-333-34079-0}}</ref>
\n
\n==Symbolism==
\n[[File:Dukla Pass battle monument 2.jpg|thumb|One of the best-known memorials of the [[Battle of the Dukla Pass]] of 1944, near [[Ladomirová]] and [[Svidník]], on the [[Slovakia|Slovak]] side of the [[Dukla Pass]]. A Soviet [[T-34 variants|T-34-85]] (left) together with a German [[Panzer IV|Pz-IV J]] (right).]]
\n[[File:2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade 45.jpg|thumb|A [[T-34 variants|T-34-85]] during the [[2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade]].]]
\n
\nA T-34-85 tank monument in the [[East German]] city of Karl-Marx-Stadt ([[Chemnitz]]) became the target of a 1980 bomb-attack that inflicted minor damage on the vehicle and blew out nearby windows. The bomber, [[Josef Kneifel]], was sentenced to life imprisonment in [[Bautzen]], but was released after a deal with the West German government in 1987. After [[German unification]] in 1990, the tank was transferred to a museum in Ingolstadt.<ref>Honnigfort, Bernhard. "Der Panzersprenger." ''Frankfurter Rundschau'', April 15, 2005.</ref><ref>Honnigfort, Bernhard. "Der sich nicht fügen wollte." ''Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger'', April 17, 2005.</ref>
\n
\nAnother such tank, mounted atop the [[monument to Soviet tank crews]] in [[Prague]], was the focus of significant controversy. The monument (known locally as 'Saint Tank') was intended to represent Lt I.G. Goncharenko's T-34-85 (the first Soviet tank to enter Prague in May 1945), but actually bore an [[Iosif Stalin tank|IS-2M]] heavy tank. To many in Prague, the tank was also a reminder of the Soviet invasion which ended the [[Prague Spring]] of 1968. The tank was painted pink by artist [[David Černý]] in 1991. Following an official protest from the Russian government, the arrest of Černý, a coat of official green paint, public demonstrations, and a further coat of pink paint applied by fifteen parliamentary deputies, the tank was finally removed to a military museum.<ref>[[#Reference-Wright-2001|Wright 2001:379]]</ref><ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:42–43]]</ref>
\n
\n''Four Tankers and a Dog'' (''[[Czterej pancerni i pies]]''), a very successful war-themed [[Telewizja Polska|Polish television series]] of the 1960s, adapted the novel of the same name by the [[Polish literature|Polish writer]] [[Janusz Przymanowski]] (1922–1998), himself a [[People's Army of Poland]] volunteer. The series made T-34 tank number 102 an icon of [[Culture of Poland|Polish popular culture]]. It was also shown in other [[Eastern bloc|Soviet-bloc]] countries where it was also well received, surprisingly even in the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany). At the beginning of the 21st century reruns of the [[black and white]] series still manage to attract a large audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsowp.poznan.pl/muzeum/pages/eksponat12.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219094927/http://www.wsowp.poznan.pl/muzeum/pages/eksponat12.htm |archivedate=2005-02-19 |df= }}</ref>
\n
\nIn [[Budapest]] on 23 October 2006, the [[2006 protests in Hungary]] climaxed during the 50th anniversary of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. Protesters managed to start an unarmed T-34 tank which was part of a memorial exhibit, and used it in riots against police forces. The tank drove a few hundred metres, then stopped in front of the police, causing no personal injury.<ref>Scotsman.com, "[http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1571102006 Hungarian protesters seize tank]", October 23, 2006; Népszabadság Online, "[http://www.nol.hu/cikk/421872/ Elfogták az elkötött T-34-es vezetőjét]", October 23, 2006 (Hungarian language).</ref>
\n{{clear}}
\n
\n==Variants==
\n{{Main|T-34 variants}}
\n{{refimprove section|date=July 2013}}
\n[[File:T-34 Subtypes.jpg|thumb|Illustration of some selected T-34 variants including [[tank destroyers]] and [[mobile artillery]].]]
\nThere were two main production families of the T-34, each with subvariants. The identification of T-34 variants can be complicated. Turret castings, superficial details, and equipment differed between factories; new features were added in the middle of production runs, or retrofitted to older tanks; damaged tanks were rebuilt, sometimes with the addition of newer-model equipment and even new turrets.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" />
\n
\nThe Red Army never had a consistent policy for naming the T-34.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:19]]</ref> Since at least the 1980s, however, many academic sources (notably, [[armoured fighting vehicle|AFV]] expert [[Steven Zaloga]]) have used Soviet-style nomenclature: ''T-34'' for the models armed with 76.2 mm guns, and ''T-34-85'' for models armed with 85 mm guns, with minor models distinguished by year, as ''T-34 Model 1940''. Some Russian historians use different names: they refer to the first T-34 as the ''T-34 Model 1939'' instead of 1940, all T-34s with the original turret and F-34 gun as ''Model 1941'' instead of Models 1941 and 1942, and the [[hexagon]]al-turret T-34 as ''Model 1942'' instead of 1943.<ref>[[#Reference-Zheltov-2001|Zheltov 2001, passim]]</ref>
\n
\nGerman [[military intelligence]] in World War II referred to the two main production families as ''T-34/76'' and ''T-34/85'', with subvariants receiving letter designations such as ''T-34/76A'' — this nomenclature has been widely used in the West, especially in popular literature. When the German Wehrmacht used captured T-34s, it designated them ''Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)'', where the "r" stood for ''russisch'' ("Russian").<ref>Carruthers, Bob. ''Panzers At War, 1943–1945.'' Henley-in-Arden, UK: Coda Books Ltd., 2011.</ref> The Finns referred to the T-34 as the ''Sotka'' after the [[common goldeneye]], because the side silhouette of the tank resembled a swimming waterfowl. The T-34-85 was called ''pitkäputkinen Sotka'' ("long-barreled Sotka").<ref>"Tank Museum Tour." [http://yhdistykset.ekarjala.fi/rmkilta/tapahtumat/ihantalanihme.htm Southeast Finland Border Guard Guild], 1999.</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34-85-latrun-1.jpg|thumb|T-34-85 on display at [[Yad La-Shiryon]], Israel.]]
\n
\nThe '''T-34''' (German designation: T-34/76) was the original tank with a 76.2 mm gun in a two-man turret.
\n* '''Model 1940''' (T-34/76A): Early, small production run (about 400 built<ref name=":0" />) with the [[L-11 76.2 mm tank gun|L-11]] 76.2 mm [[tank gun]].
\n* '''Model 1941''' (T-34/76B): Main production with thicker [[vehicle armour|armour]] and the superior [[F-34 tank gun|F-34 76.2 mm gun]].
\n* '''Model 1942''' (T-34/76C): Thicker armour, many minor manufacturing improvements.
\n* '''Model 1943''' (T-34/76D, E, and F): Introduced May 1942 (not 1943). More ammunition and fuel, very minor armour increase.<ref name="Zaloga 2006" /> New hexagonal turret, nicknamed "[[Mickey Mouse]]" by the Germans because of its appearance with the twin, round turret-roof hatches open. Later production had a new commander's cupola.
\n
\nThe '''T-34-85''' (German designation: T-34/85) was a major improvement with an 85 mm gun in a three-man turret. All T-34-85 models are externally very similar.
\n* '''Model 1943''': Short production run of February–March 1944 with [[D-5T 85 mm gun]].
\n* '''Model 1944''': Produced from March 1944 through to the end of that year, with simpler [[ZiS-S-53 85 mm gun]], radio moved from the hull into a turret with improved layout and new gunner's sight.
\n* '''Model 1945''': Produced from 1944 to 1945, with an electrically powered turret traverse motor, an enlarged commander's cupola with a one-piece hatch, and the TDP smoke system with electrically detonated MDSh canisters.
\n* '''Model 1946''': Production model with the improved V-2-34M engine, new wheels, and other minor details.
\n* '''Model 1960''': A refurbishing program introduced a new V-2-3411 engine and other modernizations.
\n* '''Model 1969''' (also called T-34-85M): Another refurbishing program introducing night driving equipment, additional fuel, and other modernizations.
\n
\n===Other armoured fighting vehicles===
\n[[File:T-34 57.jpg|thumb|A T-34-57 in 1941.]]
\n* '''Flame-thrower tanks''': OT-34 and OT-34-85 had an internally mounted [[flamethrower]] ATO-41 (ATO-42 later) replacing the hull machine-gun.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:42]]</ref>
\n* '''PT-1''' T-34/76: '''''P'''rotivominniy '''T'''ral'' (counter-mine trawl) [[Mine roller]] tank, mostly built on T-34 Model 1943 or T-34-85 chassis.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-2004|Zaloga & Johnson 2004:18-19]]; the KMT designation was adopted in the 1950s</ref>
\n* '''Self-propelled guns and tank destroyers''':
\n** [[SU-122]], a [[self-propelled howitzer]] based on T-34 Model 1943 chassis.<ref name="Zaloga 1994:45">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:45]]</ref>
\n** [[SU-85]], a tank destroyer based on T-34 Model 1943 chassis.<ref name="Zaloga 1994:45" />
\n** [[SU-100]], a tank destroyer based on T-34-85 chassis.<ref name="Zaloga 1996:14">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga 1996:14]]</ref>
\n* '''T-34/57''': Fewer than 324 T-34s in 1941 and 1943–44 were fitted with the [[57-mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)|ZiS-4]] or the ZIS-4M high-velocity 57 mm gun to be used as tank hunters.<ref>[[#Reference-Wachowski-2004|Wachowski 2004]]</ref>
\n
\n==Surviving vehicles==
\nAn enormous number of T-34s and T-34-85s were produced; the Soviets used them aggressively in campaigns in Europe and Asia, and they were distributed to the Soviets' allies all over the world. Due to all three factors, there are hundreds of surviving T-34s. Examples of this tank are in the collections of most significant military museums, and hundreds more serve as war memorials. Many are in private ownership, and demilitarised working tanks change hands for U.S. $20,000–40,000. Some still may serve in a second-line capacity in a number of [[Third World]] militaries, while others may find use in a civilian capacity, primarily in film-making. In many World War II films, such as ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'',<ref name="SPROE">{{citation |url=http://www.sproe.com/t/tank-tiger.html |work=Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia |title=Sd.Kfz. 181 PzKpfw VI Tiger I Tank}}</ref> ''[[The Battle of Neretva]]'', and ''[[Kelly's Heroes]]'',<ref>{{citation |url=http://imcdb.org/vehicle_31790-Uralvagonzavod-T-34-85-1944.html |work=Internet Movie Cars Database |title=Kelly's Heroes Tiger Tank page}} Cross of Iron</ref> T-34-85 tanks were modified to resemble [[Tiger I]] tanks, due to the rarity of the latter.<ref name="SPROE" /> In [[Sydney Pollack]]'s 1969 movie ''[[Castle Keep]]'', barely modified T-34-85 tanks were used as German tanks.<ref name="CKEEP">{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GSaesy7ZIA |work=YouTube |title=Castle Keep Trailer}}</ref>
\n
\nIn 2000, a T-34 Model 1943 was recovered that had spent 56 years at the bottom of a [[bog]] in [[Estonia]].<ref>[http://www.mil.hiiumaa.ee/2000_09_14_kurtna_T-34-36/ Tanki T34-76 väljatõmbamine Kurtna järvest (WWII Trophy tank)]. ''Militaarne Hiiumaa'' web site, text republished from ''Komatsu Times'' vol 3 no 1. English and Estonian language, retrieved on February 3, 2007.</ref> The tank had been captured and used by retreating German troops, who dumped it in the swamp when it ran out of fuel. The [[anaerobic environment]] of the bog preserved the tank and ensured there were no signs of oil leakage, rust, or other significant water damage. The engine was restored to full working order.<ref>[http://www.diving.ee/articles/art035.html Подъем танка (pulling tank) T-34]. ''Otsing Club'' web site. Russian language, retrieved on February 3, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://englishrussia.com/2006/09/17/russian-tank-recovered-from-the-lake-after-50-years-been-there/|title=Russian Tank Recovered from the Lake After 50 Years Been There – English Russia|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nOther significant surviving T-34s include a Model 1941 at the [[United States Army Ordnance Museum|U.S. Army Ordnance Museum]] in [[Aberdeen, Maryland]]—one of the oldest surviving vehicles. The French [[Musee des Blindes]] at Saumur holds two T-34s, including one in full working condition that is displayed in action at its summer "Carrousel" live tank exhibition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museedesblindes.fr/spip.php?article23 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130412201548/http://www.museedesblindes.fr/spip.php?article23 |archivedate=2013-04-12 |df= }}</ref> The [[Mandela Way T-34 Tank]], a privately owned T-34-85 named after the street in which it is sited (near [[Bermondsey]], London), is frequently repainted by artists and graffitists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bermondsey.org/mandela-way-t-34-tank/|title=Mandela Way T-34 Tank|website=bermondsey.org|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{Portal|Tank}}
\n* [[List of tanks of the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Soviet combat vehicle production during World War II]]
\n
\n===Tanks of comparable role, performance, and era===
\n{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
\n* British [[Comet tank|Comet]]
\n* British [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]]
\n* Canadian [[Grizzly I cruiser|Grizzly I]]
\n* German [[Panzer IV]]
\n* German [[Panther tank|Panther]]
\n* Hungarian [[40M Turán|Turán III]]
\n* Italian [[Carro Armato P 40]]
\n* Japanese [[Type 3 Chi-Nu]]
\n* Swedish [[Stridsvagn m/42]]
\n* United States [[M4 Sherman]]
\n{{Div col end}}
\n
\n==Notes==
\n{{reflist|group="notes"}}
\n
\n;Citations
\n{{reflist|30em}}
\n
\n==References==
\n{{refbegin|40em}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Buckley-2004 | reference = Buckley, John (2004). ''British Armour in the Normandy Campaign.'' London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|978-0415407731}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Chamberlain-1978 | reference = Chamberlain, Peter, Hilary Doyle, and Tom Jentz (1978). ''Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War II.'' London: Arms and Armour Press. {{ISBN|978-0853682028}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Chant, Christopher | reference = Chant, Christopher (1994 [1996]). ''World Encyclopedia of the Tank: An International History of the Armoured Fighting Machine,'' Somerset: Patrick Stephens (Haynes). {{ISBN|1-85260-114-0}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Cole-1965 | reference = Cole, Hugh M. ''The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge.'' Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1965. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Coox | reference = [[Alvin Coox|Coox, Alvin D.]] (1990 softcover edition, two volumes in one). ''Nomonhan, Japan Against Russia 1939.'' Berkeley, CA: [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8047-1835-0}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Drabkin | reference = Drabkin, Artem & Oleg Sheremet (2006). ''T-34 in action.'' Barnsley (S-Y): Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-243-X}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Drousiotis-2006 | reference = Drousiotis, Makarios (2006). ''Cyprus 1974: The Greek coup and the Turkish invasion.'' Bibliopolis. {{ISBN|3-933925-76-2}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Erickson | reference = Erickson, John (1962). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkSxFpKmIsC&lpg=PA596&pg=PA596#v=onepage&q&f=false The Soviet high command: a military-political history, 1918–1941]'' (3rd ed.). London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-5178-8}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Fowler-2002 | reference = Fowler, Will, and Tim Bean (2002). ''Russian Tanks of World War II — Stalin’s Armoured Might.'' London: Ian Allan Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0760313022}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Gander & Chamberlain (2002) | reference = Gander, Terry, and Peter Chamberlain. ''Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945''. New York: Doubleday, 1979 {{ISBN|0-385-15090-3}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Harrison-2002 | reference = Harrison, Mark (2002). ''Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-89424-7}}. }}
\n* {{citation |last1=Hughes |first1=Matthew |first2=Chris |last2=Mann |title=The T-34 Russian Battle Tank |location=Wisconsin |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7603-0701-4 }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = KMDB-2006 | reference = Kharkov Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau (2006). [http://www.morozov.com.ua/eng/body/tanks/t-43.php?menu=history5.php "T-43 Medium Tank"], at morozov.com.ua. URL accessed on October 5, 2006. }}
\n* Kassis, Samer, ''30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon'', Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. {{ISBN|9953-0-0705-5}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Krivosheev-1997 | reference = Krivosheev, Col.-Gen. G.F., and John Erickson (1997). ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century.'' London: Greenhill Books. {{ISBN|978-1853672804}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Liddel_Hart-1951 | reference = [[Basil Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart, Basil]] (1951 [1999]). ''The other side of the hill: Germany's generals, their rise and fall, with their own account of military events, 1939–1945.'' London: Cassell. {{ISBN|0-330-37324-2}}. }}
\n* {{cite book|last=Michulec|first=Robert|title=T-34: mythical weapon|year=2006|publisher=Armagedon & Airconnection|location=Mississauga, ON|isbn=978-0-9781091-0-3|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/T_34.html?id=M2AdLgAACAAJ|author2=Mirosław Zientarzewski }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Milsom-1971 | reference = Milsom, John (1971). ''Russian Tanks, 1900–1970: The Complete Illustrated History of Soviet Armoured Theory and Design.'' Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. {{ISBN|0-8117-1493-4}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Para-2002 | reference = Para, Carl (April 2002). "Military Heritage feature on the T-34" in ''Military Heritage'' vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 18–20, 22–23. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Perrett-1987 | reference = Perrett, Bryan (1987). ''Soviet Armour Since 1945.'' London: Blandford. {{ISBN|0-7137-1735-1}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Perrett-1999 | reference = Perrett, Bryan, and Jim Laurier (1999). ''Panzerkampfwagen IV Medium Tank, 1936–45'' (New Vanguard 28). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-843-7}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Russian_Battlefield-2000 | reference = Russian Battlefield (2000). [http://english.battlefield.ru/t-34.html "T-34 Medium Tank"] ''The Russian Battlefield'', URL accessed on July 6, 2013. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Russian_Battlefield-2003 | reference = Russian Battlefield (2003). [http://english.battlefield.ru/t-34-85.html "T-34-85 Medium Tank"] ''The Russian Battlefield'', URL accessed on July 6, 2013. }}
\n* {{cite book|first=Mark |last=Solonin|authorlink=Mark Solonin|title=22 czerwca 1941 czyli Jak zaczęła się Wielka Wojna ojczyźniana|year=2007|publisher=Dom Wydawniczy Rebis|location=Poznań, Poland|isbn=978-83-7510-130-0|edition=1|others=Translated by Tomasz Lisiecki|language=Polish}} (the only English translations of Solonin's works seem to be, as of June 2011, [http://www.solonin.org/en/books these online chapters])
\n* {{wikicite | id = Sewell-1998|reference=Sewell, Stephen 'Cookie' (1998). [https://www.knox.army.mil/center/ArmorMag/backissues/1990s/1998/ja98/4sewell98.pdf "Why Three Tanks?"] in ''Armor'' vol. 108, no. 4, p. 21. Fort Knox, KY: US Army Armor Center. ISSN 0004-2420.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Von_Mellenthin-1956 | reference = [[Friedrich von Mellenthin|Von Mellenthin, Major General F. W.]] (1956). ''Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War'', First Ballantine Books Edition, 1971. New York: Ballantine Books. {{ISBN|0-345-24440-0}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Wachowski-2004 | reference = Wachowski, Tomasz (2004). "Nieznany T-34" (The Unknown T-34) in ''Nowa Technika Wojskowa'' (''New Military Equipment'') 11/2004, p. 53. Warsaw: Magnum-X. ISSN 1230-1655. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Wright-2001 | reference = [[Patrick Wright (academic)|Wright, Patrick]] (2001). ''Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine''. Viking Adult. {{ISBN|0-670-03070-8}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1983 | reference = [[Steven Zaloga|Zaloga, Steven J.]], James Grandsen (1983). ''T-34 in Action'', Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal. {{ISBN|0-89747-112-1}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1984 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). ''Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two'', London: Arms and Armour Press. {{ISBN|0-85368-606-8}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1994 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Peter Sarson (1994). ''T-34 Medium Tank 1941–45'' (New Vanguard 9), Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-382-6}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1996 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Jim Kinnear (1996). ''T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944–94'' (New Vanguard 20), Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-535-7}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1997 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Jim Kinnear, Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev (1997). ''Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941–45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks'', Hong Kong: Concord Publication. {{ISBN|962-361-615-5}}}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1998 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Leland S. Ness (1998). ''Red Army Handbook 1939–1945.'' Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0750917407}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-2004 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Hugh Johnson (2004). ''T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84176-792-1}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-2007 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). ''Japanese Tanks 1939–45.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-091-8}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-2010 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J. (2010). ''T-34-85 vs. M26 Pershing, Korea 1950.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-84603-990-4}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zheltov-1999 | reference = Zheltov, I., M. Pavlov, I. Pavlov (1999). "Tanki BT. chast 3. Kolyosno-gusenychny tank BT-7" ("BT Tanks, part 3: BT-7 wheeled/tracked tank"), in ''Armada'' no. 17, p.13. Moscow. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zheltov-2001 | reference = Zheltov, I., M. Pavlov, I. Pavlov (2001). ''Neizvestnyy T-34'' (''The Unknown T-34''). Moscow: Eksprint. {{ISBN|5-94038-013-1}} }}
\n{{refend}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n{{Commons}}
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\n======
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\n========
\n=-->
\n* [http://www.wirtualne.muzeumbronipancernej.pl/ Full panorama of external and internal T34/85]
\n* [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/ussr/tanks-medium/t-34.asp T34] and [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/ussr/tanks-medium/t-34-85.asp T34/85] at wwiivehicles.com
\n* [http://legion-afv.narod.ru/T-34-76.html The T-34], tanks in museums and monuments.
\n* [http://legion-afv.narod.ru/T-34-85.html The T-34-85], tanks in museums and monuments.
\n* [http://www.missing-lynx.com/articles/russia/rpt34/rpt34.htm The T-34-85 in WWII: A Closer Look]—detailed examination of T-34-85 details
\n* [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r): Soviet T-34 in German Service] at Achtung Panzer!
\n* [https://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1012:2 U.S. WWII Newsmap, "Russian Armored Vehicles"], hosted by the [https://digital.library.unt.edu/ UNT Libraries Digital Collections]
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929174953/http://www.museum-t-34.ru/en/ T-34 History Museum], the world's only dedicated T-34 tank museum, located in the Moscow Region.
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202903/http://www.scribd.com/doc/29617825/T-34-Tank-Field-Repair-Manual Field Repair Manual] {{ru icon}} Soviet manual covering the field repair of the T-34 Tank
\n* [http://www.operationbarbarossa.net/the-t-34-in-wwii-the-legend-vs-the-performance/ The T-34 in WWII: the Legend vs. the Performance]
\n{{WWIISovietAFVs}}
\n{{PRCAFVs}}
\n
\n{{Authority control}}
\n
\n[[Category:Medium tanks of the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:Military vehicles 1940–1944]]
\n[[Category:World War II tanks of the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:History of the tank]]
\n[[Category:Malyshev Factory products]]
",
"pubDate": "2019-01-29T02:27:48+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:T-34"
},
{
"title": "Soviet–Afghan War",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War&diff=880727369",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War&diff=880727369",
"description": "Gregology: /* Civil war */
\n
\n{{pp-semi-indef}}
\n{{short description|War between the Soviet Union and Afghan insurgents, 1979-89}}
\n
\n{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
\n{{Infobox military conflict
\n|conflict = Soviet–Afghan War
\n|partof = the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Wars in Afghanistan]] and the [[Cold War]]
\n|image = [[File:Mortar attack on Shigal Tarna garrison, Kunar Province, 87.jpg|border|300px]]
\n|caption = Mujahideen fighters in the [[Kunar Province]] of Afghanistan in 1987
\n|date = December 24, 1979 – February 15, 1989<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=24|year1=1979|month2=02|day2=15|year2=1989}})
\n|place = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
\n|result =
\n* Soviet failure to quell the Afghan [[mujahideen]] insurgency
\n* [[Geneva Accord (1988)]]
\n* [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Withdrawal]] of [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]] from Afghanistan
\n* Continuation of the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–92)|Afghan Civil War]] without Soviet troops<ref>{{cite book|title=Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared|first=Douglas A.|last=Borer|location=London|publisher=Cass|year=1999|page=216|isbn=0-7146-4851-5}}</ref>
\n|combatant1 = {{flag|Soviet Union}}
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union|army}} [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]]
\n{{flagdeco|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan}} [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]<br>
\n'''Supported by:'''<br>
\n{{flag|East Germany}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Marsden|title=Afghanistan – Aid, Armies and Empires: Aid, Armies and Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeYBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|year=2009|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-007-9|page=40}}</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1990/10/14/east-germanys-dirty-secret/09375b6f-2ae1-4173-a0dc-77a9c276aa4b/</ref><br>
\n<small>'''Humanitarian aid:'''</small>
\n{{flag|India|size=22px}}<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/07/world/india-to-provide-aid-to-government-in-afghanistan.html| publisher= Delfi.lv |date= 7 March 1989}}</ref>
\n|combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen|'''Sunni Mujahideen''']]:
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} [[Jamiat-e Islami]]<ref name=goodson/>
\n** [[Shura-e Nazar]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Hezbi Islami.svg}} [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Gulbuddin faction]]<ref name=goodson/>
\n** [[Maktab al-Khadamat]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Logo of Hezb-e Islami Khalis.svg}} [[Hezb-e Islami Khalis|Khalis faction]]<ref name=goodson/>
\n* [[Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan|Ittehad i-Islami]] (IULA)<ref name=goodson/>
\n* [[Harakat-i-Inqilab]] (IRM)<ref name=goodson/>
\n* [[Jebh-e Nejat-e Melli]] (ANLF)<ref name=goodson/>
\n* {{flagicon image|Emblem of the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan.svg}} [[National Islamic Front of Afghanistan|Mahaz-e Milli]] (NIFA)<ref name=goodson/>
\n
\n'''Supported by:'''<br />
\n{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>{{cite news|last=McElroy|first=Damien|title=Stratfor: Osama bin Laden 'was in routine contact with Pakistan's spy agency'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 February 2012|location=London}}</ref><ref name=goodson>{{cite book|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFCfzdmnTwQC&pg=PA147|year=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98050-8|pages=147, 165}}</ref><ref name=britannica2001/><ref name=britannica1978/><br />
\n{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref name=britannica2001/><ref name=britannica1978/><ref name="Brzezinski"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=crile1>{{cite book|first=George|last=Crile|title=Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2003|isbn=0-87113-854-9}}</ref><ref name="SaudiArabia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/saudi-arabia-future-afghanistan/p17964|title=Saudi Arabia and the Future of Afghanistan|work=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref><br />
\n{{flag|United States}}<ref name="Brzezinski"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name='Oily'/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/17741.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510151200/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/17741.htm|archivedate=2007-05-10 |title="Reagan Doctrine, 1985," United States State Department|publisher=State.gov|accessdate=2011-02-20}}</ref><br />
\n{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="gwu.edu">[http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski2.html Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski] – (June 13, 1997). Part 2. Episode 17. Good Guys, Bad Guys. June 13, 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Corera|title=MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service|year=2011|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn=978-0-7538-2833-5}}</ref><br />
\n{{flag|China}}<ref name=shichor>{{cite book|last=Frederick Starr|first=S.|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA157|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=157–158}}</ref><br />
\n{{flag|West Germany}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Renz|first1=Michael|title=Operation Sommerregen|url=https://www.welt.de/print/wams/politik/article120664012/Operation-Sommerregen.html|accessdate=6 June 2015|agency=Die Welt|issue=40|publisher=Die Welt|date=October 6, 2012|language=German}}</ref>
\n
\n----
\n'''[[Tehran Eight|Shia Mujahideen]]:'''
\n* [[Islamic Movement of Afghanistan|Harakat i-Islami]]<ref name=goodson/>
\n* {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Nasr Party (Afghanistan).svg}} [[Al-Nasr (Afghanistan)|Nasr Party (IVOA)]]<ref name=goodson/>
\n* [[Corpus of Islamic Revolution Guardians of Afghanistan|COIRGA]]
\n* [[Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan|Shura Party]]
\n* [[Hezbollah (Afghanistan)|Afghan Hezbollah]]
\n* [[Islamic Revolution Movement|IRM]]
\n* [[Union of Islamic Fighters|UOIF]]
\n* [[Raad Party]]
\n'''Supported by:'''<br>
\n* {{flag|Iran}}<ref name=goodson/><ref name=britannica2001/><ref name=britannica1978/>
\n----
\n'''[[Maoism|Maoist factions]]:'''
\n* [[Afghanistan Liberation Organization|Sazman-i Rihayi]] (ALO)
\n* [[Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan|Sazman-e Azadibakhsh-e Mardom]] (SAMA)
\n* [[Afghanistan Mujahedin Freedom Fighters Front|AMFFF]]
\n'''Supported by:'''<br>
\n* {{flag|China}}<ref name=shichor>{{cite book|last=Frederick Starr|first=S.|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA157|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=157–158}}</ref>
\n<!--- Don't add belligerents without discussion -->
\n|commander1 = {{plainlist|
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union|1955}} [[Leonid Brezhnev]]{{KIA|Death by natural causes}}
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Yuri Andropov]]{{KIA|Death by natural causes}}
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Konstantin Chernenko]]{{KIA|Death by natural causes}}
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Dmitriy Ustinov]]{{KIA|Death by natural causes}}
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Sergei Sokolov (Marshal)|Sergei Sokolov]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Dmitriy Yazov]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Valentin Varennikov]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Igor Rodionov]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Boris Gromov]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1980}} [[Babrak Karmal]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1987}} [[Mohammad Najibullah]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1980}} [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1980}} [[Abdul Qadir (Afghan communist)|Abdul Qadir]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1987}} [[Shahnawaz Tanai]]
\n* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1987}} [[Mohammed Rafie]]
\n}}
\n|commander2 = {{plainlist|
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Logo of Hezb-e Islami Khalis.svg}} [[Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)|Abdul Haq]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abdullah Azzam]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Osama Bin Laden]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} [[Ismail Khan]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Hezbi Islami.svg}} [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Logo of Hezb-e Islami Khalis.svg}} [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi|Mohammad Nabi]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} [[Mullah Naqib|Naqib Alikozai]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Emblem of the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan.svg}} [[Abdul Rahim Wardak]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Hezbi Islami.svg}} [[Fazal Haq Mujahid]]
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]
\n* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Michael G. Vickers]]
\n----
\n* [[Muhammad Asif Muhsini]]
\n* [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]
\n* Assef Kandahari
\n* [[Sayyid Ali Beheshti]]
\n* Mosbah Sade}}
\n----
\n[[Mulavi Dawood]]{{executed}} (AMFFF)
\n[[Faiz Ahmad]]{{executed}}
\n|strength1 = '''[[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]]:'''
\n* 620,000 total<ref>Krivosheev, p. 365</ref>
\n* 115,000 at peak<ref name="Nyrop1986">{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Country Study |last=Nyrop |first=Richard F. |author2=Donald M. Seekins |date=January 1986 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |pages=XVIII–XXV |url=http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/Afghanistan-Chapter1.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011103033024/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/Afghanistan-Chapter1.pdf |archivedate=November 3, 2001 }}</ref>
\n'''[[Military of Afghanistan|Afghan forces]]:'''
\n* 65,000 regulars at peak<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark N. Katz|url=http://www.mepc.org/articles-commentary/commentary/lessons-soviet-withdrawal-afghanistan|title=Middle East Policy Council | Lessons of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan|publisher=Mepc.org|date=March 9, 2011|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref>
\n|strength2 = '''Mujahideen:'''
\n200,000–250,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Maxime Rischard|url=http://www.global-politics.co.uk/issue6/Stahl/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121131224/http://www.global-politics.co.uk/issue6/Stahl/|archivedate=2011-11-21|title=Al Qa'ida's American Connection|publisher=Global-Politics.co.uk|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://translate.google.no/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=no&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=no&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fvgd.no%2Fsamfunn%2Fhistorie%2Ftema%2F1582171%2Ftittel%2Fafghanistan-sovjet-eller-usa-sterkeste%2Finnlegg%2F28408954%2F&act=url|title=Soviet or the USA the strongest|language=no|publisher=Translate.google.no|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/11/ap-afghanistan-milestone-112610/|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120525095724/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/11/ap-afghanistan-milestone-112610/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 25, 2012|title=Afghanistan hits Soviet milestone – Army News|publisher=Armytimes.com|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref>
\n|casualties1 = '''Soviet forces:'''{{plainlist|
\n* 14,453 killed (total) or
\n13,833–26,000 killed (total)<ref>https://archive.org/stream/The_Soviet-Afghan_War_How_a_Superpower_Fought_and_Lost/The_Soviet-Afghan_War_How_a_Superpower_Fought_and_Lost_djvu.txt</ref>
\n** 9,500 killed in combat<ref name="vfw.org"/>
\n** 4,000 died from wounds<ref name="vfw.org"/>
\n** 1,000 died from disease and accidents<ref name="vfw.org"/>
\n* 53,753 wounded<ref name="vfw.org"/>
\n* 264 missing<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian soldier missing in Afghanistan for 33 years is FOUND living as nomadic sheikh in remote Afghan province|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2288544/Russian-soldier-missing-Afghanistan-33-years-FOUND-living-nomadic-sheikh-remote-Afghan-province.html|accessdate=21 September 2015|agency=Dailymail|date=March 5, 2013}}</ref>
\n* [[List of Soviet aircraft crashes in Afghanistan|451 aircraft]] (including 333 [[helicopters]])
\n* 147 [[tanks]]
\n* 1,314 [[IFV]]/[[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]]
\n* 433 [[Artillery|artillery guns]] and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]
\n* 11,369 cargo and fuel tanker trucks}}
\n
\n'''Afghan forces:'''{{plainlist|
\n* 18,000 killed<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u1tAAAAMAAJ|title=Russia's War in Afghanistan|author=David C. Isby|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-0-85045-691-2|date=1986}}</ref>}}
\n|casualties2 = '''Mujahideen:'''{{plainlist|
\n* 75,000–90,000 killed
\n* 75,000+ wounded (tentative estimate)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz5NzJtg48kC&pg=PA115|title=War, politics and society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992|author=Antonio Giustozzi|publisher=Hurst|year=2000|isbn=1-85065-396-8|page=115|quote=A tentative estimate for total mujahideen losses in 1980-02 may be in the 150–180,000 range, with maybe half of them killed.}}</ref>}}
\n
\n'''Pakistan:'''{{plainlist|
\n* 300+ killed
\n* 1 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter jet shot down<ref>Markovskiy, Victor (1997). "Жаркое небо Афганистана: Часть IX" [Hot Sky of Afghanistan: Part IX]. Авиация и время [Aviation and Time] (in Russian) p.28</ref>}}
\n
\n'''Iran:'''{{plainlist|
\n* 2 [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1J]] helicopters shot down
\n* Unknown number killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=47|title=Soviet Air-to-Air Victories of the Cold War|publisher=|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref>}}
\n|casualties3 = '''Civilians (Afghan):'''{{plainlist|
\n* 562,000<ref name="562k"/>–2,000,000 killed<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref name="Sliwinski"/>
\n* 5 million [[Afghan refugees|refugees]] outside Afghanistan
\n* 2 million [[internally displaced person]]s
\n* Around 3 million [[Afghanistan|Afghans]] wounded (mostly civilians)<ref>Hilali, A. (2005). US–Pakistan relationship: Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co. (p.198)</ref>}}
\n|campaign =
\n}}
\n{{Campaignbox Soviet war in Afghanistan}}
\n{{Campaignbox Afghanistan}}
\n<!--- #### LEAD BEGINS #### --->
\nThe '''Soviet–Afghan War''' lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups known collectively as the [[mujahideen]], as well as smaller [[Maoist]] groups, fought a [[guerrilla war]] against the [[Soviet Army]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] government, mostly in the rural countryside. The mujahideen groups were backed primarily by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, making it a [[Cold War (1979–1985)|Cold War]] [[proxy war]]. Between 562,000<ref name="562k">{{cite journal|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|url=http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|title=Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths|journal=European Journal of Population|volume=21|year=2005|p=154|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175909/http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|archive-date=October 6, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and 2,000,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees,<ref name="Khalidi">Noor Ahmad Khalidi, [http://www.nonel.pu.ru/erdferkel/khalidi.pdf "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87,"] ''Central Asian Survey'', vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">Marek Sliwinski, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People," ''Orbis'' (Winter, 1989), p.39.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA129|title=The Widening Circle of Genocide|last=Klass|first=Rosanne|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-1-4128-3965-5|page=129|quote=During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerrilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.|via=}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> mostly [[Afghans in Pakistan|to Pakistan]] [[Afghans in Iran|and Iran]].
\n
\nPrior to the arrival of Soviet troops, [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's communist party]] took power after a [[Saur Revolution|1978 coup]], installing [[Nur Mohammad Taraki]] as president. The party initiated a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country that were deeply unpopular, particularly among the more traditional rural population and the established traditional power structures.<ref name="law.upenn.edu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614165958/http://law.upenn.edu/~ekohlman/afghanistan.pdf Bennett Andrew (1999); ''A bitter harvest: Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and its effects on Afghan political movements''](Retrieved February 4, 2007)</ref> The regime's nature<ref>{{cite web|author=Raymond Whitaker |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-babrak-karmal-1313192.html |title=Obituary: Babrak Karmal |publisher=The Independent |date= |accessdate=2018-01-19}}</ref> of vigorously suppressing opposition, executing thousands of political prisoners and ordering massacres against unarmed civilians, led to the rise of anti-government armed groups, and by April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion.<ref name=kepel-2002-138>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris.|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA138 |isbn=978-1-84511-257-8}}</ref> The government itself experienced in-party rivalry, and in September 1979 Taraki was murdered under orders of his rival and Minister of Foreign Affairs, [[Hafizullah Amin]], which soured relations with the Soviet Union. Eventually the Soviet government, under leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]], decided to [[#1979: Soviet deployment|deploy]] the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]] on December 24, 1979.<ref name=bbc>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883532.stm "Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan"]. [[BBC News]]. Published February 17, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2009.</ref> Arriving in the capital [[Kabul]], they staged a [[Operation Storm-333|coup]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8428701.stm|title=How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace|date=27 December 2009|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref> killing president Amin and installing Soviet loyalist [[Babrak Karmal]] from a [[Parcham|rival faction]].<ref name=kepel-2002-138/> The deployment had been variously called an "[[invasion]]" (by [[Western media]] and the rebels) or a legitimate supporting [[Intervention (international law)|intervention]] (by the Soviet Union and the Afghan government)<ref>https://www.rbth.com/international/2017/01/12/7-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan_678758</ref><ref>https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/russian-invasion-of-afghanistan/</ref> on the basis of the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]].
\n
\nIn January 1980, foreign ministers from 34 nations of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Islamic Conference]] adopted a resolution demanding "the immediate, urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops" from Afghanistan.<ref name="news.google.co.nz">{{cite news|title=Moslems Condemn Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=January 29, 1980|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0esNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rG0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6692,3799612&dq=soviet+invasion+of+afghanistan&hl=en}}</ref> The [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention by a vote of 104 (for) to 18 (against), with 18 abstentions and 12 members of the 152-nation Assembly absent or not participating in the vote;<ref name="news.google.co.nz"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=U.N. General Assembly Votes to Protest Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|newspaper=Toledo Blade|date=January 15, 1980|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MQwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jQIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6049,7393411&dq=soviet+invasion+of+afghanistan&hl=en}}</ref> only Soviet allies [[Angola]], [[East Germany]] and [[Vietnam]], along with [[India]], supported the intervention.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/01/12/india-supports-soviets-afghan-position-in-un-debate/17dd1eb5-93f9-44bf-9f95-ecda7285843c/?noredirect=on</ref> Afghan insurgents began to receive massive amounts of aid and military training in neighboring Pakistan and China,<ref name=shichor>{{cite book|last=Frederick Starr|first=S.|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA157|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=157–158}}</ref> paid for primarily by the United States and [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Arab monarchies in the Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Brzezinski">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829032721/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html|archivedate=2000-08-29|title=Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski-(13/6/97).|publisher=|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wilson">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/charlie-wilson-congressman-whose-support-for-the-mujahideen-helped-force-the-soviet-union-out-of-afghanistan-1898180.html|title=Charlie Wilson: Congressman whose support for the mujahideen helped force the Soviet Union out of Afghanistan|work=The Independent|accessdate=October 2, 2014|location=London|first=Rupert|last=Cornwell|date=February 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="shichor" /><ref name="Oily">{{cite news|title=The Oily Americans|date=May 13, 2003|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=2008-07-08|first1=Donald L.|last1=Barlett|first2=James B.|last2=Steele}}</ref><ref name=kepel-143>{{cite book|last=Kepel |first=Gilles |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2002 |page=143|quote=By 1982 the jihad was receiving $600 million in U.S. aid per year, with a matching amount coming from the Gulf states.}}</ref><ref>Total aid from the CIA is estimated at $3 billion. The precise figures as well as a description of the mechanics of the aid process are given in Barnett R. Rubin, ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan.'' Yale University Press, 2002</ref><ref>According to Milton Bearden, former CIA chief in charge of the Afghan department, "The Saudi dollar-for-dollar match with the US taxpayer was fundamental to the success [of the ten-year engagement in Afghanistan]" (from [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/interviews/bearden.html Milton Bearden] Interview. PBS Frontline.)</ref><ref name="unholy" /> As documented by the [[National Security Archive]], "the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) played a significant role in asserting U.S. influence in Afghanistan by funding military operations designed to frustrate the Soviet invasion of that country. CIA [[Covert operation|covert action]] worked through [[Pakistani intelligence services]] to reach Afghan rebel groups."<ref>[http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/us.html U.S. ANALYSIS OF THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: DECLASSIFIED], from the ''[[National Security Archive]]'', edited by John Prados (October 9, 2001)</ref> Soviet troops occupied the cities and main arteries of communication, while the mujahideen waged [[guerrilla war]] in small groups operating in the almost 80 percent of the country that was outside government and Soviet control, almost exclusively being the rural countryside.<ref name="Amstutz, J. Bruce 1986 p. 127">Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). ''Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation''. Washington D.C.: NDU Press, p. 127.</ref> The Soviets used their air power to deal harshly with both rebels and civilians, levelling villages to deny safe haven to the mujahideen, destroying vital irrigation ditches, and laying millions of land mines.<ref name=LSA>{{cite journal|last1=Westermann|first1=Edward B.|title=The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Failure of Military Coercion in Afghanistan, 1979–89|date=Fall 1999|volume=XIX|issue=2|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4356/5011|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=128|ps=: "... the farmer told Wakhil [Kaplan's translator] about all the irrigation ditches that had been blown up by fighter jets, and the flooding in the valley and malaria outbreak that followed. Malaria, which on the eve of Taraki's Communist coup in April 1978 was at the point of being eradicated in Afghanistan, had returned with a vengeance, thanks to the stagnant, mosquito-breeding pools caused by the widespread destruction of irrigation systems. Nangarhar [province] was rife with the disease. This was another relatively minor, tedious side effect of the Soviet invasion."}}<ref name=TAYLOR-2014>{{cite journal|last1=TAYLOR|first1=ALAN|title=The Soviet War in Afghanistan, 1979 – 1989|journal=The Atlantic|date=Aug 4, 2014|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan-1979-1989/100786/|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=nyt-14-8-1988>{{cite news|last1=PEAR|first1=ROBERT|title=MINES PUT AFGHANS IN PERIL ON RETURN|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/14/world/mines-put-afghans-in-peril-on-return.html|accessdate=15 July 2015|agency=New York Times|date=August 14, 1988|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
\n
\nThe international community imposed numerous sanctions and embargoes against the Soviet Union, and the U.S. led a [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]] held in Moscow. The boycott and sanctions exacerbated [[Cold War]] tensions and enraged the Soviet government, which later led a [[1984 Summer Olympics boycott|revenge boycott]] of the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Embargoes-and-Sanctions-Cold-war-sanctions.html |title=Cold War sanctions |website=Encyclopedia of the New American Nation |accessdate=20 February 2018}}</ref> The Soviets initially planned to secure towns and roads, stabilize the government under new leader Karmal, and withdraw within six months or a year. But they were met with fierce resistance from the guerillas,<ref>https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0707/070754.html</ref> and were stuck in a bloody war that lasted nine years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/default/events/time-it-will-be-different |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004515/https://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/default/events/time-it-will-be-different |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2018-01-16 |title=This Time It Will Be Different | Christs College Cambridge |publisher=Christs.cam.ac.uk |date=2011-03-09 |accessdate=2018-01-19 }}</ref> By the mid-1980s, the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased, but the military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high.<ref name=crile1>{{cite book|first=George|last=Crile|title=Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2003|isbn=0-87113-854-9}}</ref> By mid-1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], announced it would start withdrawing its forces after [[National Reconciliation|meetings]] with the Afghan government.<ref name=britannica2001>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghanistan-War|title=Afghanistan War – 2001–2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=britannica1978>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War|title=Afghan War – 1978–1992|publisher=}}</ref> The final [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|troop withdrawal]] started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989, leaving the government forces alone in the battle against the insurgents, which [[Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)|continued]] until 1992 when the former Soviet-backed government collapsed. Due to its length, it has sometimes been referred to as the "Soviet Union's [[Vietnam War]]" or the "[[Russian Bear|Bear]] Trap" by the [[Western Bloc|Western]] media.<ref name="bear">{{cite book|author1=Yousaf, Mohammad |author2=Adkin, Mark |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Afghanistan, the bear trap: the defeat of a superpower|year=1992|publisher=Casemate|isbn=0-9711709-2-4|page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1252421.html|title=The Soviets' Vietnam|publisher=Washington Post|date=April 22, 1988|accessdate=December 22, 2011|author-link=Richard Cohen (columnist)|author=Richard Cohen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19880424&id=DIBUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nI0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4618,8684307&hl=en|title=Afghanistan was Soviets' Vietnam|publisher=[[Boca Raton News]]|date=April 24, 1988|accessdate=December 22, 2011}}</ref> The Soviets' failure in the war<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/soviet-failure-afghanistan |title=The Soviet Failure in Afghanistan | Marine Corps Association |publisher=Mca-marines.org |date=2014-07-25 |accessdate=2018-01-19}}</ref> is thought to be a contributing factor to the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]].<ref name=REUVENY-1999>{{cite journal|last1=REUVENY|first1=RAFAEL|last2=PRAKASH|first2=ASEEM|title=The Afghanistan war and the breakdown of the Soviet Union|journal=Review of International Studies|date=1999|volume=25|pages=693–708|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/aseem/afganwar.pdf|accessdate=15 July 2015|doi=10.1017/s0260210599006932}}</ref>
\n
\n==Background==
\n{{History of Afghanistan}}
\nIn 1885, Russian forces seized the disputed oasis at [[Panjdeh]] south of the [[Oxus River]] from Afghan forces, which became known as the [[Panjdeh Incident]]. The border was agreed by the joint Anglo-Russian [[Afghan Boundary Commission]] of 1885–87. The Russian interest in the region continued on through the [[Military history of the Soviet Union|Soviet era]], with billions in economic and military aid sent to Afghanistan between 1955 and 1978.<ref>Rubin, Barnett R. ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. p. 20.</ref>
\n
\nAfter the [[Saur Revolution]] in 1978, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] was formed on April 27, 1978. The government was one with a pro-poor, pro-farmer socialist agenda. It had close relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. On December 5, 1978, a treaty of friendship was signed between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_hfPrIMYuEC|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War|page=146|last=Gates|first=Robert|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-4336-7|date=2007}}</ref>
\n
\nIn February 1979, the United States Ambassador to Afghanistan, [[Adolph Dubs]], was kidnapped by [[Setami Milli]] militants and was later killed during an assault carried out by the Afghan police, assisted by Soviet advisers. Dubs' death led to a major deterioration in [[Afghanistan–United States relations]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Selig|author2=Cordovez, Diego|title=Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-506294-9|pages=34–35}}</ref>
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\nIn [[Southwestern Asia]], drastic changes were taking place concurrent with the upheavals in Afghanistan. In February 1979, the [[Iranian Revolution]] ousted the American-backed [[Shah]] from Iran, losing the United States as one of its most powerful allies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/i-background.php|title=Understanding the Iran Contra Affairs|accessdate=4 June 2014}}</ref> The United States then deployed twenty ships in the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] including two aircraft carriers, and there was a constant stream of threats of warfare between the [[Iran–United States relations|U.S. and Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jiri|last=Valenta|year=1980|title=From Prague to Kabul: The Soviet Style of Invasion}}</ref>
\nMarch 1979 marked the signing of the U.S.-backed [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|peace agreement between Israel and Egypt]]. The Soviet leadership saw the agreement as giving a major advantage to the United States. A Soviet newspaper stated that Egypt and Israel were now "[[Gendarme (historical)|gendarmes]] of [[the Pentagon]]". The Soviets viewed the treaty not only as a peace agreement between their erstwhile allies in Egypt and the US-supported Israelis but also as a military pact.<ref>{{cite book|first=Minton|last=Goldman|year=1984|title=Soviet Military Intervention in Afghanistan: Roots & Causes}}</ref> In addition, the US sold more than 5,000 [[List of missiles by nation#United States|missiles]] to [[Saudi Arabia]]. Also, the Soviet Union's previously strong relations with [[Iraq]] had recently soured. In June 1978, Iraq began entering into friendlier relations with the Western world and buying French and Italian-made weapons, though the vast majority still came from the Soviet Union, its [[Warsaw Pact]] allies, and China.
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\n===Saur Revolution===
\n{{Main|Saur Revolution}}
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\nKing [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] ascended to [[Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah|the throne]] and reigned from 1933 to 1973. Zahir's cousin, [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]], served as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] from 1954 to 1963. The [[Marxist]] [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]'s (PDPA's) strength grew considerably in these years. In 1967, the PDPA split into two rival factions, the [[Khalq]] (Masses) faction headed by [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] and [[Hafizullah Amin]] and the [[Parcham]] (Flag) faction led by [[Babrak Karmal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barfield|first1=Thomas|title=Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics)|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691154411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqRFCkpTdUcC}}</ref>
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\nFormer Prime Minister Daoud seized power in a military [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|coup on July 17, 1973]] after allegations of corruption and poor economic conditions against the king's government. Daoud put an end to the monarchy, and his time in power was widely popular among the general populace but unpopular among PDPA supporters.
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\nIntense opposition from factions of the PDPA was sparked by the repression imposed on them by Daoud's regime and the death of a leading PDPA member, [[Mir Akbar Khyber]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradsher|first=Henry S.|title=Afghanistan and the Soviet Union|location=Durham|publisher=Duke Press Policy Studies|year=1983|pages=72–73}}</ref> The mysterious circumstances of Khyber's death sparked massive anti-Daoud demonstrations in [[Kabul]], which resulted in the arrest of several prominent PDPA leaders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hilali|first=A. Z.|title=The Soviet Penetration into Afghanistan and the Marxist Coup|journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies|volume=18|year=2005|page=709|issue=4|doi=10.1080/13518040500354984}}</ref>
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\nOn April 27, 1978, the [[Afghan army]], which had been sympathetic to the PDPA cause, overthrew and executed Daoud along with members of his family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garthoff|first=Raymond L.|title=Détente and Confrontation|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=The Brookings Institution|year=1994|page=986}}</ref> Nur Muhammad Taraki, Secretary General of the PDPA, became President of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
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\n===Factions inside the PDPA===
\nAfter the revolution, Taraki assumed the [[Presidency]], Prime Ministership and General Secretaryship of the PDPA. The government was divided along factional lines, with President Taraki and Deputy Prime Minister [[Hafizullah Amin]] of the Khalq faction against Parcham leaders such as Babrak Karmal and [[Mohammad Najibullah]]. Within the PDPA, conflicts resulted in [[exile]]s, [[purge]]s and executions of Parcham members.<ref name="lcweb2">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0087) ''The April 1978 Coup d'état and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan'' – Library of congress country studies](Retrieved February 4, 2007)</ref> The PDPA executed between 10,000 and 27,000 people, mostly at [[Pul-e-Charkhi prison]] prior to the Soviet intervention.<ref>[[#Valentino2005FinalSolutions|Valentino (2005) ''Final solutions'']] p. 219.</ref><ref>Kaplan, Robert D., ''Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan'', New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p.115</ref><ref name="autogenerated2006">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4756480.stm Kabul's prison of death] [[BBC]], February 27, 2006</ref>
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\nDuring its first 18 months of rule, the PDPA applied a Soviet-style program of modernizing reforms, many of which were viewed by conservatives as opposing Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr75/fafghan1978.htm|title=Afghanistan Marxist Coup 1978|publisher=Onwar.com|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> Decrees setting forth changes in marriage customs and [[land reform]] were not received well by a population deeply immersed in tradition and Islam, particularly by the powerful landowners who were harmed economically by the abolition of [[usury]] (although usury is prohibited in Islam) and the cancellation of farmers' debts. The new government also enhanced women's rights, sought a rapid eradication of [[illiteracy]] and promoted Afghanistan's ethnic minorities, although these programs appear to have had an effect only in the urban areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUSNyMH1aFQC|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|last=Amstutz|first=J. Bruce|date=1994-07-01|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=|isbn=978-0-7881-1111-2|page=315}}</ref> By mid-1978, a rebellion started, with rebels attacking the local military [[garrison]] in the [[Nuristan]] region of eastern Afghanistan and soon civil war spread throughout the country. In September 1979, [[Deputy Prime Minister]] Hafizullah Amin seized power, arresting and killing President Taraki. Over two months of instability overwhelmed Amin's regime as he moved against his opponents in the PDPA and the growing rebellion.
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\n===Soviet–Afghan relations===
\n{{Main|Kabul International Airport|Soyuz TM-6|Abdul Ahad Mohmand|Interkosmos|Bagram Airfield|Naghlu Dam}}
\n[[File:Afghan Girl Scouts 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|[[Afghanistan Scout Association]] in 1950s]]
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\nThe [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) had been a major power broker and influential mentor in [[Politics of Afghanistan|Afghan politics]]. Its involvement ranging from civil-military infrastructure to Afghan society.<ref name="BBC, 1979">{{cite news|last=Press Release|title=Tips for Soviet in Afghanistan|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7885644.stm|accessdate=March 2, 2012|newspaper=BBC, 1979|date=February 13, 2009}}</ref> Since 1947, Afghanistan had been under the influence of the Soviet government and received large amounts of aid, economic assistance, military equipment training and military hardware from the Soviet Union. Economic assistance and aid had been provided to Afghanistan as early as 1919, shortly after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] and when the regime was facing the [[Russian Civil War]]. Provisions were given in the form of [[small arms]], ammunition, a few aircraft, and (according to debated Soviet sources) a million gold [[ruble]]s to support the resistance during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919. In 1942, the USSR again moved to strengthen the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] by providing small arms and aircraft, and establishing training centers in [[Tashkent]] ([[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]). Soviet-Afghan military cooperation began on a regular basis in 1956, and further agreements were made in the 1970s, which saw the USSR send advisers and specialists.
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\nIn 1978, after witnessing India's nuclear test, ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'', President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Daud Khan]] initiated a military buildup to counter Pakistan's [[Pakistan Armed Forces|armed forces]] and Iranian [[Iranian military|military influence]] in Afghan politics. A final pre-war treaty, signed in December 1978, allowed the PDPA to call upon the Soviet Union for military support.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Soviet Afghan-War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost|author=The Russian General Staff|editor1=Lestwer W. Grau |editor2=Michael A. Gress |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|page=10|isbn=0-7006-1186-X|year=2002}}</ref>
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\n{{quote box|align = right|width = 30%|quote = We believe it would be a fatal mistake to commit ground troops. [...] If our troops went in, the situation in your country would not improve. On the contrary, it would get worse. Our troops would have to struggle not only with an external aggressor, but with a significant part of your own people. And the people would never forgive such things.<br/>– Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, in response to Taraki's request for Soviet presence in Afghanistan<ref>{{cite book|author=Walker, Martin|title=The Cold War and the Making of the Modern World|publisher=[[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]]|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85702-004-5 |page=253}}</ref>}}
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\nFollowing the [[1979 Herat uprising|Herat uprising]], President [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|Taraki]] contacted [[Alexei Kosygin]], [[Premier of the Soviet Union|chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)|USSR Council of Ministers]], and asked for "practical and technical assistance with men and armament". Kosygin was unfavorable to the proposal on the basis of the negative political repercussions such an action would have for his country, and he rejected all further attempts by Taraki to solicit Soviet military aid in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Misdaq, Nabi|title=Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-415-70205-8 |page=134}}</ref> Following Kosygin's rejection, Taraki requested aid from [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Soviet head of state]], who warned Taraki that full Soviet intervention "would only play into the hands of our enemies – both yours and ours". Brezhnev also advised Taraki to ease up on the drastic social reforms and to seek broader support for his regime.<ref>{{cite book|author=Grigory, Paul|title=Lenin's Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives|publisher=[[Hoover Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8179-4812-2|page=121}}</ref>
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\nIn 1979, Taraki attended a conference of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Havana]], Cuba. On his way back, he stopped in Moscow on March 20 and met with Brezhnev, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Foreign Minister]] [[Andrei Gromyko]] and other Soviet officials. It was rumoured that Karmal was present at the meeting in an attempt to reconcile Taraki's Khalq faction and the Parcham against Amin and his followers. At the meeting, Taraki was successful in negotiating some Soviet support, including the redeployment of two Soviet armed divisions at the Soviet-Afghan border, the sending of 500 military and civilian advisers and specialists and the immediate delivery of Soviet armed equipment sold at 25 percent below the original price; however, the Soviets were not pleased about the developments in Afghanistan and Brezhnev impressed upon Taraki the need for party unity. Despite reaching this agreement with Taraki, the Soviets continued to be reluctant to intervene further in Afghanistan and repeatedly refused Soviet military intervention within Afghan borders during Taraki's rule as well as later during Amin's short rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rasanayagam, Angelo|title=Afghanistan: A Modern History|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85043-857-1 |pages=86–88}}</ref>
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\n===Initiation of the insurgency===
\n====Pakistani aid to insurgents====
\n{{Main|Soviet Union–United States relations|Pakistan–Soviet Union relations}} {{See also|Adolph Dubs|l1=Kidnapping and assassination of U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs}}
\n[[File:АГС-17 закреплённый на заднем мосту автомобиля ГАЗ-66.jpeg|thumb|left|Soviet infantry at the time of deployment]]
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\nAfghanistan cemented regional problems with Pakistan, after Daoud pressed his hard-line [[Pashtunistan]] policies to Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal">{{cite web|last=Amin |first=Abdul Hameed |title=Remembering our Warriors: Major-General Baber and Bhutto's Operation Cyclone. |work=Pakistan Military Consortium and Directorate for the Military History Research (DMHR) |publisher=Pakistan Defence Journal |year=2001 |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172353/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |archivedate=April 28, 2016 |df= }}</ref> Pakistan retaliated, and Prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] authorized a covert operation under [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]]'s [[Major-General]] [[Naseerullah Babar]].<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal"/> In 1974, Bhutto authorized another secret operation in [[Kabul]] where the [[ISI (Pakistan)|''ISI'']] and the [[Air Intelligence of Pakistan|''AI'']] extradited [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] and [[Gulbadin Hekmatyar]] to [[Peshawar]], amid fear that Rabbani and Hekmatyar might be assassinated by Daoud.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal"/> According to Baber, Bhutto's operation was an excellent idea and it had hard-hitting impact on Daoud and his government which forced Daoud to increase his desire to make peace with Bhutto.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal"/> Another part of this operation was to train hard-line [[Jamiat-e Islami]] militants against the Daoud's secular government.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal"/> However, this operation went into cold-storage after Bhutto was [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto#Popular unrest and military coup|removed]] from power.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal"/>
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\nIn June 1975, militants from the [[Jamiat Islami]] party attempted to overthrow the government. They started their rebellion in the [[Panjshir valley]] (a part of the greater [[Parwan province]]), in the present day [[Panjshir province]], some 100 kilometers north of [[Kabul]], and in a number of other [[Provinces of Afghanistan|provinces]] of the country. However, government forces easily defeated the insurgency and a sizable portion of the insurgents sought [[Afghan refugees|refuge]] in Pakistan where they enjoyed the support of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s government, which had been alarmed by Daoud's revival of the [[Pashtunistan]] issue.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0106) ''Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975–79'' – Library of congress country studies](Retrieved February 4, 2007)</ref>
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\n[[File:AfganPrisoners1985.jpg|thumb|Soviet forces after capturing some Mujahideen]]
\n[[File:Afgan30mmAutoMinomet.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers conducting training]]
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\nIn 1978, the Taraki government initiated a series of reforms, including a radical modernization of the traditional Islamic civil and especially marriage law, aimed at "uprooting [[feudalism]]" in Afghan society.<ref name="law.upenn.edu"/> The government brooked no opposition to the reforms<ref name="lcweb2"/> and responded with violence to unrest. Between April 1978 and the Soviet Intervention of December 1979, thousands of prisoners, perhaps as many as 27,000, were executed at the notorious<ref name="autogenerated2006"/> [[Pul-e-Charkhi prison]], including many village [[mullah]]s and headmen.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=115}} Other members of the traditional elite, the religious establishment and [[intelligentsia]] fled the country.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=115}}
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\nLarge parts of the country went into open rebellion. The Parcham Government claimed that 11,000 were executed during the Amin/Taraki period in response to the revolts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/89.htm|title=U.S. Library of Congress – "The April 1912 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan"|publisher=Countrystudies.us|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> The revolt began in October among the [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]] tribes of the [[Kunar Valley]] in the northeastern part of the country near the border with Pakistan, and rapidly spread among the other ethnic groups. By the spring of 1979, 24 of the 28 provinces had suffered outbreaks of violence.<ref name="Endless War">Goodson, Larry P.(2001), ''Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban'', University of Washington Press, {{ISBN|978-0-295-98050-8}}, pp. 56–57</ref><ref name=nojumi1>"The Rise and Fall of the Taliban", by Neamatollah Nojumi, published in ''The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan'', ed by Robert D Crews and Amin Tarzi, pub by Harvard University Press, 2008</ref> The rebellion began to take hold in the cities: in March 1979 in [[Herat]], rebels led by [[Ismail Khan]] revolted. Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed and wounded during the Herat revolt. Some 100 Soviet citizens and their families were killed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great|first=Stephen|last=Tanner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3pUS_-uD-oC&pg=PA232|isbn=978-0-7867-2263-1|date=2009|page=232}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUSNyMH1aFQC&pg=PA130|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|first=J. Bruce|last=Amstutz|isbn=978-0-7881-1111-2|date=1994|page=130}}</ref>
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\n====Killing of the U.S. ambassador====
\nIn February 1979, the contentious law and order situation led to a serious diplomatic incident involving United States, Soviet Union and Afghanistan when [[United States Ambassador to Afghanistan|U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan]] [[Adolph Dubs|Adolph "Spike" Dubs]] was kidnapped by a mysterious group of militants. They are sometimes alleged to have been part of the radical communist faction, ''[[Settam-e-Melli]]'' (lit. "National Oppression"), but are also sometimes described as Islamists.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Cordovez">{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Selig|author2=Cordovez, Diego|title=Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet withdrawal|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press, Cordovez, Diego|location=New York|isbn=0-19-506294-9|pages=34–35}}</ref> The National Oppression reportedly demanded the release of their communist leader Badruddin Bahes, whom the Afghan government denied holding. The government refused categorically to negotiate with the militants, in spite of the U.S. embassy's demands.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Cordovez"/> The U.S. increased pressure on the Afghan government and the Soviet Union, forcefully demanding peaceful negotiations for the release of their ambassador.<ref name="The New York Times, 2001">{{cite news|last=Harwood|first=William L.|title=The Murder of Adolph Dubs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/28/opinion/28iht-edlet_ed3__59.html|accessdate=February 28, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times, 2001|date=December 28, 2001}}</ref>
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\nDubs was held in Room 117 of the Kabul Hotel, where the United States sent its embassy and diplomatic staff to negotiate with the communist faction.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Cordovez"/> The [[Afghan National Army|Afghan security forces]], accompanied by the Russian advisers, swarmed the hallway and surrounding rooftops of the hotel. When negotiations stalled, there was an intense exchange of fire after Russian advisers ordered an assault.<ref name="The New York Times, 2001"/> Documents released from the Soviet [[KGB]] bureau archives by [[Vasily Mitrokhin]] in the early 1990s suggest that the Afghan government authorized the assault and that the KGB adviser on scene, Sergei Batrukihn, may have recommended the assault, as well as the execution of a kidnapper before U.S. experts could interrogate him.<ref name= Ostermann14>{{Cite journal| url= https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/bulletin-no-1415-winter-2003-spring-2004 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20050508222825/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/c-afghanistan.pdf | archivedate =8 May 2005<!-- This archive date was guessed from the URL. So it might not be correct-->| title = New evidence on the war in Afghanistan|last=Ostermann|first=Christian Friedrich|journal=Cold War International History Project Bulletin|issue= 14/15 Winter 2003–Spring 2004|page =139 |publisher=wilsoncenter.org}}</ref> All attempts at negotiation failed, and U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs was caught in the crossfire, leading to his death.<ref name="The New York Times, 2001"/> Afterwards the United States formally expressed to the Soviet Union its disapproval of the assault by the security forces, putting more stress on [[U.S.-Soviet relations]].<ref name="The Times, Monday, February 26, 1979">{{cite news|last=Staff Release|title=World: Death Behind a Keyhole|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920158,00.html|accessdate=February 28, 2012|newspaper=The Times|date=February 26, 1979}}</ref>
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\n====U.S. aid to insurgents====
\n{{main|Operation Cyclone}}
\n[[File:Afgan1986Kabul 40ArmyShtab.jpg|thumb|40th Army headquarters, [[Tajbeg Palace]], 1986<!-- this is the Darul-Aman, not the Tajbeg -->]]
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\nIn the mid-1970s, Pakistani intelligence officials began privately lobbying the U.S. and its allies to send material assistance to the Islamist insurgents. Pakistani President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]'s ties with the U.S. had been strained during [[Jimmy Carter]]'s [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|presidency]] due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in April 1979, but Carter told National Security Adviser [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] and Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] as early as January 1979 that it was vital to "repair our relationships with Pakistan" in light of the [[Iranian Revolution|unrest in Iran]].<ref name="Riedel">{{cite book|authorlink=Bruce Riedel|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0815725954|pp=98–99}}</ref> According to former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) official [[Robert Gates]], "the Carter administration turned to CIA ... to counter Soviet and Cuban aggression in the Third World, particularly beginning in mid-1979." In March 1979, "CIA sent several covert action options relating to Afghanistan to the SCC <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Oversight of United States covert operations#NSC Special Coordination Committee|Special Coordination Committee]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>" of the [[United States National Security Council]]. At a March 30 meeting, U.S. [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] representative [[Walter B. Slocombe]] "asked if there was value in keeping the Afghan insurgency going, 'sucking the Soviets into a Vietnamese quagmire?'"<ref name="Gates">{{cite book|authorlink=Robert Gates|last=Gates|first=Robert|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2007|isbn=9781416543367|pp=142, 144–145}}</ref> When asked to clarify this remark, Slocombe explained: "Well, the whole idea was that if the Soviets decided to strike at this tar baby [Afghanistan] we had every interest in making sure that they got stuck."<ref name="White">{{cite web|last=White|first=John Bernell|url=http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4790&context=gradschool_theses|title=The Strategic Mind Of Zbigniew Brzezinski: How A Native Pole Used Afghanistan To Protect His Homeland|date=May 2012|accessdate=2017-10-10|pp=7–8, 12, 29, 45–46, 80–83, 97}}</ref> Yet an April 5 memo from National Intelligence Officer Arnold Horelick warned: "Covert action would raise the costs to the Soviets and inflame Moslem opinion against them in many countries. The risk was that a substantial U.S. covert aid program could raise the stakes and induce the Soviets to intervene more directly and vigorously than otherwise intended."<ref name="Gates"/>
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\nIn May 1979, U.S. officials secretly began meeting with rebel leaders through Pakistani government contacts. A former Pakistani military official claimed that he personally introduced a CIA official to [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] that month (Freedom of Information Act requests for records describing these meetings have been denied).<ref name="nsarchive.gwu.edu">[http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/essay.html Steve Galster "AFGHANISTAN: THE MAKING OF U.S. POLICY, 1973–1990" National Security Archive, October 9, 2001]</ref> After additional meetings on April 6 and July 3, Carter signed a "presidential 'finding'" that "authorized the CIA to spend just over $500,000" on "non-lethal" aid to the mujahideen, which "seemed at the time a small beginning."<ref name="Riedel"/><ref name="Gates"/><ref name="Coll"/> Brzezinski later claimed that "We didn't push the Russians to intervene, but we knowingly increased the probability that they would."<ref>[http://dgibbs.faculty.arizona.edu/sites/dgibbs.faculty.arizona.edu/files/afghan-ip.pdf David N. Gibbs, "Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Retrospect" ''International Politics'' 37:233 – 246, June 2000]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rodric Braithwaite|title=Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13cTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP5|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932248-0|page=114}}</ref><ref>cf. {{cite web|url=http://therealnews.com/t2/story:4716:The-Afghan-war-and-the-'Grand-Chessboard'-Pt2|title=The Afghan war and the 'Grand Chessboard' Pt2|work=[[The Real News]]|date=2010-01-15|accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref> According to Brzezinski, he became convinced by mid-1979 that the Soviets were going to invade Afghanistan regardless of U.S. policy due to the Carter administration's failure to respond aggressively to Soviet activity in [[Africa]], but—despite the risk of [[unintended consequences]]—support for the mujahideen could be an effective way to prevent Soviet aggression beyond Afghanistan (particularly in Brzezinski's native Poland).<ref name="White"/>
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\nThe full significance of the U.S. sending aid to the mujahideen prior to the invasion is debated among scholars. Some assert that it directly, and even deliberately, provoked the Soviets to send in troops.<ref>[{{cite book|author=Robert Worley|title=Orchestrating the Instruments of Power: A Critical Examination of the U. S. National Security System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHDfCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT159|year=2015|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-1-61234-752-3|page=159|chapter=Cold War Strategies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ali Riaz|title=Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxOOwy-4J4UC&pg=PA243|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4345-1|page=104}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew J. Bacevich|title=America's War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TnOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|year=2016|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-553-39394-1|page=39|chapter=War of Choice}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-political-science-revue-canadienne-de-science-politique/article/empires-ally-canada-and-the-war-in-afghanistan-jerome-klassen-and-greg-albo-eds-toronto-university-of-toronto-press-2012-pp-432/A4E64F3BCE4A99E70BD82CB99E9A6988 Tyler Shipley, "Book Review: Empire's Ally: Canada and the War in Afghanistan" Canadian Journal of Political Science, 47.1(Mar 2014)]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gilles Kepel|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tttzgNKFAI8C|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01090-1|page=394}}</ref> [[Bruce Riedel]], however, believes that the U.S. aid was intended primarily to improve U.S. relations with Pakistan, while [[Steve Coll]] asserts: "Contemporary memos—particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion—make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail. ... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism."<ref name="Riedel"/><ref name="Coll">{{cite book|authorlink=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pp=46, 581}} cf. {{cite web|authorlink=Zbigniew Brzezinski|last=Brzezinski|first=Zbigniew|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf|title=Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan|date=1979-12-26|accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref> Carter himself has stated that encouraging a Soviet invasion was "not my intention."<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Eric Alterman|last=Alterman|first=Eric|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/blowback-prequel/|title='Blowback,' the Prequel|work=[[The Nation]]|date=2001-10-25|accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref> Gates recounted: "No one in the Carter Administration wanted the Soviets to invade Afghanistan and no one, as I can recall at least, ever advocated attempting to induce them to invade ... Only after the Soviet invasion did some advocate making the Soviets 'bleed' in their own Vietnam."<ref name="White"/> Conversely, [[Andrew Bacevich]] writes that "the prospect of inducing conflict on the scale of Vietnam exerted great appeal" in the White House even prior to the Soviet invasion, as "fomenting trouble in Afghanistan would dissuade the Soviets from meddling in the Persian Gulf."<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew J. Bacevich|title=America's War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TnOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|year=2016|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-553-39394-1|chapter=War of Choice}}</ref> [[Chalmers Johnson]] considered the Soviet invasion "deliberately provoked" by the U.S.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chalmers Johnson|title=Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtkAtY8xwHIC&pg=PA116|year=2007|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-1-4299-0468-1|page=110}}</ref>
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\nAlthough Gates described [[Director of Central Intelligence]] (DCI) [[Stansfield Turner]] and the CIA's [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]] (DO) as contemplating "several enhancement options"—up to and including the direct provision of arms from the U.S. to the mujahideen through the ISI—as early as late August 1979,<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Robert Gates|last=Gates|first=Robert|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2007|isbn=9781416543367|pp=146–147|quote=By the end of August, Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was pressuring the United States for arms and equipment for the insurgents in Afghanistan. ... Separately, the Pakistani intelligence service was pressing us to provide military equipment to support an expanding insurgency. When Turner heard this, he urged the DO to get moving in providing more help to the insurgents. They responded with several enhancement options, including communications equipment for the insurgents via the Pakistanis or Saudis, funds for the Pakistanis to purchase lethal military equipment for the insurgents, and providing a like amount of lethal equipment ourselves for the Pakistanis to distribute to the insurgents. On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, 1979, the Soviets intervened massively in Afghanistan. A covert action that began six months earlier funded at just over half a million dollars would, within a year, grow to tens of millions, and most assuredly included the provision of weapons.}}</ref> and an unnamed Brzezinski aide acknowledged in conversation with [[Selig S. Harrison]] that the U.S.'s nominally "non-lethal" assistance to the mujahideen included facilitating arms shipments by third-parties,<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Selig S. Harrison|last=Harrison|first=Selig S.|chapter=How The Soviet Union Stumbled into Afghanistan|title=Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=9780195362688|pp=37–38|quote=Herat strengthened Brzezinski's argument that the rebels enjoyed indigenous support and merited American help. In April, he relates in his memoirs, 'I pushed a decision through the SCC to be more sympathetic to those Afghans who were determined to preserve their country's independence. [Walter] [[Walter Mondale|Mondale]] was especially helpful in this, giving a forceful pep talk, mercilessly squelching the rather timid opposition of [[David D. Newsom|David Newsom]].' Brzezinski deliberately avoided saying whether the upgraded program included weapons, since Moscow has long sought to justify its invasion by accusing Washington of destabilizing Afghanistan during 1978 and 1979. Strictly speaking, one of his aides later told me, it was not an American weapons program, but it was designed to help finance, orchestrate, and facilitate weapons purchases and related assistance by others.}}</ref> Coll, Harrison, Riedel, and the head of the DO's Near East–South Asia Division at the time—[[Charles Cogan]]—all state that no U.S.-supplied arms intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan until January 1980, after Carter amended his presidential finding to include lethal provisions in late December 1979.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|p=58|quote=The CIA's mission was spelled out in an amended Top Secret presidential finding signed by Carter in late December 1979 and reauthorized by President [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] in 1981. The finding permitted the CIA to ship weapons secretly to the mujahedin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Selig S. Harrison|last=Harrison|first=Selig S.|chapter=Soviet Occupation, Afghan Resistance, and the American Response|title=Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=9780195362688|p=53|quote=Within days of the invasion, President Carter made a series of symbolic gestures to invoke American outrage ... No longer skittish about a direct American role in providing weapons support to the Afghan resistance, Carter also gave the CIA the green light for an American–orchestrated covert assistance program to be financed in part by congressional appropriations and in part with Saudi Arabian help.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Bruce Riedel|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0815725954|p=106|quote=As the president was jogging on February 12, 1980, his press secretary, [[Jody Powell]], interrupted his run to tell him that the ''Washington Post'' had a story in the works about the CIA's operation to feed arms to the mujahideen rebels through Pakistan. In short, less than a month after the first arms arrived in [[Karachi]], the secret was about to be published by the media. As Carter noted, the Pakistanis 'would be highly embarrassed.' Secretary Vance appealed to the ''Post'' to hold the story, but it ran a few days later, watered down a bit.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blight|first1=James G.|title=Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988|year=2012|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0830-8|display-authors=etal|pp=19, 66|quote='''[[Charles Cogan]]''': There were no lethal provisions given to the Afghans before the Soviet invasion. There was a little propaganda, communication assistance, and so on at the instigation of the ISI. But after the Soviet invasion, everything changed. The first weapons for the Afghans arrived in Pakistan on the tenth of January, fourteen days after the invasion. Shortly after the invasion, we got into the discussions with the Saudis that you just mentioned. And then when [William J.] [[William J. Casey|Casey]] became DCI under Reagan at the beginning of 1981, the price tag went through the ceiling.}}</ref>
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\n==Soviet operations 1979–1985==
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\n===Deployment===
\n[[File:Evstafiev-40th army HQ-Amin-palace-Kabul.jpg|thumb|The headquarters of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|Soviet 40th Army]] in [[Kabul]], 1987. Before the Soviet intervention, the building was [[Tajbeg Palace]], where [[Hafizullah Amin]] was killed.]]
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\nThe Afghan government, having secured a treaty in December 1978 that allowed them to call on Soviet forces, repeatedly requested the introduction of troops in Afghanistan in the spring and summer of 1979. They requested Soviet troops to provide security and to assist in the fight against the mujaheddin rebels. After the killing of Soviet technicians in Herat by rioting mobs, the Soviet government sold several Mi-24 helicopters to the Afghan military, and increased the number of military advisers in the country to 3,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2001/soviet-afghan_compound-warfare.htm|title=Compound War Case Study: The Soviets in Afghanistan|last=Bauman|first=Dr. Robert F.|date=2001|website=Global Security.org|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> On April 14, 1979, the Afghan government requested that the USSR send 15 to 20 helicopters with their crews to Afghanistan, and on June 16, the Soviet government responded and sent a detachment of tanks, [[BMP-1|BMPs]], and crews to guard the government in Kabul and to secure the [[Bagram]] and [[Shindand, Herat|Shindand]] [[airfield]]s. In response to this request, an airborne battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel A. Lomakin, arrived at the [[Bagram Air Base]] on July 7. They arrived without their combat gear, disguised as technical specialists. They were the personal bodyguards for President Taraki. The paratroopers were directly subordinate to the senior Soviet military advisor and did not interfere in Afghan politics. Several leading politicians at the time such as [[Alexei Kosygin]] and [[Andrei Gromyko]] were against intervention.
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\nAfter a month, the Afghan requests were no longer for individual crews and subunits, but for regiments and larger units. In July, the Afghan government requested that two motorized rifle divisions be sent to Afghanistan. The following day, they requested an airborne division in addition to the earlier requests. They repeated these requests and variants to these requests over the following months right up to December 1979. However, the Soviet government was in no hurry to grant them.
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\n{{quote box|align=left|width=30%|quote =We should tell Taraki and Amin to change their tactics. They still continue to execute those people who disagree with them. They are killing nearly all of the [[Parcham]] leaders, not only the highest rank, but of the middle rank, too.<br/>– Kosygin speaking at a Politburo session.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Harrison, Selig S. |author2=Cordovez, Diego |title=Out of Afghanistan: the Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1995|location=New York|pages=36–37|isbn=978-0-19-506294-6}}</ref>}}
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\nBased on information from the [[KGB]], Soviet leaders felt that Prime Minister [[Hafizullah Amin]]'s actions had destabilized the situation in Afghanistan. Following his initial coup against and killing of [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|President Taraki]], the KGB station in Kabul warned Moscow that Amin's leadership would lead to "harsh repressions, and as a result, the activation and consolidation of the opposition."<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Walker|year=1994|title=The Cold War – A History|publisher=Stoddart|location=Toronto, Canada}}</ref>
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\nThe Soviets established a special commission on Afghanistan, comprising KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]], [[Boris Ponomarev]] from the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and [[Dmitriy Ustinov]], the [[Ministry of Defence (Soviet Union)|Minister of Defence]]. In late April 1978, the committee reported that Amin was purging his opponents, including Soviet loyalists, that his loyalty to Moscow was in question and that he was seeking diplomatic links with Pakistan and possibly the People's Republic of China (which at the time had [[Sino-Soviet split|poor relations with the Soviet Union]]). Of specific concern were Amin's secret meetings with the U.S. chargé d'affaires, J. Bruce Amstutz, which, while never amounting to any agreement between Amin and the United States, sowed suspicion in the [[Kremlin]].<ref>Coll, Steven. ''Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Intervention to September 10, 2001''. New York: Penguin Books, 2004. p. 48.</ref>
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\n[[File:SovietafghanwarTanksHelicopters.jpg|thumb|upright|Soviet ground forces in action while conducting an offensive operation against the Islamist resistance, the Mujahideen.]]
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\nInformation obtained by the KGB from its agents in Kabul provided the last arguments to eliminate Amin. Supposedly, two of Amin's guards killed the former president Nur Muhammad Taraki with a pillow, and Amin, himself, was suspected to be a CIA agent. The latter, however, is still disputed with Amin repeatedly demonstrating friendliness toward the various delegates of the Soviet Union who would arrive in Afghanistan. Soviet General [[Vasily Zaplatin]], a political advisor of [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]] Brezhnev at the time, claimed that four of President Taraki's ministers were responsible for the destabilization. However, Zaplatin failed to emphasize this in discussions and was not heard.<ref>{{Ru icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20001021025053/http://zavtra.ru/cgi/veil/data/zavtra/99/316/61.html ДО ШТУРМА ДВОРЦА АМИНА]</ref>
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\nBy the late 1970s, rapprochement between the USSR and the US had been well-established, which had led to growing tendencies toward [[détente]] and as such, attempts toward [[disarmament]].{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} Of note was the [[SALT I#SALT I|SALT I]] treaty, which was created to encourage cooperation in matters of nuclear weaponry and technology between the two nations. A second round of talks between Soviet premier Brezhnev and President Carter yielded the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|SALT II treaty]] in June 1979. (the [[United States Senate]] later failed to ratify the treaty due to the Soviet-Afghan conflict). Conservatives believe that this process was reflective of growing Soviet political influence in the world and that Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979 was an attempt to preserve, stabilize and militarily intervene on behalf of the communist regime there and thus, their own political standing.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}
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\nDuring meetings between President Taraki and Soviet leaders in March 1979, the Soviets promised political support and to send military equipment and technical specialists, but upon repeated requests by Taraki for direct Soviet intervention, the leadership adamantly opposed him; reasons included that they would be met with "bitter resentment" from the Afghan people, that intervening in another country's civil war would hand a propaganda victory to their opponents, and Afghanistan's overall inconsequential weight in international affairs, in essence realizing they had little to gain by taking over a country with a poor economy, unstable government, and population hostile to outsiders. However, as the situation continued to deteriorate from May–December 1979, Moscow changed its mind on dispatching Soviet troops. The reasons for this complete turnabout are not entirely clear, and several speculative arguments include the grave internal situation and inability for the Afghan government, headed by Amin from 14 September 1979 after a successful coup, to quell the rebellion, the effects of the [[Iranian Revolution]] that brought an Islamic theocracy into power, leading to fears that religious fanaticism would spread through Afghanistan and into Soviet Muslim Central Asian republics, and the deteriorating ties with the United States with the failure of Congress to ratify the SALT II treaty and the impression that détente was "already effectively dead."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/e-dossier_4.pdf |title=Documents on the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan e-Dossier No. 4. p. 70-75 |date=November 2001 |website= |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref>
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\n===Soviet intervention and coup===
\n[[File:SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|The Soviet intervention]]
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\nOn October 31, 1979, Soviet informants under orders from the inner circle of advisors under Soviet president Brezhnev relayed information to the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] for them to undergo maintenance cycles for their tanks and other crucial equipment. Meanwhile, telecommunications links to areas outside of Kabul were severed, isolating the capital. With a deteriorating security situation, large numbers of [[Soviet Airborne Forces]] joined stationed ground troops and began to land in Kabul on December 25. Simultaneously, Amin moved the offices of the president to the [[Tajbeg Palace]], believing this location to be more secure from possible threats. According to Colonel General Tukharinov and Merimsky, Amin was fully informed of the military movements, having requested Soviet military assistance to northern Afghanistan on December 17.<ref name="GarthoffPage s1017-1018">{{cite book|last=Garthoff|first=Raymond L.|title=Détente and Confrontation|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=The Brookings Institution|year=1994|pages=1017–1018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Anthony|title=Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq|location=Stanford|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=1983|page=96}}</ref> His brother and General Dmitry Chiangov met with the commander of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]] before Soviet troops entered the country, to work out initial routes and locations for Soviet troops.<ref name="GarthoffPage s1017-1018" />
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\n[[File:BMD-1 in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|Soviet [[paratroopers]] aboard a [[BMD-1]] in Kabul]]
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\nOn December 27, 1979, 700 Soviet troops dressed in Afghan uniforms, including [[KGB]] and [[Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye|GRU]] [[special forces]] officers from the ''[[Alpha Group]]'' and ''Zenith Group'', occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including their primary target, the [[Tajbeg Palace|Tajbeg Presidential Palace]]. The operation began at 19:00, when the KGB-led Soviet ''Zenith Group'' destroyed Kabul's communications hub, paralyzing Afghan military command. At 19:15, [[Operation Storm-333|the assault on Tajbeg Palace]] began; as planned, president Hafizullah Amin was killed. Simultaneously, other objectives were occupied (e.g., the [[Ministry of Interior (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Interior]] at 19:15). The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28, 1979.
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\nThe Soviet military command at [[Termez]], [[Uzbek SSR]], announced on [[Radio Kabul]] that Afghanistan had been liberated from Amin's rule. According to the Soviet [[Politburo]], they were complying with the 1978 ''Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness'', and Amin had been "executed by a tribunal for his crimes" by the Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee. That [[committee]] then elected as head of government former Deputy Prime Minister [[Babrak Karmal]], who had been demoted to the relatively insignificant post of ambassador to [[Czechoslovakia]] following the Khalq takeover, and announced that it had requested Soviet military assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/isd/Afghan_1_WR_group.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979: Failure of Intelligence or of the Policy Process? |page=7 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722123446/http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/isd/Afghan_1_WR_group.pdf |archivedate=July 22, 2006 }}</ref>
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\nSoviet ground forces, under the command of [[Marshal]] [[Sergei Sokolov (Marshal)|Sergei Sokolov]], entered Afghanistan from the north on December 27. In the morning, the [[103rd Guards Airborne Division|103rd Guards 'Vitebsk' Airborne Division]] landed at the airport at Bagram and the deployment of Soviet troops in Afghanistan was underway. The force that entered Afghanistan, in addition to the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, was under command of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]] and consisted of the [[108th Motor Rifle Division|108th]] and [[5th Guards Motor Rifle Division]]s, the 860th Separate Motor Rifle Regiment, the [[56th Guards Air Assault Brigade|56th Separate Airborne Assault Brigade]], and the 36th Mixed Air Corps. Later on the [[201st Motor Rifle Division|201st]] and [[68th Motor Rifle Division]]s also entered the country, along with other smaller units.<ref>Ye. I. Malashenko, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201357/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAP/is_2_13/ai_n15623829/pg_7 Movement to contact and commitment to combat of reserve fronts], Military Thought (military-theoretical journal of the [[Russian Ministry of Defence]]), April–June 2004</ref> In all, the initial Soviet force was around 1,800 [[tank]]s, 80,000 soldiers and 2,000 [[Armoured fighting vehicle|AFVs]]. In the second week alone, Soviet aircraft had made a total of 4,000 flights into Kabul.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fisk|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Fisk|title=The Great War for Civilisation: the Conquest of the Middle East|location=London|publisher=Alfred Knopf|year=2005|pages=40–41|isbn=1-84115-007-X}}</ref> With the arrival of the two later divisions, the total Soviet force rose to over 100,000 personnel.
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\n====International positions on Soviet intervention====
\nForeign ministers from 34 Islamic nations adopted a resolution which condemned the Soviet intervention and demanded "the immediate, urgent and unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops" from the Muslim nation of Afghanistan.<ref name="news.google.co.nz"/> The UN General Assembly passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan by a vote of 104–18.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> According to political scientist Gilles Kepel, the Soviet intervention or "invasion" was "viewed with horror" in the West, considered to be a "fresh twist" on the geo-political "[[The Great Game|Great Game]]" of the 19th Century in which Britain feared that Russia sought access to the [[Indian Ocean]] and posed "a threat to Western security", explicitly violating "the world balance of power agreed upon at [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]]" in 1945.<ref name=kepel-2002-138/>
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\nWeapons supplies were made available through numerous countries. The United States purchased all of Israel's captured Soviet weapons clandestinely, and then funnelled the weapons to the Mujahideen, while Egypt upgraded its army's weapons and sent the older weapons to the militants. Turkey sold their [[World War II]] stockpiles to the warlords, and the British and Swiss provided [[Blowpipe missile]]s and [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon]] anti-aircraft guns respectively, after they were found to be poor models for their own forces.<ref name="unholy">Kinsella, Warren. "Unholy Alliances", Lester Publishing, 1992</ref> China provided the most relevant weapons, likely due to their own experience with [[guerrilla warfare]], and kept meticulous record of all the shipments.<ref name="unholy"/>
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\n===December 1979 – February 1980: Occupation===
\nThe first phase of the war began with the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and first battles with various opposition groups.<ref name="news.google.co.nz"/> Soviet troops entered Afghanistan along two ground routes and one [[air corridor]], quickly taking control of the major urban centers, military bases and strategic installations. However, the presence of Soviet troops did not have the desired effect of pacifying the country. On the contrary, it exacerbated [[Nationalism|nationalistic]] sentiment, causing the rebellion to spread further.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|authorlink=Olivier Roy (professor)|title=Islam and resistance in Afghanistan|year=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=118}}</ref> Babrak Karmal, Afghanistan's new president, charged the Soviets with causing an increase in the unrest, and demanded that the 40th Army step in and quell the rebellion, as his own army had proved untrustworthy.<ref>Russian General Staff, Grau & Gress, ''The Soviet-Afghan War'', p. 18</ref> Thus, Soviet troops found themselves drawn into fighting against urban uprisings, tribal armies (called ''lashkar''), and sometimes against mutinying Afghan Army units. These forces mostly fought in the open, and Soviet airpower and artillery made short work of them.<ref name="mired">{{cite web|url=http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/documents/miredinmount.htm|title=The Soviet-Afghan war: a superpower mired in the mountains|accessdate=September 15, 2007|last=Grau|first=Lester|date=March 2004|publisher=[[Foreign Military Studies Office]] Publications}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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\n===March 1980 – April 1985: Soviet offensives===
\n{{Main|Panjshir offensives}}
\n[[File:Muja on radio in Munda Dir.jpg|thumb|A [[mujahideen]] fighter in [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] uses a communications receiver.]]
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\nThe war now developed into a new pattern: the Soviets occupied the cities and main axis of communication, while the mujahideen, which the Soviet Army soldiers called 'Dushman,' meaning 'enemy',<ref name="Schofield, The Russian Elite">Schofield, The Russian Elite</ref> divided into small groups and waged a [[guerrilla war]]. Almost 80 percent of the country was outside government control.<ref name="Amstutz, J. Bruce 1986 p. 127"/> Soviet troops were deployed in strategic areas in the northeast, especially along the road from [[Termez]] to Kabul. In the west, a strong Soviet presence was maintained to counter [[Iran]]ian influence. Incidentally, special Soviet units would have{{clarify|date=February 2011}} also performed secret attacks on Iranian territory to destroy suspected mujahideen bases, and their helicopters then got engaged in shootings with Iranian jets.<ref>Gregory Feifer, ''The Great Gamble'', pp. 169–170</ref> Conversely, some regions such as [[Nuristan]], in the northeast, and [[Hazarajat]], in the central mountains of Afghanistan, were virtually untouched by the fighting, and lived in almost complete independence.
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\nPeriodically the Soviet Army undertook multi-[[division (military)|divisional]] offensives into mujahideen-controlled areas. Between 1980 and 1985, nine [[Panjshir offensives|offensives]] were launched into the strategically important [[Panjshir Valley]], but government control of the area did not improve.<ref>Russian General Staff, Grau & Gress, ''The Soviet-Afghan War'', p. 26</ref> Heavy fighting also occurred in the provinces neighbouring Pakistan, where cities and government outposts were constantly under siege by the mujahideen. Massive Soviet operations would regularly break these sieges, but the mujahideen would return as soon as the Soviets left.<ref name="bear"/> In the west and south, fighting was more sporadic, except in the cities of [[Herat]] and [[Kandahar]], which were always partly controlled by the resistance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|title= Islam and resistance in Afghanistan|page=191}}</ref>
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\n[[File:August 1984 - captured field guns in Jaji, Paktia.jpg|thumb|left|Mujahideen with two captured artillery field guns in [[Jaji District|Jaji]], 1984]]
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\nThe Soviets did not initially foresee taking on such an active role in fighting the rebels and attempted to play down their role there as giving light assistance to the Afghan army. However, the arrival of the Soviets had the opposite effect as it incensed instead of pacified the people, causing the mujahideen to gain in strength and numbers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klass, Rosanne|title=Afghanistan: The Great Game Revisited|year=1987|publisher=Freedom House|page=244}}</ref> Originally the Soviets thought that their forces would strengthen the backbone of the Afghan army and provide assistance by securing major cities, lines of communication and transportation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Amstutz, J. Bruce|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|year=1986|publisher=National Defense University Press|page=43}}</ref> The Afghan army forces had a high desertion rate and were loath to fight, especially since the Soviet forces pushed them into infantry roles while they manned the armored vehicles and artillery. The main reason that the Afghan soldiers were so ineffective, though, was their lack of morale, as many of them were not truly loyal to the communist government but simply collecting a paycheck.
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\nOnce it became apparent that the Soviets would have to get their hands dirty, they followed three main strategies aimed at quelling the uprising.<ref>{{cite book|last=Amstutz, J. Bruce|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|year=1986|publisher=National Defense University Press|pages=144–149}}</ref> Intimidation was the first strategy, in which the Soviets would use airborne attacks and armored ground attacks to destroy villages, livestock and crops in trouble areas. The Soviets would bomb villages that were near sites of guerrilla attacks on Soviet convoys or known to support resistance groups. Local peoples were forced to either flee their homes or die as daily Soviet attacks made it impossible to live in these areas. By forcing the people of Afghanistan to flee their homes, the Soviets hoped to deprive the guerrillas of resources and safe havens. The second strategy consisted of subversion, which entailed sending spies to join resistance groups and report information as well as bribing local tribes or guerrilla leaders into ceasing operations. Finally, the Soviets used military forays into contested territories in an effort to root out the [[guerrillas]] and limit their options. Classic [[search and destroy]] operations were implemented using [[Mil Mi-24]] helicopter gunships that would provide cover for ground forces in armored vehicles. Once the villages were occupied by Soviet forces, inhabitants who remained were frequently interrogated and tortured for information or killed.<ref name="Report from Afghanistan">[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/report.pdf Report from Afghanistan] Claude Malhuret</ref>
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\n[[File:Afghan village destroyed by the Soviets.jpg|thumb|An Afghan village left in ruins after being destroyed by [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]]]]
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\nTo complement their brute force approach to weeding out the [[insurgency]], the Soviets used [[KHAD]] (Afghan secret police) to gather intelligence, infiltrate the mujahideen, spread false information, bribe tribal militias into fighting and organize a government [[militia]]. While it is impossible to know exactly how successful the KHAD was in infiltrating mujahideen groups, it is thought that they succeeded in penetrating a good many resistance groups based in [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Urban, Mark|title=War in Afghanistan|year=1990|publisher=St. Martin's Press|page=149}}</ref> KHAD is thought to have had particular success in igniting internal rivalries and political divisions amongst the resistance groups, rendering some of them completely useless because of infighting.<ref name="Girardet, Edward 1985 129">{{cite book|last=Girardet, Edward|title=Afghanistan: The Soviet War|year=1985|publisher=St. Martin's Press|page=129}}</ref> The KHAD had some success in securing tribal loyalties but many of these relationships were fickle and temporary. Often KHAD secured neutrality agreements rather than committed political alignment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Girardet, Edward|title=Afghanistan: The Soviet War|year=1985|publisher=St. Martin's Press|page=133}}</ref> The [[Sarandoy]], a KHAD controlled government militia, had mixed success in the war. Large salaries and proper weapons attracted a good number of recruits to the cause, even if they were not necessarily "pro-communist". The problem was that many of the recruits they attracted were in fact mujahideen who would join up to procure arms, ammunition and money while also gathering information about forthcoming military operations.<ref name="Girardet, Edward 1985 129"/>
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\nIn 1985, the size of the LCOSF (Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces) was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased throughout the country, making 1985 the bloodiest year of the war. However, despite suffering heavily, the mujahideen were able to remain in the field, mostly because they received thousands of new volunteers daily, and continued resisting the Soviets.
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\n===Mujahedin raid inside Soviet Union===
\nIn an effort to foment unrest and rebellion by the Islamic populations of the Soviet Union, starting in late 1984 [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Director of CIA]] [[William Casey]] encouraged Mujahedin militants to mount violent sabotage raids inside the Soviet Union, according [[Robert Gates]], Casey's executive assistant and Mohammed Yousef, the Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] brigadier general who was the chief for Afghan operations. The rebels began cross-border raids into the Soviet Union in Spring 1985.<ref>Steve Coll, "Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden" (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2003), p. 104</ref>
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\n==1980s: Insurrection==
\n[[File:Evstafiev-spetsnaz-prepare-for-mission.jpg|thumb|A Soviet [[Spetsnaz]] (special operations) group prepares for a mission in Afghanistan, 1988]]
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\nIn the mid-1980s, the Afghan [[resistance movement]], assisted by the United States, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Egypt,<ref name=crile1/> the People's Republic of China and others, contributed to Moscow's high military costs and strained international relations. The U.S. viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral [[Cold War]] struggle, and the [[CIA]] provided assistance to [[anti-Soviet]] forces through the [[Pakistani intelligence services]], in a program called [[Operation Cyclone]].<ref name=1986-1992-CIA-AND-BRITISH-RECRUIT-AND-TRAIN-MILITANTS-WORLDWIDE-TO-HELP-FIGHT-AFGHAN-WAR>{{cite web|title=1986–1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War|url=http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone|publisher=History Commons|accessdate=January 9, 2007}}</ref>
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\nPakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] became a base for the Afghan resistance fighters and the [[Deobandi]] ulama of that province played a significant role in the Afghan 'jihad', with Madrasa Haqqaniyya becoming a prominent organisational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haroon|first=Sana|year=2008|title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996|jstor=27755911|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=18|pages=66–67|via=|doi=10.1017/s1356186307007778}}</ref> As well as money, Muslim countries provided thousands of volunteer fighters known as "[[Afghan Arabs]]", who wished to wage [[jihad]] against the [[Atheism|atheist]] communists. Notable among them was a young Saudi named [[Osama bin Laden]], whose [[Arab]] group eventually evolved into [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAQ8Oa6zWF4C|last= Sageman|first= Marc |title=Understanding Terror Networks| chapter= 2|work= University of Pennsylvania Press|date= May 1, 2004|isbn= 0812238087}}</ref><ref name="DID-THE-US-CREATE-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN">{{cite web|url = http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jan/24-318760.html|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201020923/http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jan/24-318760.html|archivedate = December 1, 2008|title = Did the U.S. "Create" Osama bin Laden?(2005-01-14)|publisher = [[US Department of State]]|accessdate = March 28, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Marshall">{{cite news|last = Marshall|first = Andrew|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/terror-blowback-burns-cia-1182087.html|title = Terror 'blowback' burns CIA (November 1, 1998)|work = The Independent|location = London|accessdate = July 1, 2010|date = November 1, 1998}}</ref> Despite their numbers,<ref name=kepel-147>{{cite book|last=Kepel |first=Gilles |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2002 |page=147}}</ref><ref name=NPR>{{cite web|last1=Temple-Raston|first1=Dina|title=Western Fighters Answer Mideast Extremists' Clarion Call|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/06/28/326313364/western-fighters-answer-mideast-extremists-clarion-call|website=NPR|accessdate=5 October 2014|ref=June 28, 2014|quote=The last great call to arms for Muslim fighters was in the 1980s, after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. About 20,000 foreign fighters traveled there, most of them from the Gulf states.}}</ref><ref name=Commins-174>{{cite book|last1=Commins|first1=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd|location=London|page=174|quote=In all, perhaps 35,000 Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992, while untold thousands more attended frontier schools teeming with former and future fighters.}}</ref><ref name=rashid-129>Rashid, Ahmed, ''Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia'' (New Haven, 2000), p. 129.</ref> the contribution has been called a "curious sideshow to the real fighting,"<ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11'', by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006, p.107</ref> with only an estimated 2000 of them fighting "at any one time", compared with about a 250,000 Afghan fighters and 125,000 Soviet troops.<ref>interview with Arab Afghan fighter Abullah Anas and Afghan CIA station chief Milt Berden. Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Tower'', Knopf, 2006, p.105</ref> Their efforts were also sometimes counterproductive as in the March 1989 battle for Jalalabad. Instead of being the beginning of the collapse of the Afghan Communist government forces after their abandonment by the Soviets, the Afghan communists rallied to break the siege of Jalalabad and to win the first major government victory in years, provoked by the sight of a truck filled with dismembered bodies of Communists chopped to pieces after surrendering by radical non-Afghan salafists eager to show the enemy the fate awaiting the infidels.<ref>Akram, Assen, ''Histoire de la Guerre d'Afghanistan'', Paris Editions Balland, 1996: p.227-277</ref> "This success reversed the government's demoralization from the withdrawal of Soviet forces, renewed its determination to fight on, and allowed it to survive three more years." <ref>Sageman, Marc, ''Understanding Terror Networks'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p.58-59</ref>
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\n[[Maoist]] guerilla groups were also active, to a lesser extend compared to the religious mujahideen. Perhaps the most notable of these groups was the [[Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan]] (SAMA), which launched skilled guerilla attacks and controlled some territory north of Kabul in the early years of the war. The Maoist resistance eventually lost its pace and was severely weakened following the deaths of leaders [[Faiz Ahmad]] and [[Mulavi Dawood]] in 1986, both committed by the [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]] mujahideen faction.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
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\n[[File:Afghanistan insurgency 1985.png|thumb|left|The areas where the different mujahideen forces operated in 1985]]
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\nIn the course of the guerrilla war, leadership came to be distinctively associated with the title of "commander". It applied to independent leaders, eschewing identification with elaborate military [[bureaucracy]] associated with such ranks as general. As the war produced leaders of reputation, "commander" was conferred on leaders of fighting units of all sizes, signifying pride in independence, self-sufficiency, and distinct ties to local communities. The title epitomized Afghan pride in their struggle against a powerful foe. Segmentation of power and religious leadership were the two values evoked by nomenclature generated in the war. Neither had been favored in the ideology of the former Afghan state.
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\nAfghanistan's resistance movement was born in chaos, spread and triumphed chaotically, and did not find a way to govern differently. Virtually all of its war was waged locally by regional [[warlord]]s. As warfare became more sophisticated, outside support and regional coordination grew. Even so, the basic units of mujahideen organization and action continued to reflect the highly segmented nature of Afghan society.<ref name="loc1">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0101) The Path to Victory and Chaos: 1979–92 – Library of Congress country studies](Retrieved Thursday 31, 2007)</ref>
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\n[[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] estimates that after four years of war, there were at least 4,000 bases from which mujahideen units operated. Most of these were affiliated with the seven expatriate parties headquartered in Pakistan, which served as sources of supply and varying degrees of supervision. Significant commanders typically led 300 or more men, controlled several bases and dominated a district or a sub-division of a province. Hierarchies of organization above the bases were attempted. Their operations varied greatly in scope, the most ambitious being achieved by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] of the [[Panjshir valley]] north of [[Kabul]]. He led at least 10,000 trained troopers at the end of the Soviet war and had expanded his political control of [[Tajiks|Tajik]]-dominated areas to Afghanistan's northeastern provinces under the Supervisory Council of the North.<ref name="loc1" />
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\nRoy also describes regional, ethnic and sectarian variations in mujahideen organization. In the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] areas of the east, south and southwest, tribal structure, with its many rival sub-divisions, provided the basis for military organization and leadership. Mobilization could be readily linked to traditional fighting allegiances of the tribal ''lashkar'' (fighting force). In favorable circumstances such formations could quickly reach more than 10,000, as happened when large Soviet assaults were launched in the eastern provinces, or when the mujahideen besieged towns, such as [[Khost]] in [[Paktia]] province in July 1983.<ref>The siege was ended only in November 1987 through the conduct of Operation Magistal'</ref> But in campaigns of the latter type the traditional explosions of manpower—customarily common immediately after the completion of harvest—proved obsolete when confronted by well dug-in defenders with modern weapons. Lashkar durability was notoriously short; few sieges succeeded.<ref name="loc1"/>
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\nMujahideen mobilization in non-Pashtun regions faced very different obstacles. Prior to the intervention, few non-Pashtuns possessed firearms. Early in the war they were most readily available from army troops or [[gendarmerie]] who defected or were ambushed. The international arms market and foreign military support tended to reach the minority areas last. In the northern regions, little military tradition had survived upon which to build an armed resistance. Mobilization mostly came from political leadership closely tied to Islam. Roy contrasts the social leadership of religious figures in the [[Persian language|Persian]]- and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking regions of Afghanistan with that of the Pashtuns. Lacking a strong political representation in a state dominated by Pashtuns, minority communities commonly looked to pious learned or charismatically revered ''[[pir (Sufism)|pirs]]'' (saints) for leadership. Extensive [[Sufi]] and [[maraboutic]] networks were spread through the minority communities, readily available as foundations for leadership, organization, communication and indoctrination. These networks also provided for political mobilization, which led to some of the most effective of the resistance operations during the war.<ref name="loc1" />
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\nThe mujahideen favoured [[sabotage]] operations. The more common types of sabotage included damaging [[electric power transmission|power lines]], knocking out [[Pipeline transport|pipelines]] and radio stations, blowing up government [[office building]]s, [[air terminal]]s, hotels, cinemas, and so on. In the border region with Pakistan, the mujahideen would often launch 800 [[rocket]]s per day. Between April 1985 and January 1987, they carried out over 23,500 [[shell (projectile)|shelling]] attacks on government targets. The mujahideen surveyed firing positions that they normally located near villages within the range of Soviet artillery posts, putting the villagers in danger of death from Soviet retaliation. The mujahideen used [[land mines]] heavily. Often, they would enlist the services of the local inhabitants, even children.
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\n[[File:Mujahideen prayer in Shultan Valley Kunar, 1987.jpg|thumb|Mujahideen praying in Shultan Valley, 1987]]
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\nThey concentrated on both civilian and military targets, knocking out bridges, closing major roads, attacking [[convoy]]s, disrupting the electric power system and industrial production, and attacking police stations and Soviet military installations and air bases. They assassinated government officials and PDPA members, and laid siege to small rural outposts. In March 1982, a bomb exploded at the [[Ministry (government department)|Ministry]] of Education, damaging several buildings. In the same month, a widespread [[power failure]] darkened Kabul when a pylon on the transmission line from the Naghlu power station was blown up. In June 1982 a column of about 1,000 young [[communist party]] members sent out to work in the Panjshir valley were ambushed within 30 km of Kabul, with heavy loss of life. On September 4, 1985, insurgents shot down a domestic Bakhtar Airlines plane as it took off from Kandahar airport, killing all 52 people aboard.
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\nMujahideen groups used for assassination had three to five men in each. After they received their mission to kill certain government officials, they busied themselves with studying his pattern of life and its details and then selecting the method of fulfilling their established mission. They practiced shooting at automobiles, [[drive by|shooting out of automobiles]], laying mines in government accommodation or houses, using poison, and rigging explosive charges in transport.
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\nIn May 1985, the seven principal rebel organizations formed the [[Seven Party Mujahideen Alliance]] to coordinate their military operations against the Soviet army. Late in 1985, the groups were active in and around Kabul, unleashing rocket attacks and conducting operations against the communist government.
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\n===Media reaction===
\n{{quote box |align=right|width=30%|quote = Those hopelessly brave warriors I walked with, and their families, who suffered so much for faith and freedom and who are still not free, they were truly the people of God. – Journalist [[Rob Schultheis]], 1992<ref>Schultheis, Rob. "Night Letters Inside Wartime Afghanistan", 1992. p. 155</ref><ref name="pete">[[Peter Bergen|Bergen, Peter]], ''[[Holy War, Inc.]]'', 2001</ref>}}
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\nInternational journalistic perception of the war varied. Major American television journalists were sympathetic to the mujahideen. Most visible was CBS news correspondent Dan Rather who in 1982 accused the Soviets of "genocide," comparing them to Hitler.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0403/040360.html Arthur Unger, "Dan Rather: more Soviet killing looms in Afghanistan" Christian Science Monitor APRIL 3, 1980]</ref> Rather was [[Embedded journalism|embedded]] with the mujahideen for a [[60 Minutes]] report.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/04/07/gunga-dan/88e47b5f-49cd-4934-ae0d-aedda4a9d282/ Tom Shales, "Gunga Dan" Washington Post, April 7, 1980]</ref> In 1987, CBS produced a full documentary special on the war.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-05/news/mn-926_1_cbs-evening-news Jane Hall, "Cameraman, CBS Deny Afghanistan Scenes Were Faked" The Los Angeles Times, October 05, 1989]</ref> A retrospective commentary for [[Niemen Reports]] criticized mainstream television for biased presentation of a "[[Rambo III|Ramboesque]] struggle of holy warriors against the evil empire." <ref>[http://www.niemanwatchdog.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=background.view&backgroundid=411 Paul Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Gould, "A history of failed press coverage of Afghanistan" The Nieman Watchdog, Oct 27, 2009]</ref>
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\n''[[Reader's Digest]]'' took a highly positive view of the mujahideen, a reversal of their usual view of Islamic fighters. The publication praised their martyrdom and their role in entrapping the Soviets in a Vietnam War-style disaster.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joanne P. Sharp|title=Condensing the Cold War: Reader's Digest and American Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZIJgZ_Li4AC&pg=PA124|year=2001|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-0446-7|pages=124–126}}</ref>
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\nAt least some, such as leftist journalist [[Alexander Cockburn]], were unsympathetic, criticizing Afghanistan as "an unspeakable country filled with unspeakable people, sheepshaggers and smugglers, who have furnished in their leisure hours some of the worst arts and crafts ever to penetrate the occidental world. I yield to none in my sympathy to those prostrate beneath the Russian jackboot, but if ever a country deserved rape it's Afghanistan."<ref name=Robin-2012>{{cite news|last1=Robin|first1=Corey|title=Radical writer Alexander Cockburn dead at 71|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201272310391240304.html|accessdate=16 July 2015|agency=Al jazeera|date=23 Jul 2012}}</ref> [[Robert D. Kaplan]] on the other hand, thought any perception of mujahideen as "barbaric" was unfair: "Documented accounts of mujahidin savagery were relatively rare and involved enemy troops only. Their cruelty toward civilians was unheard of during the war, while Soviet cruelty toward civilians was common."{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=120}} Lack of interest in the mujahideen cause, Kaplan believed, was not the lack of intrinsic interest to be found in a war between a small, poor country and a superpower were a million civilians were killed, but the result of the great difficulty and unprofitability of media coverage. Kaplan note that "none of the American TV networks had a bureau for a war",{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=10}} and television cameramen venturing to follow the mujahideen "trekked for weeks on little food, only to return ill and half starved".{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=14}} In October 1984 the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan, Vitaly Smirnov, told [[Agence France Presse]] "that journalists traveling with the mujahidin 'will be killed. And our units in Afghanistan will help the Afghan forces to do it.'"{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=10}} Unlike Vietnam and Lebanon, Afghanistan had "absolutely no clash between the strange and the familiar", no "rock-video quality" of "zonked-out GIs in headbands" or "rifle-wielding Shiite terrorists wearing Michael Jackson T-shirts" that provided interesting "visual materials" for newscasts.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=15}}
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\n===1986: Stinger Missile and "Stinger effect"===
\n{{See also|List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War}}
\nWhether the introduction of the personal, portable, infrared-homing surface-to-air "[[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]]" missile in September 1986 was a turning point in the war is disputed.
\nMany Western military analysts credit the Stinger with a kill ratio of about 70% and with responsibility for most of the over 350 Soviet or Afghan government aircraft and helicopters downed in the last two years of the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Michael M.|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204138204576598851109446780|title="Launching the Missile That Made History," by Michael M. Phillips, Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2011|publisher=wsj.com|accessdate=February 15, 2012|date=October 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717205723/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204138204576598851109446780|archive-date=July 17, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Some military analysts considered it a "game changer" coined the term "Stinger effect" to describe it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=Matthew|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/07/28/The_Taliban_Doesn%E2%80%99t_Have_Stingers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731223411/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/07/28/The_Taliban_Doesn%E2%80%99t_Have_Stingers|archivedate=2010-07-31|title="Stop Panicking About the Stingers," by Matthew Schroeder, Foreign Policy, July 28, 2010|publisher=foreignpolicy.com|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref>
\nAccording to US Congressman [[Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)|Charlie Wilson]] who was instrumental in funding the Stingers for the Mujahideen, before the Stinger the Mujahideen never won a set piece battle with the Soviets but after it was introduced, the Mujahideen never again lost one.
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\nHowever, these statistics are based on Mujahedin self-reporting, which is of unknown reliability. [[Selig Harrison]] rejects such figures, quoting a Russian general who claims the United States "greatly exaggerated" Soviet and Afghan aircraft losses during the war. According to Soviet figures, in 1987-1988, only 35 aircraft and 63 helicopters were destroyed by all causes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hammerich | first = Helmut | title = Die Grenzen des Militärischen | publisher = Hartmann, Miles-Verl | location = Berlin | year = 2010 | isbn = 9783937885308 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWuwxZeYsZQC&pg=PA195 | page=195}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Army]] fired twenty-eight Stingers at enemy aircraft without a single kill.<ref name="dtic.mil">{{cite journal|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a413880.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Stinger missile and U.S. intervention in Afghanistan |author=Alan J. Kuperman |journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=114 |issue=Summer 1999|page=219}}</ref>
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\nMany Russian military analysts tend to be dismissive of the impact to the Stinger. According to [[Alan J. Kuperman]], Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev decided to withdraw from Afghanistan a year before the mujahideen fired their first Stinger missiles, motivated by U.S. sanctions, not military losses. The stingers did make an impact at first but within a few months flares, beacons, and exhaust baffles were installed to disorient the missiles, along with night operation and terrain-hugging tactics to prevent the rebels from getting a clear shot. By 1988, Kuperman states, the mujahideen had all but stopped firing them.<ref name=Kuperman-2002-CFR>{{cite journal|last1=Kuperman|first1=Alan J.|title=Stinging Rebukes|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=January–February 2002|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2002-01-01/stinging-rebukes|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref> Another source (Jonathan Steele) states that Stingers forced Soviet helicopters and ground attack planes to bomb from higher altitudes with less accuracy, but did not bring down many more aircraft than Chinese heavy machine guns and other less sophisticated antiaircraft weaponry.<ref name=Steele-2010>{{cite journal|last1=Steele|first1=Jonathan|title=Afghan Ghosts: American Myths|journal=World affairs journal|year=2010|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/afghan-ghosts-american-myths|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
\n
\n==Exit==
\n===Diplomatic efforts and Geneva Accords (1983–1988)===
\n{{Main|Geneva Accords (1988)}}
\n
\nAs early as 1983, Pakistan's [[Foreign Ministry of Pakistan|Foreign ministry]] began working with the [[Soviet Union]] to provide them an exit from the [[Afghanistan]], initiatives led by [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]] [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Ali Khan]] and [[Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri|Khurshid Kasuri]]. Despite an active support for [[Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen|insurgent groups]], Pakistanis remained sympathetic to the challenges faced by the Russians in restoring the peace, eventually exploring the idea towards the possibility of setting-up the interim [[system of government]] under former [[King of Afghanistan|monarch]] [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] but this was not authorized by President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] due to his stance on issue of [[Durand line]].{{rp|247–248}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Rubin">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barnett R. |date=2002 |title=The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laG03iJF7t8C&pg=PA248 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=248–|isbn=978-0-300-09519-7}}</ref> In 1984–85, Foreign Minister [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Ali Khan]] paid state visits to China, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Soviet Union]], France, United States and the United Kingdom in order to develop framework for the [[Geneva Accords (1988)|Geneva Accords]] which was signed in 1988 between Pakistan and Afghanistan.{{rp|335}}<ref name="DIANE Publishing, Amstutz">{{cite book |last=Amstutz |first=J. Bruce |date=1994 |title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUSNyMH1aFQC&pg=PA335 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |pages=335–|isbn=978-0-7881-1111-2}}</ref>
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\n===April 1985 – January 1987: Exit strategy===
\n[[File:9thCompanyAwarded.png|thumb|Awards ceremony for the [[Battle for Hill 3234|9th Company]]]]
\n[[File:Evstafiev-Soviet-soldier-Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldier in Afghanistan, 1988]]
\n
\nThe first step of the Soviet Union's exit strategy was to transfer the burden of fighting the mujahideen to the Afghan armed forces, with the aim of preparing them to operate without Soviet help. During this phase, the Soviet contingent was restricted to supporting the DRA forces by providing [[artillery]], air support and technical assistance, though some large-scale operations were still carried out by Soviet troops.
\n
\nUnder Soviet guidance, the DRA armed forces were built up to an official strength of 302,000 in 1986. To minimize the risk of a coup d'état, they were divided into different branches, each modeled on its Soviet counterpart. The ministry of defence forces numbered 132,000, the ministry of interior 70,000 and the ministry of state security ([[KHAD]]) 80,000. However, these were theoretical figures: in reality each service was plagued with [[desertion]]s, the army alone suffering 32,000 per year.
\n
\nThe decision to engage primarily Afghan forces was taken by the Soviets, but was resented by the PDPA, who viewed the departure of their protectors without enthusiasm. In May 1987 a DRA force attacked well-entrenched mujahideen positions in the [[Arghandab District]], but the mujahideen held their ground, and the attackers suffered heavy casualties.<ref>Urban, ''War in Afghanistan'', p. 219</ref> In the spring of 1986, an offensive into [[Paktia Province]] briefly occupied the mujahideen base at [[Battles of Zhawar|Zhawar]] only at the cost of heavy losses.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grau, Lester & [[Ali Ahmad Jalali|Jalali, Ali Ahmad]]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2001/010900-zhawar.htm|title=The campaign for the caves: the battles for Zhawar in the Soviet-Afghan War|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=March 29, 2007}}</ref> Meanwhile, the mujahideen benefited from expanded foreign military support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and other Muslim nations. The US tended to favor the Afghan resistance forces led by [[Ahmed Shah Massoud]], and US support for Massoud's forces increased considerably during the [[Reagan administration]] in what [[US military]] and [[CIA|intelligence]] forces called "[[Operation Cyclone]]". Primary advocates for supporting Massoud included two [[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] foreign policy analysts, Michael Johns and James A. Phillips, both of whom championed Massoud as the Afghan resistance leader most worthy of US support under the [[Reagan Doctrine]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sherk|first=James|url=http://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/bu181.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118175119/http://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/bu181.cfm|archivedate=2006-01-18|title="Winning the Endgame in Afghanistan," by James A. Phillips, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 181, May 18, 1992|publisher=Heritage.org|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Johns|first=Michael|url=http://michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com.au/2008/01/charlie-wilsons-war-was-really-americas.html|title=Charlie Wilson's War Was Really America's War|publisher=Michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com|date=January 19, 2008|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedailycougar.com/2008/08/22/think-tank-fosters-bloodshed-terrorism/|title="Think tank fosters bloodshed, terrorism," ''The Daily Cougar'', August 25, 2008|publisher=thedailycougar.com|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref>
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\n===January 1987 – February 1989: Withdrawal===
\n{{Main|Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan}}
\n[[File:T-62 withdraws from Afghanistan.JPEG|thumb|Soviet [[T-62]]M main battle tank withdraws from Afghanistan]]
\n
\nThe arrival of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] on the scene in 1985 and his 'new thinking' on foreign and domestic policy was likely an important factor in the Soviets' decision to withdraw. Gorbachev had been attempting to remove the Soviet Union from the economic stagnation that had set in, under the leadership of Premier Brezhnev, and reform the Soviet Union's economy and image across the board with [[Glasnost]] and [[Perestroika]]. Gorbachev had also been attempting to ease cold war tensions by signing the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] in 1987 with the U.S. and withdrawing the troops from Afghanistan whose presence had garnered so much international condemnation. Gorbachev regarded confrontation with China and resulting military build ups on that border as one of Brezhnev's biggest mistakes.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Beijing had stipulated that a normalization of relations would have to wait until Moscow withdrew its army from Afghanistan (among other things) and in 1989 the first Sino-Soviet summit in 30 years took place.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maley, William |author2=Saikal, Amin |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=127}}</ref> At the same time, Gorbachev pressured his Cuban allies in Angola to scale down activities and withdraw even though Soviet allies were faring somewhat better there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Urban, Mark|title=War in Afghanistan|year=1990|publisher=St. Martin's Press|page= 300}}</ref> The Soviets also pulled many of their troops out of [[Mongolia]] in 1987 where they were also having a far easier time than in Afghanistan and restrained the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea]] to the point of an all out withdrawal in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maley, William |author2=Saikal, Amin |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=132}}</ref> This massive withdrawal of Soviet forces from such highly contested areas shows that the Soviet government's decision to leave Afghanistan was based upon a general change in Soviet foreign policy- from that of confrontation to avoidance of conflict wherever possible.
\n
\nIn the last phase, Soviet troops prepared and executed their withdrawal from Afghanistan, whilst limiting the launching of offensive operations by those who hadn't withdrawn yet.
\n
\nBy mid-1987 the Soviet Union announced that it would start withdrawing its forces. [[Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]] was selected as the head of the Interim Islamic State of Afghanistan, in an attempt to reassert its legitimacy against the Moscow-sponsored Kabul regime. Mojaddedi, as head of the Interim Afghan Government, met with then Vice President of the United States [[George H. W. Bush]], achieving a critical diplomatic victory for the Afghan resistance. Defeat of the Kabul government was their solution for peace. This confidence, sharpened by their distrust of the United Nations, virtually guaranteed their refusal to accept a political compromise.
\n
\nIn September 1988, Soviet MiG-23 fighters shot down one Pakistani [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] and two Iranian [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1J Cobra]], who intruded in Afghan airspace.<ref>"The Aviation History", Florian Ion Petrescu, Relly Victoria Petrescu, 2012, p. 82</ref>
\n
\n''[[Operation Magistral]]'', has been one of the final offensive operations undertaken by the Soviets; a successful sweep operation that cleared the road between [[Gardez]] and [[Khost]]. This operation did not have any lasting effect on the outcome of the conflict nor the soiled political and military status of the Soviets in the eyes of the West, but was a symbolic gesture that marked the end of their widely condemned presence in the country with a victory.<ref>Isby, ''War in a Distant Country'', p. 47</ref>
\n
\nThe first half of the Soviet contingent was withdrawn from May 15 to August 16, 1988 and the second from November 15 to February 15, 1989. In order to ensure a safe passage the Soviets had negotiated ceasefires with local mujahideen commanders, so the withdrawal was generally executed peacefully,<ref>Urban, ''War in Afghanistan'', p. 251</ref> except for the operation "Typhoon".
\n
\n[[File:RIAN archive 660671 Pullout of Soviet troops contingent from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Colonel General|CGen]] of [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]], [[Boris Gromov]], announcing the withdrawal of Soviet contingent forces.]]
\n
\nGeneral Yazov, the [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|Defense Minister of Soviet Union]], ordered the 40th Army to violate the agreement with [[Ahmed Shah Masood]], who commanded a large force in the Panjshir Valley, and attack his relaxed and exposed forces. The Soviet attack was initiated to protect Najibullah, who did not have a cease fire in effect with Masood, and who rightly feared an offensive by Masood's forces after the Soviet withdrawal.<ref name="fmso.leavenworth.army.mil">{{cite web|url=http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Withdrawal.pdf|format=PDF|title=Breaking contact without leaving chaos: the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|page=19|work=fmso.leavenworth.army.mil|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225113905/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Withdrawal.pdf|archivedate=December 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> General Gromov, the 40th Army Commander, objected to the operation, but reluctantly obeyed the order. "Typhoon" began on January 23 and continued for three days. To minimize their own losses the Soviets abstained from close-range fight, instead they used long-range artillery, surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles. Numerous civilian casualties were reported. Masood had not threatened the withdrawal to this point, and did not attack Soviet forces after they breached the agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Withdrawal.pdf|title=Breaking contact without leaving chaos: the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|format=PDF|accessdate=July 28, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225113905/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Withdrawal.pdf|archivedate=December 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Overall, the Soviet attack represented a defeat for Masood's forces, who lost 600 fighters killed and wounded.<ref name="fmso.leavenworth.army.mil"/>
\n
\nAfter the withdrawal of the Soviets the DRA forces were left fighting alone and had to abandon some provincial capitals, and it was widely believed that they would not be able to resist the mujahideen for long. However, in the spring of 1989 DRA forces inflicted a sharp defeat on the mujahideen at [[Jalalabad]].
\n
\nThe government of President Karmal, a [[puppet regime]], was largely ineffective. It was weakened by divisions within the PDPA and the Parcham faction, and the regime's efforts to expand its base of support proved futile. Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems. Years later, when Karmal's inability to consolidate his government had become obvious, Mikhail Gorbachev, then General Secretary of the [[Soviet Communist Party]], said, "The main reason that there has been no national consolidation so far is that Comrade Karmal is hoping to continue sitting in Kabul with our help."{{cn|date=January 2019}}
\n
\n[[File:RIAN archive 644461 First stage in the Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|A column of Soviet BTR armored personnel carriers departing from Afghanistan.]]
\n
\nIn November 1986, [[Mohammad Najibullah]], former chief of the Afghan [[secret police]] ([[KHAD]]), was elected president and a new constitution was adopted.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} He also introduced in 1987 a policy of "national reconciliation," devised by experts of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and later used in other regions of the world.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Despite high expectations, the new policy neither made the Moscow-backed Kabul regime more popular, nor did it convince the insurgents to negotiate with the ruling government.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
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\nInformal negotiations for a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan had been underway since 1982.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} In 1988, the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan, with the United States and Soviet Union serving as guarantors, signed an agreement settling the major differences between them known as the [[Geneva Accords (1988)|Geneva Accords]]. The United Nations set up a special [[United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan|Mission]] to oversee the process. In this way, Najibullah had stabilized his political position enough to begin matching Moscow's moves toward withdrawal. On July 20, 1987, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country was announced. The withdrawal of Soviet forces was planned out by Lt. Gen. [[Boris Gromov]], who, at the time, was the commander of the [[40th Army]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
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\nAmong other things the Geneva accords identified the US and Soviet non-intervention in the internal affairs of Pakistan and Afghanistan and a timetable for full Soviet withdrawal. The agreement on withdrawal held, and on February 15, 1989, the last Soviet troops departed on schedule from Afghanistan.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
\n
\n==Atrocities==
\n
\n===Massacres===
\nAmerican professor [[Samuel Totten]],<ref name=Totten/> Australian professor [[Paul R. Bartrop]],<ref name=Totten>{{cite book|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|last2=Bartrop|first2=Paul R.|authorlink1=Samuel Totten|authorlink2=Paul R. Bartrop|title=Dictionary of Genocide: A-L|date=2008|accessdate=15 April 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=0313346429|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA64}}</ref> scholars from [[Yale Law School]] such as W. Michael Reisman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last=Reisman|first=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles H.|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=W. Michael Reisman is Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale Law School and a member of the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights.}}</ref> and Charles Norchi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last=Reisman|first=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=Charles Norchi, a Visiting Scholar at Yale Law School, directed the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights (with the Committee for a Free Afghanistan).}}</ref> as well as scholar Mohammed Kakar, believe that the Afghans were victims of genocide by the Soviet Union.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|year=|isbn=9780520208933|location=|pages=|quote=The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.|via=}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last=Reisman|first=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles H.|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.}}</ref> The army of the Soviet Union killed large numbers of Afghans to suppress their resistance.<ref name=":1" /> The Soviet forces and their proxies deliberately targeted civilians, particularly in rural areas. Up to 2 million Afghans lost their lives during the Soviet occupation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFCfzdmnTwQC&pg=PA5|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-295-98050-8|page=5}}</ref>
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\nIn one notable incident the Soviet Army committed mass killing of civilians in the summer of 1980.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|year=|isbn=9780520208933|location=|pages=|quote=Incidents of the mass killing of noncombatant civilians were observed in the summer of 1980...the Soviets felt it necessary to suppress defenseless civilians by killing them indiscriminately, by compelling them to flee abroad, and by destroying their crops and means of irrigation, the basis of their livelihood. The dropping of booby traps from the air, the planting of mines, and the use of chemical substances, though not on a wide scale, were also meant to serve the same purpose...they undertook military operations in an effort to ensure speedy submission: hence the wide use of aerial weapons, in particular helicopter gunships or the kind of inaccurate weapons that cannot discriminate between combatants and noncombatants.|via=}}</ref> In order to separate the mujahideen from the local populations and eliminate their support, the Soviet army killed and drove off civilians, and used scorched earth tactics to prevent their return. They used booby traps, mines, and chemical substances throughout the country.<ref name=":5" /> The Soviet army indescriminately killed combatants and noncombatants to ensure submission by the local populations.<ref name=":5" /> The provinces of Nangarhar, Ghazni, Lagham, Kunar, Zabul, Qandahar, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia and Paktika witnessed extensive depopulation programmes by the Soviet forces.<ref name=":22" />
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\n===Rape===
\nThe Soviet forces abducted Afghan women in helicopters while flying in the country in search of mujahideen. In November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including Laghman and Kama. Soviet soldiers as well as KhAD agents kidnapped young women from the city of Kabul and the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons, to rape them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|last=Kakar|first=M. Hassan|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=9780520208933|location=|pages=|quote=While military operations in the country were going on, women were abducted. While flying in the country in search of mujahideen, helicopters would land in fields where women were spotted. While Afghan women do mainly domestic chores, they also work in fields assisting their husbands or performing tasks by themselves. The women were now exposed to the Russians, who kidnapped them with helicopters. By November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including Laghman and Kama. In the city of Kabul, too, the Russians kidnapped women, taking them away in tanks and other vehicles, especially after dark. Such incidents happened mainly in the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons. At times such acts were committed even during the day. KhAD agents also did the same. Small groups of them would pick up young women in the streets, apparently to question them but in reality to satisfy their lust: in the name of security, they had the power to commit excesses.|via=}}</ref> Women who were taken and raped by Russian soldiers were considered 'dishonoured' by their families if they returned home.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The War Chronicles: From Flintlocks to Machine Guns|last=|first=|publisher=Fair Winds|year=|isbn=9781616734046|location=|page=393|quote=A final weapon of terror the Soviets used against the mujahideen was the abduction of Afghan women. Soldiers flying in helicopters would scan for women working in the fields in the absence of their men, land, and take the women captive. Russian soldiers in the city of Kabul would also steal young women. The object was rape, although sometimes the women were killed, as well. The women who returned home were often considered dishonored for life.|via=}}</ref> Deserters from the Soviet Army in 1984 also confirmed the atrocities by the Soviet troops on Afghan women and children, stating that Afghan women were being raped.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/world/4-soviet-deserters-tell-of-cruel-afghanistan-war.html|title=4 Soviet Deserters Tell Of Cruel Afghanistan War|last=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=August 3, 1984|work=The New York Times|quote='I can't hide the fact that women and children have been killed,' Nikolay Movchan, 20, a Ukrainian who was a sergeant and headed a grenade-launching team, said in an interview later. 'And I've heard of Afghan women being raped.'|access-date=6 January 2017|via=}}</ref>
\n
\n==Impact==
\n
\n===International reaction===
\nPresident [[Jimmy Carter]] placed a trade [[embargo]] against the Soviet Union on shipments of commodities such as grain. This resulted in newly increased tensions between the two nations. On top of recently sparked apprehensions in the West directed toward the tens of thousands of Soviet troops which were of close proximity to oil-rich regions in the [[Persian Gulf]], the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan effectively brought about the end of [[détente]].
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\nThe international diplomatic response was severe, ranging from stern warnings from the UN to a [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|US-led boycott]] of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]]. The intervention, along with other events, such as the [[Iranian revolution]] and the US hostage stand-off that accompanied it, the [[Iran–Iraq War]], the [[1982 Lebanon War]] and the escalating tensions between Pakistan and India, contributed to the volatility of the Middle East and South Asian regions in the 1980s.
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\nThe [[Non-Aligned Movement]] was sharply divided between those who believed the Soviet deployment to be a legitimate police action and others who considered the deployment an illegal invasion. Among the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries, the intervention was condemned only by [[Communist Romania|Romania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/ceausescu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919012700/http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/ceausescu.html|archivedate=2003-09-19|title=Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu|publisher=Moreorless.au.com|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> India, a close ally of the Soviet Union, refused to support the Afghan war,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=evtXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wvYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6840,1286312&dq=india+afghanistan&hl=en|title=The Bulletin – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref> though by the end of the hostilities, offered to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan government.<ref name="nytimes1989">{{cite news|last=CROSSETTE|first=BARBARA|title=India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/07/world/india-to-provide-aid-to-government-in-afghanistan.html|accessdate=December 5, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 7, 1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=van Dijk|first=Ruud|title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-97515-5}}</ref>{{verify source|date=July 2012}}
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\n====Foreign involvement and aid to the mujahideen====
\n{{further|Operation Cyclone}}
\n[[File:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|right|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] meeting with [[Afghan mujahideen]] at the [[White House]], to highlight Soviet atrocities in [[Communist Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]]
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\nThe Afghan Mujahideen were supported by several other countries, with the U.S. and Saudi Arabia offering the greatest financial support.<ref name="Brzezinski"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="SaudiArabia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/saudi-arabia-future-afghanistan/p17964|title=Saudi Arabia and the Future of Afghanistan|work=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name='Oily'/><ref name="Timeline">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7883532.stm|title=Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan|publisher=|accessdate=October 2, 2014|work=BBC News|date=February 17, 2009}}</ref> However, private donors and religious charities throughout the Muslim world—particularly in the Persian Gulf—raised considerably more funds for the Afghan rebels than any foreign government; [[Jason Burke]] recounts that "as little as 25 per cent of the money for the Afghan jihad was actually supplied directly by states."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Jason Burke|last=Burke|first=Jason|title=[[Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror]]|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=2004|isbn=9781850436669|p=59}}</ref> The first shipment of U.S.weapons intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan on January 10, 1980, shortly following the Soviet invasion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blight|first1=James G.|title=Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988|year=2012|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0830-8|p=66|display-authors=etal}}</ref> United States President Carter insisted that what he termed "Soviet aggression" could not be viewed as an isolated event of limited geographical importance but had to be contested as a potential threat to US influence in the [[Persian Gulf]] region. The US was also worried about the USSR gaining access to the Indian Ocean by coming to an arrangement with Pakistan. (The Soviet air base outside of [[Kandahar]] was "30 minutes flying time by strike aircraft or naval bomber" to the Persian Gulf according to Robert Kaplan. It "became the heart of the southernmost concentration of Soviet soldier" in the 300-year history of Russian expansion in central Asia.){{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=186}}
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\nNational Security Advisor [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], known for his hardline policies on the Soviet Union, initiated in 1979 a campaign supporting mujahideen in Pakistan and [[Afghanistan]], which was run by [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Pakistani security services]] with financial support from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and Britain's [[MI6]].<ref name="Brzezinski"/> Years later, in a 1997 [[CNN]]/[[National Security Archive]] interview, Brzezinski detailed the strategy taken by the Carter administration against the Soviets in 1979:
\n
\n<blockquote>We immediately launched a twofold process when we heard that the Soviets had entered Afghanistan. The first involved direct reactions and [[International sanctions|sanctions]] focused on the Soviet Union, and both the State Department and the National Security Council prepared long lists of sanctions to be adopted, of steps to be taken to increase the international costs to the Soviet Union of their actions. And the second course of action led to my going to Pakistan a month or so after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, for the purpose of coordinating with the Pakistanis a joint response, the purpose of which would be to make the Soviets bleed for as much and as long as is possible; and we engaged in that effort in a collaborative sense with the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]], the Egyptians, the British, the Chinese, and we started providing weapons to the Mujaheddin, from various sources again – for example, some Soviet arms from the Egyptians and the Chinese. We even got Soviet arms from the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] communist government, since it was obviously susceptible to material incentives; and at some point we started buying arms for the Mujaheddin from the Soviet army in Afghanistan, because that army was increasingly corrupt.<ref name="Full Text of Interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829032721/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html|archivedate=2000-08-29|title=Full Text of Interview|publisher=|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref></blockquote>
\n
\nThe supplying of billions of dollars in arms to the Afghan mujahideen militants was one of the CIA's longest and most expensive covert operations.<ref name="time.com">{{cite web|publisher=''Time''|date= May 13, 2003|title= The Oily Americans|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-2,00.html}}</ref> The CIA provided assistance to the fundamentalist insurgents through the Pakistani secret services, [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), in a program called [[Operation Cyclone]]. At least 3 billion in U.S. dollars were funneled into the country to train and equip troops with weapons. Together with similar programs by Saudi Arabia, Britain's [[MI6]] and [[Special Air Service|SAS]], Egypt, Iran, and the People's Republic of China,<ref name="gwu.edu">[http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski2.html Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski] – (June 13, 1997). Part 2. Episode 17. Good Guys, Bad Guys. June 13, 1997.</ref> the arms included [[FIM-43 Redeye]], shoulder-fired, antiaircraft weapons that they used against Soviet helicopters. Pakistan's secret service, [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), was used as an intermediary for most of these activities to disguise the sources of support for the resistance.
\n
\n[[File:August 1985 Muja.jpg|right|thumb|Three mujahideen in [[Asmar]], 1985]]
\n
\nAlthough some sources have claimed that no Americans had direct contact with the mujahideen,<ref>''The New Republic'', "Back to Front" by Peter Beinart, October 8, 2001.</ref><ref>''Holy War Inc.'' by Peter Bergen, New York: Free Press, c2001., p.66</ref> there was recurrent contact between the CIA and Afghan commanders, especially by agent [[Howard Hart]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Steve Coll|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Qxf-33dxMC&pg=PT69|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-193579-9|page=69}}</ref> and [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[William Casey]] personally visited training camps on several occasions.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Howard B. Schaffer|author2=Teresita C. Schaffer|title=How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States: Riding the Roller Coaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&pg=PA131|year=2011|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=978-1-60127-075-7|page=131}}</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/07/19/anatomy-of-a-victory-cias-covert-afghan-war/1bd10b14-a0cc-441c-99cc-d2b5d1ba6e2d/ Steve Coll, "Anatomy of a Victory: CIA's Covert Afghan War" ''Washington Post'', July 19, 1992]</ref> There was also direct Pentagon and State Department involvement<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Mann|author2=Jim Mann|title=Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcljXYTZVnUC|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303489-6|page=122}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/01/201212614551208744.html Mujib Mashal, "Hekmatyar's never-ending Afghan war" Al Jazeera, January 28, 2012]</ref> which led to several major mujahideen being welcomed to the White House for a conference in October 1985. [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] declined the opportunity to meet with Ronald Reagan, but [[Yunus Khalis]] and Abdul Haq were hosted by the president.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-R13CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 Zalmay Khalizad, "Mujahedeen and the Halls of Power" in ''The Envoy: From Kabul to the White House, My Journey in a Turbulent World'' (St. Martin's Press, 2016)]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3TLByMXsJkC&pg=PA169 Robert D. Kaplan, Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan (2004), p. 168-171]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Tomsen|title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdfIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2013|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-412-3|page=16}}</ref> CIA agents are also known to have given direct cash payments to [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Vahid Brown|author2=Don Rassler|title=Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973-2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b95MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932798-0|pages=68–69}}</ref>
\n
\nShortly after the intervention, Pakistan's [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|military ruler]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] called for a meeting of senior military members and technocrats of [[Zia regime|his military government]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991">{{cite book|last=Yousaf, PA|first=Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad|title=Silent soldier: the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman|year=1991|publisher=Jang Publishers|location=Karachi, Sindh|pages=106 pages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> At this meeting, General Zia-ul-Haq asked the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Khalid Mahmud Arif]] and the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs of Staff]] Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff|Muhammad Shariff]] to lead a specialized civil-military team to formulate a geo-strategy to counter the Soviet aggression.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/> At this meeting, the [[Director-General]] of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|''ISI'']] at that time, [[Lieutenant-General]] [[General Akhtar Abdur Rahman|Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] advocated for an idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist, and was loudly heard saying: "''Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!''".<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/> As for Pakistan, the Soviet war with Islamist mujahideen was viewed as retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of regional rival, India, notably during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 wars]], which led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|loss]] of [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/>
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\n[[File:Разведрота на рейде.jpg|left|thumb|[[Spetsnaz]] troops interrogate a captured [[mujahideen]] with an RPG, rounds and AK47 in the background, 1986]]
\n
\nAfter the Soviet deployment, Pakistan's military ruler General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] started accepting [[aid|financial aid]] from the Western powers to aid the mujahideen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXrwKA8GkU8C&pg=PA162|title=South Asia Defence and Strategic Year Book, 2010|last=Singh|first=Harjeet|date=2010|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-444-8}}</ref> In 1981, following the election of US President [[Ronald Reagan]], aid for the mujahideen through Zia's Pakistan significantly increased, mostly due to the efforts of Texas [[US Congress|Congressman]] [[Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)|Charlie Wilson]] and CIA officer [[Gust Avrakotos]].<ref name="Ralph Carter">{{cite book|title=Choosing to Lead: Understanding Congressional Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4503-9|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYzGTelSjcsC&pg=PA122|author=Ralph G. Carter|author2=James M. Scott|date=3 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="Todd Leopold">{{cite news|title=The real Charlie Wilson: 'War' got it right|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/04/23/charlie.wilson/|accessdate=24 July 2013|newspaper=CNN|date=23 April 2008|author=Todd Leopold}}</ref>
\n
\nPakistan's ''ISI'' and [[Special Service Group]] (SSG) were actively involved in the conflict. The SSG are widely suspected of participating in [[Battle for Hill 3234|Operation Hill 3234]], near the Pakistani border where nearly 200 suspected SSG personnel were killed in a futile attempt to assault the Soviet held hill.
\n
\n[[File:Afghanistankrieg-Ressourcen.svg|thumb|upright|A German database showing the channeling of the money and weapons, provided by ''ISI'' officer Mohammad Yousaf in his book: ''Afghanistan – The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower'']]
\n
\nThe theft of large sums of aid spurred Pakistan's economic growth, but along with the war in general had devastating side effects for that country. The siphoning off of aid weapons, in which the weapons logistics and coordination were put under the [[Pakistan Navy]] in the [[Karachi Port|port city]] of [[Karachi]], contributed to disorder and violence there, while heroin entering from Afghanistan to pay for arms contributed to addiction problems.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), pp. 143–4</ref> The Navy went into covert war and coordinated the foreign weapons into Afghanistan, while some of its high-ranking admirals were responsible for storing the weapons in the Navy depot, later coordinated the weapons supply to mujahideen.
\n
\nIn retaliation for Pakistan's assistance to the insurgents, the [[KHAD]] Afghan security service, under leader [[Mohammad Najibullah]], carried out (according to the [[Mitrokhin Archive]]s and other sources) a large number of operations against Pakistan. In 1987, 127 incidents resulted in 234 deaths in Pakistan. In April 1988, an ammunition depot outside the Pakistani capital of [[Islamabad]] was blown up killing 100 and injuring more than 1000 people. The KHAD and [[KGB]] were suspected in the perpetration of these acts.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=12}} Soviet and Afghan fighters and bombers occasionally bombed Pakistani villages along the Pakistani-Afghan border. These attacks are known to have caused at least 300 civilian deaths and extensive damage. Sometimes they got involved in shootings with the Pakistani jets defending the airspace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/02/world/afghans-down-a-pakistani-f-16-saying-fighter-jet-crossed-border.html|work=The New York Times|title=Afghans Down A Pakistani F-16, Saying Fighter Jet Crossed Border|first=Steven R.|last=Weisman|date=May 2, 1987|accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>
\n
\nPakistan took in millions of [[Afghan refugee]]s (mostly Pashtun) fleeing the Soviet occupation. Although the [[refugee]]s were controlled within Pakistan's largest province, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] under then-[[martial law]] ruler General [[Rahimuddin Khan]], the influx of so many refugees – believed to be the largest refugee population in the world <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA110161999|title=Amnesty International - Library - Afghanistan: Refugees from Afghanistan: The world's largest single refugee group|date=2003-07-11|access-date=2018-05-14|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030711014619/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA110161999|archivedate=July 11, 2003|df=mdy-all}}</ref>– spread into several other regions.
\n
\nAll of this had a heavy impact on Pakistan and its effects continue to this day. Pakistan, through its support for the mujahideen, played a significant role in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet military personnel from Afghanistan.
\n
\nDuring the [[Sino-Soviet split]], strained relations between China and the USSR resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing for the opponent's enemies. China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule. When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile. The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China's then-enemy Vietnam and blamed China for supporting Afghan anticommunist militants. China responded to the Soviet war in Afghanistan by supporting the [[Afghan mujahideen]] and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang. China acquired military equipment from America to defend itself from Soviet attack.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starriditor=S. Frederick Starr|year=2004|edition=illustrated|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA157|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|isbn=0-7656-1318-2|page=157}}</ref>
\n
\nThe Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] trained and supported the Afghan mujahideen during the war. The training camps were moved from Pakistan into China itself. Anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers and machine guns, valued at hundreds of millions, were given to the mujahideen by the Chinese. Chinese military advisors and army troops were present with the Mujahidin during training.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|year=2004|edition=illustrated|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA158|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|isbn=0-7656-1318-2|page=158}}</ref>
\n
\n===Soviet personnel strengths and casualties===
\n[[File:RIAN archive 476785 Soviet Army soldiers return from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers return from Afghanistan, October 1986]]
\n[[File:AfghanAirForce1.jpg|thumb|Afghans commemorating [[Mujahideen Victory Day]]]]
\n
\nBetween December 25, 1979, and February 15, 1989, a total of 620,000{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} soldiers served with the forces in Afghanistan (though there were only 80,000–104,000 serving at one time): 525,000 in the Army, 90,000 with border troops and other [[KGB]] sub-units, 5,000 in independent formations of [[MVD]] [[Internal Troops]], and police forces. A further 21,000 personnel were with the Soviet troop contingent over the same period doing various white collar and blue collar jobs.
\n
\nThe total irrecoverable personnel losses of the Soviet Armed Forces, frontier, and internal security troops came to 14,453. Soviet Army formations, units, and HQ elements lost 13,833, KGB sub-units lost 572, MVD formations lost 28, and other ministries and departments lost 20 men. During this period 312 servicemen were missing in action or taken prisoner; 119 were later freed, of whom 97 returned to the USSR and 22 went to other countries.
\n
\nOf the troops deployed, 53,753 were wounded, injured, or sustained concussion and 415,932 fell sick. A high proportion of casualties were those who fell ill. This was because of local climatic and sanitary conditions, which were such that acute infections spread rapidly among the troops. There were 115,308 cases of infectious [[hepatitis]], 31,080 of [[typhoid]] fever, and 140,665 of other diseases. Of the 11,654 who were discharged from the army after being wounded, maimed, or contracting serious diseases, 10,751 men, were left disabled.<ref>{{cite book|first=G. F.|last=Krivosheev|year=1993|title=Combat Losses and Casualties in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London, England}}</ref>
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\nMaterial losses were as follows:<ref name="vfw.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060718225045/http://www.vfw.org/resources/levelxmagazine/0203_Soviet-Afghan%20War.pdf The Soviet-Afghan War: Breaking the Hammer & Sickle] by Lester W. Grau and Ali Ahmad Jalali| vfw.org</ref>
\n* [[List of Soviet aircraft crashes in Afghanistan|451 aircraft]] (includes 333 [[helicopters]])
\n* 147 [[tanks]]
\n* 1,314 [[IFV]]/[[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]]
\n* 433 [[Artillery|artillery guns]] and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]
\n* 11,369 cargo and fuel tanker trucks.
\n
\n===Use of chemical weapons===
\nThere have also been numerous reports of chemical weapons being used by Soviet forces in Afghanistan, often indiscriminately against civilians.<ref name="Report from Afghanistan"/><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 20671950|title = Chemical Warfare in Afghanistan: An Independent Assessment|last = Schwartzstein|first = Stuart j. d.|date = Winter 1982–83|journal = World Affairs|doi = |pmid =|volume=145|pages=267–272}}</ref><ref>[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=ch013&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch013&brand=eschol The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Hassan Kakar</ref> A declassified CIA report from 1982 states that between 1979 and 1982 there were 43 separate chemical weapons attacks which caused more than 3000 deaths.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url = http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000284013.pdf|title = Use of toxins and other lethal agents in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan|date = 2 February 1982|accessdate = 21 October 2014|website = |publisher = CIA}}</ref> By early 1980, attacks with chemical weapons were reported in "all areas with concentrated resistance activity".<ref name=":0" />
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\n===Causes of withdrawal===
\nSome of the causes of the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan leading to the Afghanistan regime's eventual defeat include<ref name=Fremont-Barnes>{{cite book|last1=Fremont-Barnes|first1=Gregory|title=The Soviet–Afghan War 1979–89|date=2012|publisher=Osprey Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LH55BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89|isbn=978-1-4728-1038-0}}</ref>
\n* The Soviet Army of 1980 was trained and equipped for large scale, conventional warfare in Central Europe against a similar opponent, i.e. it used armored and motor-rifle formations. This was notably ineffective against small scale guerrilla groups using hit-and-run tactics in the rough terrain of Afghanistan. The large Red Army formations weren't mobile enough to engage small groups of Muj fighters that easily merged back into the terrain.<ref name=Fremont-Barnes/> The set strategy also meant that troops were discouraged from "tactical initiative", essential in counter insurgency, because it "tended to upset operational timing".<ref name=Grau-201/>
\n* The Russians used large scale offensives against Mujahideen strongholds, such as in the Panjshir Valley, which temporarily clearing those sectors and killed many civilians in addition to enemy combatants. The biggest shortcoming here was the fact that once the Russians did engage the enemy in force, they failed to hold the ground by withdrawing once their operation was completed. The killing of civilians further alienated the population from the Soviets, with bad long-term effects.<ref name=Fremont-Barnes/>
\n* The Soviets didn't have enough men to fight a counter-insurgency war (COIN),<ref name=Grau-201>{{cite book|last1=Grau|first1=Lester W.|title=The Bear Went Over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan|date=1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing. |pages=201–2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=yOtThPNqKP8C&pg=PA197|isbn=978-0-7881-4665-7}}</ref> and their troops were not motivated. The peak number of Soviet troops during the war was 115,000. The bulk of these troops were conscripts, which led to poor combat performance in their Motor-Rifle Formations. However, the Russians did have their elite infantry units, such as the famed Spetsnaz, the VDV, and their recon infantry. The problem with their elite units was not combat effectiveness, but the fact that there were not enough of them and that they were employed incorrectly.<ref name=Fremont-Barnes/>
\n* Intelligence gathering, essential for successful COIN, was inadequate. The Soviets over-relied on less-than-accurate aerial recon and radio intercepts rather than their recon infantry and special forces. Although their special forces and recon infantry units performed very well in combat against the Mujahideen, they would have better served in intelligence gathering.<ref name=Fremont-Barnes/>
\n* The concept of a "war of national liberation" against a Soviet-sponsored "revolutionary" regime was so alien to the Soviet dogma, the leadership could not "come to grips" with it. This led to, among other things, a suppression by the Soviet media for several years of the truth how bad the war was going, which caused a backlash when it was unable to hide it further.<ref name=Grau-201/>
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\n===Destruction in Afghanistan===
\n
\nCivilian death and destruction from the war was considerable.
\nEstimates of Afghan civilian deaths vary from 562,000<ref name="562k"/> to 2,000,000.<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref name="Sliwinski"/><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> 5–10 million Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran, 1/3 of the prewar population of the country, and another 2 million were displaced within the country. In the 1980s, half of all refugees in the world were Afghan.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=11}}
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\n[[File:US military personnel with Mujahideen in 1989.JPEG|thumb|left|upright|[[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military personnel]] (with civilian far right, in suit) at Rhein Main Air Base, Frankfurt, Germany. A civilian volunteer with an Afghan NGO in Germany assists a blinded Afghan Mujahid off the air stair.]]
\n
\n[[Felix Ermacora]], the [[UN Special Rapporteur]] to Afghanistan, said that heavy fighting in combat areas cost the lives of more than 35,000 civilians in 1985, 15,000 in 1986, and around 14,000 in 1987. [[R.J. Rummel]], an analyst of political killings, estimated that Soviet forces were responsible for 250,000 [[democide|democidal]] killings during the war and that the government of Afghanistan was responsible for 178,000 democidal killings.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1A.GIF 20th Century Democide] Rudolph Rummel</ref> There were also a number of reports of large scale executions of hundreds of civilians by Soviet and DRA soldiers.<ref>4 March 1980 AP</ref><ref>27 March 1985 AP</ref><ref>26 Feb. 1985 AP</ref> Noor Ahmed Khalidi calculated that 876,825 Afghans were killed during the Soviet invasion.<ref>Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War, 1978–1987", ''Central Asian Survey'', Vol. 10, No. 3 (1991), p. 106.</ref> Martin Ewan and Marek Sliwinski estimated the number of war deaths to be much higher, at 1.25 million.<ref>Ewans, Conflict in Afghanistan, p. 151; Marek Sliwinski, "Afghanistan: Decimation of a People", ''Orbis'', Vol. 33, No. 1 (1989), pp. 39–56</ref> However, Siddieq Noorzoy presents an even higher figure of 1.71 million deaths during the Soviet-Afghan war.<ref>M. Siddieq Noorzoy, "Some Observations on an Assessment of the Population in Afghanistan", ''Journal of the Writers Union of Free Afghanistan'', Vol. 3, No. 3 (1988), pp. 6–14.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/9-Imtiyaz_Gul_Khan.pdf|title=Afghanistan: Human Cost of Armed Conflict since the Soviet Invasion|last=Khan|first=Imtiyaz Gul|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> Anti-government forces were also responsible for some casualties. Rocket attacks on Kabul's residential areas caused more than 4000 civilian deaths in 1987 according to the UN's Ermacora.<ref>Sandy Gall. ''Afghanistan: Agony of a Nation.'' Bodley Head. 1988 p. 3</ref>
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\nAlong with fatalities were 1.2 million Afghans disabled (mujahideen, government soldiers and noncombatants) and 3 million maimed or wounded (primarily noncombatants).<ref>Hilali, A. (2005). ''US–Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan''. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co. (p. 198)</ref>
\n
\n[[Irrigation]] systems, crucial to agriculture in Afghanistan's [[arid climate]], were destroyed by [[strategic bombing|aerial bombing]] and [[strafing]] by Soviet or government forces. In the worst year of the war, 1985, well over half of all the farmers who remained in Afghanistan had their fields bombed, and over one quarter had their irrigation systems destroyed and their livestock shot by Soviet or government troops, according to a survey conducted by Swedish relief experts{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=11}}
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\n[[File:Charlie Wilson with Afghan man.jpg|thumb|[[Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)|Charlie Wilson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Texas|TX]]), 2nd from the left, dressing in [[Pashtun dress|Afghan clothing]] (armed with [[AK-47]]) with the local [[Afghan mujahideen]].]]
\n
\nThe population of Afghanistan's second largest city, Kandahar, was reduced from 200,000 before the war to no more than 25,000 inhabitants, following a months-long campaign of [[carpet bombing]] and [[bulldozing]] by the Soviets and Afghan communist soldiers in 1987.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=188}} [[Land mine]]s had killed 25,000 Afghans during the war and another 10–15 million land mines, most planted by Soviet and government forces, were left scattered throughout the countryside.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mines Put Afghans in Peril on Return|first=Robert|last=Pear|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=August 14, 1988|page=9|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/14/world/mines-put-afghans-in-peril-on-return.html}}</ref> The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] estimated in 1994 that it would take 4,300 years to remove all the Soviet land mines in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-21061568/reversing-gun-sights-transnational.html |work=International Organization |title=Reversing the gun sights: transnational civil society targets land mines |date=June 22, 1998 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928001109/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-21061568/reversing-gun-sights-transnational.html |archivedate=September 28, 2013 }}</ref>
\n
\n[[File:Russische Schmetterlingsmine PFM-1.jpg|thumb|A [[PFM-1]] mine, often mistaken for a toy by children. The mine's shape was dictated by aerodynamics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Landmines: Legacy of Conflict: A Manual for Development Workers|last=McGrath|first=Rae|year=1998|publisher=Diane Publishing Company|isbn=0-7881-3280-6|pages=39–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=369Xfpy7Sa0C&pg=PA40}}</ref>]]
\n
\nA great deal of damage was done to the civilian children population by land mines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realnews247.com/spec_rep_3_gorby_2003_.htm|title=Gorbachev, The Iraqi War & Afghan Atrocities|publisher=Realnews247.com|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> A 2005 report estimated 3–4% of the Afghan population were disabled due to Soviet and government land mines. In the city of [[Quetta]], a survey of refugee women and children taken shortly after the Soviet withdrawal found child mortality at 31%, and over 80% of the children refugees to be unregistered. Of children who survived, 67% were severely malnourished, with [[malnutrition]] increasing with age.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1122273|year=2002|author1=Bhutta|first1=Z. A.|title=Children of war: The real casualties of the Afghan conflict|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=324|issue=7333|pages=349–352|pmid=11834566|doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7333.349}}</ref>
\n
\nCritics of Soviet and Afghan government forces describe their effect on [[Afghan culture]] as working in three stages: first, the center of customary Afghan culture, Islam, was pushed aside; second, Soviet patterns of life, especially amongst the young, were imported; third, shared Afghan cultural characteristics were destroyed by the emphasis on so-called nationalities, with the outcome that the country was split into different ethnic groups, with no language, religion, or culture in common.<ref>Hauner, M. (1989). ''Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation''. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. (p.40)</ref>
\n
\nThe [[Geneva Accords (1988)|Geneva Accords]] of 1988, which ultimately led to the withdrawal of the Soviet forces in early 1989, left the Afghan government in ruins. The accords had failed to address adequately the issue of the post-occupation period and the future governance of Afghanistan. The assumption among most Western diplomats was that the Soviet-backed government in Kabul would soon collapse; however, this was not to happen for another three years. During this time the Interim Islamic Government of Afghanistan (IIGA) was established in exile. The exclusion of key groups such as refugees and [[Shia]]s, combined with major disagreements between the different mujahideen factions, meant that the IIGA never succeeded in acting as a functional government.<ref>Barakat, S. (2004). ''Reconstructing War-Torn Societies: Afghanistan''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (p. 5)</ref>
\n
\n[[File:AfghanGuerillainUS1986e.JPEG|thumb|left|Afghan guerrillas that were chosen to receive medical treatment in the United States, [[Norton Air Force Base]], California, 1986]]
\n
\nBefore the war, Afghanistan was already one of the world's poorest nations. The prolonged conflict left Afghanistan ranked 170 out of 174 in the UNDP's ''Human Development Index'', making Afghanistan one of the least developed countries in the world.<ref>Barakat, S. (2004). ''Reconstructing War-Torn Societies: Afghanistan''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (p. 7)</ref>
\n
\nOnce the Soviets withdrew, US interest in Afghanistan slowly decreased over the following four years, much of it administered through the DoD Office of Humanitarian Assistance, under the then Director of HA, George M. Dykes III. With the first years of the Clinton Administration in Washington, DC, all aid ceased. The US decided not to help with reconstruction of the country, instead handing the interests of the country over to US allies Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Pakistan quickly took advantage of this opportunity and forged relations with [[warlord]]s and later the [[Taliban]], to secure trade interests and routes. The ten years following the war saw much ecological and agrarian destruction—from wiping out the country's trees through logging practices, which has destroyed all but 2% of forest cover country-wide, to substantial uprooting of wild [[pistachio]] trees for the exportation of their roots for therapeutic uses, to [[opium]] agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|last=Panetta |first=L. |year=2007 |title=Collateral damage and the uncertainty of Afghanistan... |url=http://www.opticalrealities.org/Afghanistan02/CollateralDamage.html |location=San Francisco |work=opticalrealities.org |accessdate=August 17, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922015906/http://www.opticalrealities.org/Afghanistan02/CollateralDamage.html |archivedate=September 22, 2009 |df= }}</ref>
\n
\nCaptain Tarlan Eyvazov, a soldier in the Soviet forces during the war, stated that the Afghan children's future is destined for war. Eyvazov said, "Children born in Afghanistan at the start of the war... have been brought up in war conditions, this is their way of life." Eyvazov's theory was later strengthened when the Taliban movement developed and formed from orphans or refugee children who were forced by the Soviets to flee their homes and relocate their lives in Pakistan. The swift rise to power, from the young Taliban in 1996, was the result of the disorder and civil war that had warlords running wild because of the complete breakdown of law and order in Afghanistan after the departure of the Soviets.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kirby|first= A. |year=2003|title= War has ruined Afghan environment|accessdate=November 27, 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2704989.stm|work=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmc=1122273|year=2002|author1=Bhutta|first1=Z. A.|title=Children of war: The real casualties of the Afghan conflict|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=324|issue=7333|pages=349–352|pmid=11834566|doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7333.349}}</ref>
\n
\nThe ''CIA World Fact Book'' reported that as of 2004, Afghanistan still owed $8 billion in bilateral debt, mostly to Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html#Govt|title=USSR aid to Afghanistan worth $8 billion|publisher=CIA|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref> however, in 2007 Russia agreed to cancel most of the debt.<ref>[https://archive.is/20080311054211/http://www.rusembcanada.mid.ru/pr2007/037.html RUSSIA CANCELS AFGHANISTAN'S DEBT] PRESS-RELEASE 08.08.07 – wayback.archive.org</ref>
\n
\n===Refugees===
\n{{main|Afghan refugees|Afghans in Pakistan}}
\n5.5 million Afghans were made refugees by the war—a full one third of the country's pre-war population—fleeing the country to Pakistan or Iran.{{sfn|Kaplan|2008|p=11}}
\n
\nA total of 3.3 million Afghan [[refugee]]s were housed in Pakistan by 1988, some of whom continue to live in the country up until today. Of this total, about 100,000 were based in the city of [[Peshawar]], while more than 2 million were located in other parts of the northwestern province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (then known as the North-West Frontier Province).<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/world/pakistan-restricts-afghan-refugees.html Pakistan Restricts Afghan Refugees] by Donatella Lorch for ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]''. November 16, 1988.</ref><ref name="nation.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Feb-2012/visa-extension-to-foreigners-banned|title=Visa extension to foreigners banned|author= Imran Mukhtar|work=The Nation|date=14 February 2012}}</ref> At the same time, close to two million [[Afghans in Iran|Afghans were living in Iran]]. Over the years Pakistan and [[Iran]] have imposed tighter controls on refugees which have resulted in numerous returnees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/iran.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324141757/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/iran.html|archivedate=2012-03-24|title=World Refugee Survey 2009: Iran|work=USCRI|date=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/64489/pakistan-un-cautions-on-afghan-refugee-camp-closures|title=PAKISTAN: UN cautions on Afghan refugee camp closures|work=irinnews.org|date=17 January 2007|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref> In 2012 Pakistan banned extensions of visas to foreigners.<ref name="nation.com.pk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/02/17/national/no-more-visa-extensions-for-foreigners-in-pakistan/|title=No more visa extensions for foreigners in Pakistan|work=pakistantoday.com.pk|date=17 February 2012|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref> Afghan refugees have also settled in India and became Indian citizens over time.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/47bc36204.html|title=Afghan refugee teaches Hindi to tots in India|publisher=UNHCR|date=February 20, 2008|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/487390023.cms|work=The Times of India|location=India|title=Escape from War}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/441190254.html|title=Afghan refugees in India become Indian, at last|publisher=UNHCR|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref> Some also made their way into North America, the [[European Union]], Australia, and other parts of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/56e2b1010a330a11d2d7c10f8619804d.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030600/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/56e2b1010a330a11d2d7c10f8619804d.htm |archivedate=December 5, 2008 |title=A Thomson Reuters Foundation Service|publisher=AlertNet|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref> The photo of [[Sharbat Gula]] placed on ''[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]'' cover in 1985 became a symbol both of the 1980s Afghan conflict and of the refugee situation.
\n
\n==Aftermath==
\n
\n===Weakening of the Soviet Union===
\nAccording to scholars Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakash, the war contributed to the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] by undermining the image of the Red Army as invincible, undermining Soviet legitimacy, and by creating new forms of political participation.
\n
\nThe war created a cleavage between the party and the military in the Soviet Union where the efficacy of using the Soviet military to maintain the USSR's overseas interests was now put in doubt. In the non-Russian republics, those interested in independence were emboldened by the army's defeat. In Russia the war created cleavage between the party and the military, changing the perceptions of leaders about the ability to put down anti-Soviet resistance militarily (as it had in [[Prague Spring#Invasion|Czechoslovakia in 1968]], [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungary in 1956]], and [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|East Germany in 1953]]). As the war was viewed as "a Russian war fought by non Russians against Afghans", outside of Russia it undermined the legitimacy of the Soviet Union as a trans-national political union. The war created new forms of political participation, in the form of new civil organizations of war veterans (Afghansti) which weakened the political hegemony of the communist party. It also started the transformation of the press/media which continued under [[glasnost]].<ref name=REUVENY-1999/>
\n
\n===Civil war===
\n{{Main|Conflict in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)}}
\nThe war did not end with the withdrawal of the Soviet Army. The Soviet Union left Afghanistan deep in winter, with intimations of panic among Kabul officials. The Afghan mujahideen were poised to attack provincial towns and cities and eventually Kabul, if necessary. Najibullah's government, though failing to win popular support, territory, or international recognition, was able to remain in power until 1992.
\n
\n[[File:T-54A and T-55 at Bagram Air Base.jpg|thumb|left|Two Soviet [[T-55]] tanks left by the Soviet army during their withdrawal lie rusting in a field near [[Bagram Airfield]], in 2002]]
\n
\n[[File:T-34-85s outside Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Abandoned Soviet T-34-85s lined up outside [[Kandahar Airfield]], in 2011]]
\n
\nCivil war between the Afghan army and mujahideen continued and about 400,000 Afghan civilians had lost their lives in the chaos and civil war of the 1990s.<ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 Life under Taliban cuts two ways]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. September 20, 2001</ref> Ironically, until demoralized by the defections of its senior officers, the Afghan Army had achieved a level of performance it had never reached under direct Soviet tutelage. Kabul had achieved a stalemate that exposed the mujahideen's weaknesses, political and military. But for nearly three years, while Najibullah's government successfully defended itself against mujahideen attacks, factions within the government had also developed connections with its opponents.
\n
\nAccording to Russian publicist [[Andrey Karaulov]], the main trigger for Najibullah losing power was Russia's refusal to sell oil products to Afghanistan in 1992 for political reasons (the new Yeltsin government did not want to support the former communists), which effectively triggered an embargo.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} The defection of General [[Abdul Rashid Dostam]] and his Uzbek [[militia]], in March 1992, further undermined Najibullah's control of the state.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} In April, Najibullah and his communist government fell to the mujahideen, who replaced Najibullah with a new governing council for the country.
\n
\nGrain production declined an average of 3.5% per year between 1978 and 1990 due to sustained fighting, instability in rural areas, prolonged drought, and deteriorated infrastructure.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Soviet efforts to disrupt production in rebel-dominated areas also contributed to this decline. During the withdrawal of Soviet troops, Afghanistan's natural gas fields were capped to prevent sabotage.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Restoration of gas production has been hampered by internal strife and the disruption of traditional trading relationships following the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)#Dissolution of the USSR|dissolution of the Soviet Union]].
\n
\n===Extremism and "blowback"===
\nFollowing the Soviet withdrawal, some of the foreign volunteers (including [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[al-Qaeda]])<ref name=kepel-jihad-137/><ref name=GKJTPI2002:8/> and young Afghan refugees, went on to continue violent jihad in Afghanistan, Pakistan and abroad. Some of the thousands of Afghan Arabs who left Afghanistan went on to become "capable leaders, religious ideologues and military commanders," who played "vital roles" as insurgents or terrorists in places such as [[Algeria]], Egypt, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] and [[Chechnya]].<ref name=hafez>{{cite web|last1=Hafez|first1=Mohammed M.|title=Jihad After Iraq: Lessons from the Arab Afghans Phenomenon|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/jihad-after-iraq-lessons-from-the-arab-afghans-phenomenon|publisher=Combating Terrorism Center|accessdate=22 July 2015|date=March 15, 2008}}</ref> Tens of thousands of Afghan refugee children in Pakistan were educated in [[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrasses]] "in a spirit of conservatism and religious rigor", and went on to fill the ranks and leadership of the [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan and [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|Sipah-e-Sahaba]] in Pakistan.<ref name=GKJTPI2002:142-3>[[#GKJTPI2002|Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002)]]: p.142-3</ref> The groups embodied new varieties of [[Political Islam]] – "[[Salafi jihadism]]" among the foreign volunteers,<ref name=kepel-jihad-137/><ref name=GKJTPI2002:8/> and a "hybrid" [[Deobandi]] jihadism among the madrassa-educated.<ref name="GKJTPI2002:142-3"/>
\n
\nAs many as 35,000 non-Afghan Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992.<ref name=Commins-174/> Thousands more came and did not fight but attended schools with "former and future fighters".<ref name="Commins-174"/>
\nThese "Afghan-Arabs" had a marginal impact on the jihad against the Soviets, but a much greater effect after the Soviets left and in other countries. (After the Soviets left, training continued and "tens of thousands" from "some 40 nations" came to prepare for armed insurrections "to bring the struggle back home".<ref name=NYT-Weiner>{{cite news|last1=Weiner;|first1=Tim|title=Blowback From the Afghan Battlefieldl|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/13/magazine/blowback-from-the-afghan-battlefield.html|accessdate=23 July 2015|agency=New York Times|date=March 13, 1994|work=The New York Times}}</ref> )
\n
\nThe man instrumental not only in generating international support but also in inspiring these volunteers to travel to Afghanistan for the jihad was a Palestinian [[Muslim Brotherhood]] cleric, [[Abdullah Azzam]]. Touring the [[Muslim world]] and the United States, he inspired young Muslims with stories of miraculous deeds, such as mujahideen who defeated vast columns of Soviet troops virtually single-handedly, angels riding into battle on horseback, and falling bombs intercepted by birds.<ref>examples can be found in "The Signs of ar-Rahmaan in the Jihad of the Afghan," www.Islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=877& accessed 2006, and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, "Abul-Mundhir ash-Shareef," www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=30& accessed 2006</ref>
\n
\nWhen back in the volunteer camps and training centers that he helped set up around Peshawar, Pakistan, Azzam exercised a "strong influence."<ref name=kepel-jihad-145>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris.|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA145|isbn=978-1-84511-257-8}}</ref> He preached the importance of jihad: "those who believe that Islam can flourish [and] be victorious without Jihad, fighting, and blood are deluded and have no understanding of the nature of this religion";<ref name=Scheuer-68>{{cite book|last1=Scheuer|first1=Michael|title=Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America|date=2002|publisher=Potomac Books|isbn=978-1-57488-967-3|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA68}}</ref> of not compromising: "Jihad and the rifle alone: no negotiations, no conferences and no dialogues";<ref name=McGregor>{{cite journal|last1=McGregor|first1=Andrew|title="Jihad and the Rifle Alone": 'Abdullah 'Azzam and the Islamist Revolution|journal=Journal of Conflict Studies|date=Fall 2003|volume=XXIII|issue=2|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/219/377|accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref> and that Afghanistan was only the beginning: jihad would "remain an individual obligation" for Muslims until all other formerly-Muslim lands—"[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Bukhara]], [[Lebanon]], [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somalia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Burma]], [[South Yemen]], [[Tashkent]], [[Andalusia]]"—were reconquered.<ref name=kepel-jihad-147>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA145|isbn=978-1-84511-257-8|year=2006}}</ref>
\n
\nThe volunteers also influenced each other. Many "unexpected" religious-political ideas resulted from the "cross-pollination" during the "great gathering" of Islamists from dozens of countries in the camps and training centers.<ref name=kepel-jihad-137>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA145|quote=In the camps and training centers around Peshawar ... Arabs mixed with Afghans and Muslim from every corner of the world and exchanged ideas based on their different traditions. [In this] great gathering of international Islamists ... many unexpected ideological cross fertilizations and grafts emerged.|isbn=978-1-84511-257-8|year=2006}}</ref> One in particular was a "variant of Islamist ideology based on armed struggle and extreme religious vigour", known as [[Salafi jihadism]].<ref name=GKJTPI2002:8>[[#GKJTPI2002|Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002)]]: p.8</ref>
\n
\nWhen the Soviet Union fell shortly after their withdrawal from Afghanistan, the volunteers were "exultant",<ref name=GKJTPI2002:10>[[#GKJTPI2002|Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002)]]: p.10</ref> believing that—in the words of [[Osama bin Laden]]—the credit for "the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] ... goes to God and the mujahideen in Afghanistan ... the US had no mentionable role,"<ref>''Messages to the World'', 2006, p. 50. (March 1997 interview with Peter Arnett)</ref> (Soviet economic troubles and United States aid to mujahideen notwithstanding). They eagerly sought to duplicate their jihad in other countries.<ref name="GKJTPI2002:10"/>
\n
\nThree such countries were [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Algerian Civil War|Algeria]] and [[Terrorism in Egypt#Attacks during the 1990s|Egypt]]. In Bosnia the Salafi jihadist Afghan Arabs fought against [[War in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb and Croat]] militias but failed to establish a Salafi state. In Algeria and Egypt thousand of volunteers returned and fought but were even less successful.<ref name=FAS-1994>{{cite web|title=ARAB VETERANS OF AFGHANISTAN WAR LEAD NEW ISLAMIC HOLY WAR|url=https://fas.org/irp/news/1994/afghan_war_vetrans.html |website=FAS |publisher=Compass |accessdate=9 July 2015 |date=October 28, 1994}}</ref><ref name=GKJTPI2002:276>[[#GKJTPI2002|Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002)]]: p.276</ref> In [[Algerian Civil War|Algeria]] Salafi jihadist helped lead and fight for the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria|GIA]], deliberately killing thousands of civilians.<ref name=bergen-BB/> In Egypt the [[Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]] killed more than a thousand people between 1990 and 1997 but also failed to overthrow the government.<ref name=bergen-BB/><ref name=GKJTPI2002:277-8>[[#GKJTPI2002|Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002)]]: p.277-8</ref>
\n
\n====Spread of extremism in Pakistan====
\n{{further|Sectarianism in Pakistan|War in North-West Pakistan}}
\nAmong the approximately three million Afghan refugees in Pakistan, thousands of children were educated in madrasa boarding schools financed by aid from the US and Gulf monarchies. Since that aid was distributed according to the conservative Islamist ideological criteria of Pakistan's President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] and Saudi Arabia (and ignoring native Afghan traditions), the schools were part of networks of the favored [[Hizb-e-Islami]] party and the Pakistan [[Deobandi]].<ref name="GKJTPI2002:142-3"/><ref name=TCA-92>{{cite book|editor1-last=Crews,|editor1-first=Robert D.|editor2-last=Tarzi|editor2-first=Amin|title=The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan|date=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press.|pages=92–93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUEMBOA4BbsC&pg=PA92|quote=Hizb-e Islami received the largest portion of U.S. assistance, which helped the group open ... a large network of religious schools, where Islamic extremism became an integral part of the curriculum. .... Islamist leaders that were previously unknown ... were given free rein over millions of Afghans who were living in refugee camps, and the assistance they received was used to recruit and influence the refugee populations.|isbn=978-0-674-03002-2}}</ref> (Iran provided similar help to Shia Islamist groups and punishments to moderate Shia nationalist Afghans.<ref name=TCA-96>{{cite book|editor1-last=Crews,|editor1-first=Robert D.|editor2-last=Tarzi|editor2-first=Amin|title=The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan|date=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press.|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wUEMBOA4BbsC&pg=PA92|isbn=978-0-674-03002-2}}</ref>)
\n
\nCut off from families and local traditions, the madrassa students were "educated to put Deobandi doctrines into action through obedience to the fatwas produced in the madrasses in a spirit of conservatism and religious rigor." As the Afghan students came of age, they formed "the mainstay" of the [[Taliban]] in Afghanistan and of the anti-Shia [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|Sipah-e-Sahaba]] Sunni terror group in Pakistan. But unlike the traditionally non-violent Deobandi, this "hybrid movement" embraced the violence of jihad, and unlike the Islamists of [[Hizb-e-Islami]] they were uninterested in "islamizing modernity" of western knowledge or in western knowledge at all.<ref name=kepel-jihad-143>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA145|quote=refugee children taken in as boarders to the madrasses were "cut off from their families and traditional environments, [and] ... crucially, ... were educated to put Deobandi doctrines into action through obedience to the fatwas produced in the madrasses in a spirit of conservatism and religious rigor. This host of young Afghans ... gave birth to a hybrid movement. In the decade that followed, when these Afghans came of age, they formed the mainstay of the Taliban in Afghanistan and of the Sunni extremist militants of the [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|Sipah-e-Sahaba]] in Pakistan ... who massacred Shiites and carried the jihad to Kashmir.|isbn=978-1-84511-257-8|year=2006}}</ref> The culture of religious purification, absolute obedience to leaders, and disinterest in anything else, is thought to explain the willingness of [[Hizb-e-Islami]]-trained soldiers to bombard Kabul with artillery and kill thousands of civilians, reassured by their commander that the civilians they killed would "be rewarded" in heaven if they were "good Muslims".<ref name=TCA-99>{{cite book|editor1-last=Crews,|editor1-first=Robert D.|editor2-last=Tarzi|editor2-first=Amin|title=The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan|date=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press.|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wUEMBOA4BbsC&pg=PA9|isbn=978-0-674-03002-2}}</ref>
\nFrom 2008 to 2014 "thousands of Shia" have been killed by Sunni extremists according to [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name=HRW-2014>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=16 November 2014|date=June 30, 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n===="Blowback"====
\n{{further|Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden}}
\n[[Blowback (intelligence)|Blowback]], or unintended consequences of funding the mujahideen, was said to have come to the United States in the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] and the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name=bergen-BB>{{cite journal|last1=Bergen|first1=Peter|last2=Reynolds|first2=Alec|title=Blowback Revisited|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=November–December 2005|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2005-10-01/blowback-revisited|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref> In the 1993 bombing, all of the participants in the bombing "either had served in Afghanistan or were linked to a Brooklyn-based fund-raising organ for the Afghan jihad" that was later "revealed to be [[al-Qaeda]]'s de facto U.S. headquarters".<ref name=bergen-BB/> Principals in the 2001 attack—Osama Bin Laden, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]]<ref name=NYTimesGuantanamoDocketISN10024>
\n{{cite news
\n| url = http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/10024-khalid-shaikh-mohammed
\n| title = Guantanamo Docket: Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
\n| publisher = The New York Times
\n| date = 2008-11-03
\n| author = [[Margot Williams]]
\n| accessdate =
\n}}</ref> — had both fought in Afghanistan, and bin Laden was a lieutenant of Abdullah Azzam. His group al-Qaeda, returned to Afghanistan to take refuge with the Taliban after being expelled from Sudan.<ref name=bergen-BB/> Before the 9/11 attack, al-Qaeda had [[1998 United States embassy bombings|bombed two U.S. embassies]] in Africa in 1998, and nearly sank the [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'']] in Yemen in 2000.<ref name=bergen-BB/> However, no direct U.S. aid to bin Laden or any of his affiliates has ever been established.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Peter Bergen|last=Bergen|first=Peter|title=[[The Osama bin Laden I Know|The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader]]|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2006|isbn=9780743295925|pp=60–61}}</ref>
\n
\n==Media and popular culture==
\n{{Main|Soviet war in Afghanistan in popular culture}}
\n
\n==Perception in the former USSR==
\n[[File:2009. Stamp of Belarus 02-2009-01-16-m.jpg|thumb|20th Anniversary of Withdrawal of Soviet Military Forces from Afghanistan, stamp of Belarus, 2009]]
\n[[File:Российской военной базы в Таджикистан посвящённом вывода советских войск из Афганистана. 01.jpg|thumb|A war memorial in [[Dushanbe]]]]
\n
\nCommemorating the intervention of December 25, 1979, in December 2009, veterans of the Soviet war in Afghanistan were honoured by the [[Duma]] or Parliament of the Russian Federation. On December 25, the lower house of the parliament defended the Soviet war in Afghanistan on the 30th anniversary of its start, and praised the veterans of the conflict. Differing assessments of the war "mustn't erode the Russian people's respect for the soldiers who honestly fulfilled their duty in implementing tasks to combat international terrorism and religious extremists".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsok.com/article/feed/117434 |title=Russian parliament hails Afghan war vets|date=25 December 2009|agency=Associated Press |accessdate=1 March 2017|work=newsok.com}}</ref>
\n
\nDuma member [[Semyon Bagdasarov]] ([[Just Russia]]) advocated that Russia had to reject Western calls for stronger assistance to the US-led [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]]-coalition in Afghanistan and also had to establish contacts with the "anti-Western forces"; the [[Taliban]], in case they regain power.<ref>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/depeches/international/asiepacifique/20091225.FAP9778/afghanistan_le_parlement_russe_rend_hommage_aux_anciens.html "Afghanistan: le Parlement russe rend hommage aux anciens combattants"]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?col=§ion=international&xfile=data/international/2009/December/international_December1362.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081159/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?col=§ion=international&xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2009%2FDecember%2Finternational_December1362.xml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |title=Russian parliament hails Afghan war vets |work=Khaleej Times |accessdate=July 28, 2011 |df= }}</ref>
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{Portal|Soviet Union|Afghanistan|United States|Cold War|War|1980s|1990s}}
\n* [[Afghan Armed Forces]]
\n* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses]]
\n* [[Shuravi]]
\n* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971#United States and Soviet Union|Soviet involvement in Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
\n* [[Soviet occupation zone]]
\n* [[Spetsnaz|Spetsnaz (Russian Special Purpose Regiments)]]
\n* [[Terrorism and the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)]]
\n* Political philosophies and doctrines
\n** [[Brezhnev Doctrine]]
\n** [[Carter Doctrine]]
\n** [[Interventionism (politics)|Interventionism]]
\n** [[Reagan Doctrine]]
\n** [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Zia Doctrine]]
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs =
\n}}
\n
\n==Further reading==
\n* {{Cite book|title=The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|first=Christopher|last=Andrew|lastauthoramp=yes|first2=Vasili|last2=Mitrokhin|location=New York|publisher=Basic Books|year=1999|isbn=0-465-00310-9}}
\n* {{Cite book|first=Muhammad|last=Ayub|title=An Army, its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999|location=Pittsburgh|publisher=RoseDog Books|year=2005|isbn=0-8059-9594-3}}
\n* {{Cite book|authorlink=Artyom Borovik|last=Borovik|first=Artyom|title=The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist's Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan|year=1990|location=New York|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=0-8021-3775-X}}
\n* {{cite book|last=Braithwaite|first=Rodric|authorlink=Rodric Braithwaite|title=Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–89|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-983265-1|page=417|oclc=709682862|lccn=2011015052}} {{LCC|DS371.2 .B725 2011}}
\n* {{cite book|last=Carew|first=Tom|title=Jihad!: The Secret War in Afghanistan|year=2001|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|isbn=978-1-84018-495-2}}
\n* {{cite book|first=Gordon| last=Corera|title= MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service|year=2011|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn=978-0-7538-2833-5}}
\n* {{Cite book|first=Steve|last=Coll|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001|year=2004|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=1-59420-007-6}}
\n* {{Cite book|first=George|last=Crile|title=Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in history|location=New York|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2003|isbn=0-87113-851-4}}{{dubious|date=July 2012}}
\n* {{cite book|first=Gregory|last=Feifer|title=The Great Gamble: The Soviet war in Afghanistan|location=New York|publisher=Harper|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-114318-2}}
\n* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Galeotti|title=Afghanistan: the Soviet Union's Last War|year=1995|location=London|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=0-7146-8242-X}}
\n* {{cite book|last=Kakar|first=M. Hassan|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=ucpress|title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=0-520-08591-4}} (free online access courtesy of UCP).
\n* {{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Robert D.|authorlink=Robert D. Kaplan|title=Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3TLByMXsJkC|year=2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-54698-2|ref=harv}}
\n* {{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tttzgNKFAI8C|date=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press.|ref=GKJTPI2002|isbn=978-0-674-01090-1}}
\n* {{cite book|first=Kurt|last=Lohbeck|title=Holy War, Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan|location=Washington|publisher=Regnery Publishing|year=1993|isbn=0-89526-499-4 }}
\n* {{cite book| title=Afghan boomerang| publisher=Oleg Novinkov| author=Novinkov, Oleg|year=2011|location=Houston, TX|isbn=978-1-4392-7451-4}}
\n* {{cite book|first=John|last=Prados|title=Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II through the Persian Gulf|location=Chicago|publisher=I.R. Dee|year=1996|isbn=1-56663-108-4}}
\n* {{cite book|authorlink=Bruce Riedel|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|title=What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0815725954}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n{{Commons category|Soviet–Afghan War}}
\n* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2001/soviet-afghan_compound-warfare.htm "Compound War Case Study: The Soviets in Afghanistan"]
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515025611/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552516 Video on Afghan-Soviet War] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
\n* [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552642 Soviets and the Gulf War] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
\n* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RUSNyMH1aFQC J.Bruce Amstutz ''Afghanistan – the first five years of Soviet occupation'' (1986)]
\n* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html CIA Factbook on Afghanistan]
\n* [http://www.artofwar.ru/ The Art of War project, dedicated to the soldiers of the recent wars, set up by the veterans of the Afghan war]. Has Russian and English versions
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020120170545/http://www.afganvet.ru/ "Afganvet" (Russian: "Афганвет")] – USSR/Afghanistan war veterans community
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120110045928/http://www.afghan-web.com/history/articles/ussr.html The Role of Afghanistan in the fall of the USSR] by Rameen Moshref
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011202541/http://www.museo-militar-empire.es/ Empire Museum of Military History (Spain)] – USSR/Afghanistan conflict original photos
\n* [https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r037.htm U.N resolution A/RES/37/37 over the Intervention in the Country]
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060418035521/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/ Afghanistan Country Study] (details up to 1985)
\n* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/WP51_Web_Final.pdf A highly detailed description of the Coup de Main in Kabul 1979]
\n* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2002/MOUTGrau.htm The Take-Down of Kabul: An Effective Coup de Main]
\n* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/e-dossier_4.pdf Primary Sources on the Invasion Compiled by The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]
\n* [http://www.sovietairborne.com/ Soviet Airborne: Equipment and Weapons used by the Soviet Airborne (VDV) and DShB from 1979 to 1991]. English only.
\n* [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pm_0202.pdf The Soviet Military Experience in Afghanistan: A Precedent of Dubious Relevance]
\n* [https://app.curiositystream.com/video/1252 Afghanistan 1979: The War That Changed the World, Icarus Films], featuring interviews with numerous U.S. and Soviet officials including Gorbachev
\n
\n{{Soviet-Afghan War}}
\n{{USSR conflicts}}
\n{{Russian Conflicts}}
\n{{Cold War}}
\n{{Soviet occupation}}
\n{{Brezhnev era}}
\n{{Fall of Communism}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Soviet War In Afghanistan}}
\n[[Category:Soviet–Afghan War| 01]]
\n[[Category:War in Afghanistan (1978–present)]]
\n[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
\n[[Category:1979 in Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:1980s in Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:Conflicts in 1979]]
\n[[Category:1980s conflicts]]
\n[[Category:Invasions of Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:Invasions by the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:Soviet military occupations]]
\n[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union|Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:Wars involving Pakistan]]
\n[[Category:Guerrilla warfare]]
\n[[Category:Proxy wars]]
\n[[Category:Cold War military history of the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:Soviet chemical weapons program]]
\n[[Category:Anti-communism in Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:Communism in Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:Islamism in Afghanistan]]
\n[[Category:1979 in the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:1980s in the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:Afghanistan–Soviet Union relations]]
\n[[Category:History of Islam in Afghanistan]]
Gregology: /* Afghanistan */ adding link for kandahar air field
\n
\n{{About|the Soviet medium tank|other uses|T34 (disambiguation)}}
\n{{Use British English|date=August 2018}}
\n{{Infobox weapon
\n| name=T-34
\n| image=[[File:Char T-34.jpg|border|frameless|upright=1.36|A T-34-85 tank on display at the Musée des Blindés in [[Saumur]], April 2007]]
\n| caption= A T-34-85 tank on display at [[Musée des Blindés]] in April 2007.
\n| origin=[[Soviet Union]]
\n| type=[[Medium tank]]
\n| is_UK = yes
\n<!-- Type selection -->
\n| is_vehicle=yes
\n<!-- Service history -->
\n| service= 1940–late 1960s (Soviet Union)<br />1950s–present (by other states)
\n| used_by= [[Soviet Union]] and 39 others
\n| wars=[[World War II]], and many others<!-- Production history -->
\n| designer=[[Kharkov Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau|KMDB]]
\n| design_date=1937–1940
\n| manufacturer=
\n| production_date=1940–1958
\n| number=84,070<ref name="Zaloga-1996-18">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:18]]</ref><br />35,120 T-34<ref name="Zaloga-1996-18" /><br />48,950 T-34-85<ref name="Zaloga-1996-18" />
\n<!-- General specifications -->
\n| spec_label=T-34 Model 1941<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:184]]</ref>
\n| weight={{convert|26.5|t|ST LT}}
\n| length={{cvt|6.68|m|ftin}}
\n| width={{cvt|3.00|m|ftin}}
\n| height={{cvt|2.45|m|ftin}}
\n| crew=4 (T-34) <br /> 5 (T-34-85)
\n<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
\n| armour=Hull front 47 mm /60° (upper part)<ref>[http://www.wwiivehicles.com/soviet-union/vehicle/medium-tank/t-34-76-1941-medium-tank.asp Specifications for T-34 model 41] WWIIVehicles.com. Retrieved on 18 May 2013.</ref> <br />45 mm (1.8")/60° (lower part), <br />Hull side 40 mm<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:5]]</ref>/41°(upper part), <br />Hull rear 45 mm, <br />Hull top 20 mm, <br />Hull bottom 15 mm; <br />Turret front 60 mm (2.4"), <br />Turret side 52 mm/30°, <br />Turret rear 30 mm, <br />Turret top 16 mm {{verify source|date=November 2015}}
\n| primary_armament= 76.2 mm (3.00 in) [[F-34 tank gun]]<br /> (T-34-85: 85 mm [[ZiS-S-53]] gun)
\n| secondary_armament=2 × 7.62 mm (0.3 in) [[Degtyaryov machine gun|DT machine guns]]
\n| engine=[[Diesel model V-2|Model V-2-34]] 38.8 L [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Diesel engine]]
\n| engine_power=500 hp (370 kW)
\n| pw_ratio=18.9 hp (14 kW) / tonne
\n| suspension=[[Christie suspension|Christie]]
\n| clearance={{cvt|0.4|m|in}}
\n| vehicle_range={{unbulleted list|250–330 km (T-34) (250 mi)|250–300 km (T-34-85) (150 mi)}}
\n| speed=53 km/h (33 mph)
\n}}
\n{{T-34 navigation}}
\n{{WWII tanks}}
\n{{Cold War tanks}}
\n{{Post-Cold War tanks}}
\n
\nThe '''T-34''' is a [[Tanks in the Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[medium tank]] that had a profound and lasting effect on the field of tank design. At its introduction in 1940, the T-34 possessed an unprecedented combination of firepower, mobility, protection and ruggedness. Its 76.2 mm (3 in) high-velocity [[tank gun]] provided a substantial increase in firepower over any of its contemporaries;<ref>{{cite book|last=McFadden|first=David Frederick|title=Two ways to build a better mousetrap|url=|accessdate=|year=2002|publisher=Ohio State University |location=Ohio|isbn=|page=11}}</ref> its well-[[sloped armour]] was difficult to penetrate by most contemporary [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] weapons. When it was first encountered in 1941, German general [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist]] called it "the finest tank in the world"<ref>{{cite book|last=Stahel|first=David|title=Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East|chapter-url=|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge university press|location=New York|chapter=5|isbn=978-0-521-76847-4|page=169}}</ref> and [[Heinz Guderian]] affirmed the T-34's "vast superiority" over existing German armour of the period.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guderian|first=Heinz|authorlink=|title=Panzer Leader|chapter-url=|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Classics|location=London|chapter=6|isbn=978-0-14-139027-7|page=233}}</ref><ref>Caidin, M. (1974). 14 "The incredible T-34 tank." In ''The Tigers are Burning'' (2nd ed., p. 162). Los Angeles: Pinnacle Books.</ref> Although its armour and armament were surpassed later in the war, it has often been credited as the most effective, efficient and influential [[tank]] design of the [[Second World War]].<ref>[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm Achtung Panzer! – T-34!]</ref>
\n
\nThe T-34 was the mainstay of Soviet [[armoured warfare|armoured forces]] throughout the Second World War. Its design allowed it to be continuously refined to meet the constantly evolving needs of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]: as the war went on it became more capable, but also quicker and cheaper to produce. Soviet industry would eventually produce over 80,000 T-34s of all variants, allowing steadily greater numbers to be fielded as the war progressed despite the loss of tens of thousands in combat against the German [[Wehrmacht]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The T-34 in WWII: the Legend vs. the Performance {{!}} Operation Barbarrosa|url=http://www.operationbarbarossa.net/the-t-34-in-wwii-the-legend-vs-the-performance/#Conclusions%2520Regarding%20the%20T-34%E2%80%99s%20Overall%20Performance%20as%20a%20%E2%80%98War%20Winner%E2%80%99|website=www.operationbarbarossa.net|accessdate=2015-12-16}}</ref> Replacing many [[light tank|light]] and [[medium tank]]s in [[Red Army]] service, it was the most-produced tank of the war, as well as the second most produced tank of all time (after its successor, the [[T-54/55]] series).<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison 2002]]</ref> At 44,900 losses during the war, it also suffered the most tank losses of all time.<ref name="Kirosheev 253">{{cite book|first=G. I.|last=Krivosheev |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses|publisher=Greenhill|year=1997|isbn=978-1-85367-280-4|page=253}}</ref> Its development led directly to the T-54 and T-55 series of tanks, which in turn evolved into the later [[T-62]], [[T-72]], and [[T-90]] that form the armoured core of many modern armies. T-34 variants were widely exported after World War II, and in 2010 the tank remained in limited front-line service with several developing countries.<ref name="IISS2010">{{cite book|last= International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|title= The Military Balance 2010|year= 2010|publisher= IISS|location=London|isbn= 978-1-85743-557-3}}
\n</ref>
\n
\n==Development and production==
\n
\n===Origins===
\nIn 1939, the most numerous [[Tanks in the Soviet Union|Soviet tank]] models were the [[T-26]] infantry tank and the [[BT tank|BT series]] of fast tanks. The T-26 was slow-moving, designed to keep pace with infantry on the ground. The BT tanks were [[cavalry tank]]s: fast-moving and light, designed for maneuver warfare. Both were Soviet developments of foreign designs from the early 1930s; the T-26 was based on the British [[Vickers 6-Ton]], and the BT tanks were based on a design from American engineer [[J. Walter Christie]].<ref>Sale, Richard. [http://turcopolier.typepad.com/the_athenaeum/2013/01/the-soviet-command-economy-by-richard-sale.html "The Soviet Command Economy,"]:5</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34 prototypes.jpg|thumb|BT-7, A-20, T-34 (model 1940), and T-34 (model 1941)]]
\n
\nIn 1937, the [[Red Army]] had assigned engineer [[Mikhail Koshkin]] to lead a new team to design a replacement for the BT tanks at the [[Malyshev Factory|Kharkov Komintern Locomotive Plant]] (KhPZ). The [[prototype]] tank, designated A-20, was specified with {{cvt|20|mm|in|1}} of [[vehicle armour|armour]], a 45 mm (1.77 in) gun, and the new [[Diesel model V-2|Model V-2-34]] engine, using less-flammable diesel fuel in a [[V12 engine|V12]] configuration designed by [[Chelpan Konstantin Fyodorovich|Konstantin Chelpan]]. It also had an 8×6-wheel convertible drive similar to the BT tank's 8×2, which allowed it to run on wheels without [[caterpillar track]]s.<ref>[[#Reference-Zheltov-1999|Zheltov 1999]]</ref> This feature had greatly saved on maintenance and repair of the unreliable tank tracks of the early 1930s, and allowed tanks to exceed {{convert|85|km/h}} on roads, but gave no advantage in combat and its complexity made it difficult to maintain. By 1937–38, track design had improved and the designers considered it a waste of space, weight, and maintenance resources, despite the road speed advantage.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:66, 111]]</ref> The A-20 also incorporated previous research (BT-IS and BT-SW-2 projects) into [[sloped armour]]: its all-round sloped armour plates were more likely to deflect rounds than perpendicular armour.<ref>Yaziv, D.; Chocron, S.; Anderson, Jr., C.E.; Grosch, D.J. "Oblique Penetration in Ceramic Targets". ''Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Ballistics IBS 2001'', Interlaken, Switzerland: 1257–64</ref>
\n
\nDuring the [[Battle of Lake Khasan]] in July 1938 and the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939, an undeclared border war with [[Japan]] on the frontier with occupied [[Manchuria]], the Soviets deployed numerous tanks against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] (IJA). Although the IJA [[Type 95 Ha-Go]] light tanks had [[diesel engine]]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2007|pp=}}</ref> the Red Army's T-26 and BT tanks used petrol engines which, while common in tank designs of the time, often burst into flames when hit by IJA tank-killer teams<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:311]]</ref> using [[Molotov cocktail]]s. Poor quality welds in the Soviet armour plates left small gaps between them, and flaming petrol from the Molotov cocktails easily seeped into the fighting and engine compartment; portions of the armour plating that had been assembled with [[rivet]]s also proved to be vulnerable.<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:309]]</ref> The Soviet tanks were also easily destroyed by the Japanese Type 95 tank's 37 mm gunfire, despite the low velocity of that gun,<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:437, 993]]</ref> or "at any other slightest provocation".<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:111]]</ref> The use of riveted armour led to a problem whereby the impact of enemy shells, even if they failed to disable the tank or kill the crew on their own, would cause the rivets to break off and become projectiles inside the tank.
\n
\n[[File:Medium tank A-32.jpg|thumbnail|Medium tank A-32]]
\nAfter these battles, Koshkin convinced Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] to let him develop a second prototype, a more heavily armed and armoured "universal tank" that reflected the lessons learned and could replace both the T-26 and the BT tanks. Koshkin named the second prototype A-32, after its {{cvt|32|mm|in|1}} of frontal armour. It had an L-10 76.2 mm (3 in) gun, and the same Model V-2-34 diesel.<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:5]]</ref> Both were tested in [[quality control|field trials]] at [[Kubinka]] in 1939, with the heavier A-32 proving to be as mobile as the A-20. A still heavier version of the A-32, with 45 mm (1.77 in) of front armour, wider tracks, and a newer L-11 76.2 mm gun, was approved for production as the T-34. Koshkin chose the name after the year 1934, when he began to formulate his ideas about the new tank, and to commemorate that year's decree expanding the armoured force and appointing [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]] to head tank production.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:6]]</ref>
\n
\nValuable lessons from Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol regarding armour protection, mobility, quality welding, and main guns were incorporated into the new T-34 tank, which represented a substantial improvement over the BT and T-26 tanks in all four areas.<ref>[[#Reference-Coox|Coox 1990:998]]</ref> Koshkin's team completed two prototype T-34s in January 1940. In April and May, they underwent a grueling {{convert|2000|km|adj=on}} drive from [[Kharkov]] to [[Moscow]] for a demonstration for the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] leaders, to the [[Mannerheim Line]] in [[Finland]], and back to Kharkov via [[Minsk]] and [[Kiev]].<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Some [[powertrain|drivetrain]] shortcomings were identified and corrected.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:6]]</ref>
\n
\n===Initial production{{Anchor|Establishing and maintaining production|Production history}}===
\n[[File:T-34 Model 1940.jpg|thumb|left|Pre-production prototype A-34 with a complex single-piece hull front.]]
\n
\nPolitical pressure came from conservative elements in the army to redirect resources into building the older T-26 and BT tanks, or to cancel T-34 production pending completion of the more advanced [[T-34 variants#Tanks|T-34M]] design. This pressure was brought to bear by the developer of the [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV-1]] tank which was in competition with the T-34.
\n
\nResistance from the military command and concerns about high production cost were finally overcome by anxieties about the poor performance of Soviet tanks in the [[Winter War]] in Finland, and the effectiveness of German tanks during the [[Battle of France]]. The first production T-34s were completed in September 1940, completely replacing the production of the T-26, the BT series and the multi-turreted [[T-28]] medium tank at the KhPZ plant.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:4]]</ref> Koshkin died of pneumonia (exacerbated by the drive from Kharkov to Moscow) at the end of that month, and the T-34's drivetrain developer, [[Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov|Alexander Morozov]], was appointed Chief Designer.<ref name="Zaloga-1984-130">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:130]]</ref>
\n
\nThe T-34 posed new challenges for the Soviet industry. It had heavier armour than any medium tank produced to date, and there were problems with defective armour plates.<ref name="auto">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga 1983:6]]</ref> Only company commanders' tanks could be fitted with radios (originally the 71-TK-3 radio set), due to their expense and short supply – the rest of the tank crews in each company signalled with flags.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" /> The L-11 gun did not live up to expectations, so the [[Vasiliy Grabin|Grabin]] Design Bureau at [[Gorky Factory No. 92|Gorky Factory N.92]] designed the superior [[F-34 tank gun|F-34 76.2 mm gun]] (see [[Designations of Soviet artillery]]). No bureaucrat would approve production of the new gun, but Gorky and KhPZ started producing it anyway; official permission came from the [[USSR State Defense Committee|State Defense Committee]] only after troops praised the weapon's performance in combat against the Germans.<ref name="Zaloga-1984-130" />
\n
\nProduction of this first T-34 series – the Model 1940 – totalled only about 400,<ref name=":0">''The Russian Battlefield'' [[#Reference-Russian Battlefield-2000|2000]]</ref> before production was switched to the Model 1941, with the F-34 gun, 9-RS radio set (also installed on the [[SU-100]]), and even thicker armour.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga (1983:14)]], [[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen (1984:113, 184)]], [[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison (2002:181)]], [[#Reference-KMDB-2006|KMDB (2006)]].</ref>
\n
\n===Mass production===
\n[[File:RIAN archive 1274 Tanks going to the front.jpg|thumb|left|T-34 tanks headed to the front.]]
\nSubassemblies for the T-34 originated at several plants: Kharkov Diesel Factory N.75 supplied the model V-2-34 engine, Leningrad [[Kirovsky Factory]] (formerly the Putilov works) made the original L-11 gun, and the Dinamo Factory in Moscow produced electrical components. Tanks were initially built at KhPZ N.183, in early 1941 at the [[Stalingrad Tractor Factory]] (STZ), and starting in July at [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112|Krasnoye Sormovo Factory N.112]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Gasoline-variant" group="notes">Due to a shortage of new Model V-2-34 diesel engines and a need to produce as many T-34s as possible, the initial production run from the Gorky factory were equipped with the BT tank's [[Mikulin M-17]] gasoline aircraft engine, and inferior [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and [[clutch]]. [[#Reference-Zheltov-2001|(Zheltov 2001:40–42)]]</ref>
\n
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin: 1em auto 1em 1em;"
\n|-
\n! Type !! Production<br />(June 1941 –<br /> May 1945)<ref name=sk>{{cite book|title=Stalin's Keys to Victory: The Rebirth of the Red Army|year=2007|publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, PA|isbn=978-0-8117-3423-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE7Yd2sNBu4C&lpg=PA92&dq=%22T-34%22%20June%201941&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=%22T-34%22&f=false |author=Walter S. Dunn, Jr}}</ref>
\n|-
\n| Light tanks || 14,508
\n|-
\n| '''T-34''' || '''35,119'''
\n|-
\n| '''T-34-85''' || '''29,430'''
\n|-
\n| KV and KV-85 || 4,581
\n|-
\n| IS || 3,854
\n|-
\n| SU-76 || 12,671
\n|-
\n| '''SU-85''' || '''2,050'''
\n|-
\n| '''SU-100''' || '''1,675'''
\n|-
\n| '''SU-122''' || '''1,148'''
\n|-
\n| SU-152 || 4,779
\n|}
\n
\nAfter [[Nazi Germany|Germany's]] surprise invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 ([[Operation Barbarossa]]), the [[Wehrmacht]]'s rapid advances forced the evacuation and relocation of Soviet tank factories eastwards of the [[Ural Mountains]], an undertaking of immense scale and haste that presented enormous logistic difficulties and was extremely punishing to the workers involved. Alexander Morozov personally supervised the evacuation of all skilled engineers and laborers, machinery and stock from KhPZ to re-establish the factory at the site of the [[Uralvagonzavod|Dzerzhinsky Ural Railcar Factory]] in [[Nizhny Tagil]], renamed Stalin Ural Tank Factory N.183.<ref name="auto1">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:17]]</ref> The Kirovsky Factory, evacuated just weeks before the Germans surrounded Leningrad, moved with the Kharkov Diesel Factory to the [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant|Stalin Tractor Factory]] in [[Chelyabinsk]], soon to be nicknamed ''Tankograd'' ("Tank City"). The workers and machinery from Leningrad's Voroshilov Tank Factory N.174 were incorporated into the Ural Factory and the new Omsk Factory N.174. The [[Uralmash|Ordzhonikidze Ural Heavy Machine Tool Works]] (UZTM) in [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] absorbed workers and machines from several small machine shops in the path of German forces.
\n
\nWhile these factories were being rapidly moved, the industrial complex surrounding the [[Volgograd Tractor Factory|Dzerzhinsky Tractor Factory]] in Stalingrad continued to work double shifts throughout the period of withdrawal (September 1941 to September 1942) to make up for production lost, and produced 40% of all T-34s during the period.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:13]]</ref> As the factory became surrounded by heavy fighting in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in 1942, the situation there grew desperate: manufacturing innovations were necessitated by material shortages, and stories persist of unpainted T-34 tanks driven out of the factory directly to the battlefields around it.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:23]]</ref> Stalingrad kept up production until September 1942.
\n
\nSoviet designers were aware of design deficiencies in the tank, but most of the desired remedies would have slowed tank production and so were not implemented: the only changes allowed on the production lines through to 1944 were those to make production simpler and cheaper. New methods were developed for automated [[welding]] and [[hardening (metallurgy)|hardening]] the armour plate, including innovations by Prof. [[Evgeny Paton]].<ref>"[https://archive.is/20120905165316/http://www.paton.kiev.ua/eng/inst/person/patoneo.html Paton Evgeny Oscarovich]", at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute. Retrieved November 17, 2008.</ref> The design of the 76.2 mm [[F-34 gun Model 1941]] was reduced from an initial 861 parts to 614.<ref name="Zaloga-1984-131">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:131]]</ref> The initial narrow, cramped turrets, both the cast one and the one welded of rolled armour plates bent to shape, were since 1942 gradually replaced with the somewhat less cramped hexagonal one; as it was mostly cast with only a few, simple flat armour plates welded in (roof etc.), this turret was actually faster to produce. Limited [[rubber]] supplies led to the adoption of all-steel, internally sprung road wheels, and a new clutch was added to an improved five-speed transmission and engine, improving reliability.<ref name="auto2">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:18]]</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34-76 RB8.JPG|thumb|left|Polish T-34 Model 1943 in [[Poznań]], Poland. The model 1943's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.]]
\n
\nOver two years, the unit production cost of the T-34 was reduced from 269,500 [[Soviet ruble|rubles]] in 1941, to 193,000, and then to 135,000<ref name="Zaloga-1984-131" />. This was achieved by underpaying and overworking all the factory workers. Through this time, the workers were treated as little more than slaves.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} At the same time, its production time was cut in half by the end of 1942, even though most of the more experienced factory workers had been sent to the battlefield and were replaced by a workforce that included 50% women, 15% boys, and 15% invalids and old men.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Originally "beautifully crafted machines with excellent exterior finish comparable or superior to those in Western Europe or America", later T-34s were much more roughly finished.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}
\n
\nIn 1943, T-34 production had reached an average of 1,300 per month; this was the equivalent of three full-strength [[Panzer Divisions|Panzer divisions]].<ref>Zaloga 1984:225</ref> By the end of 1945, over 57,300 T-34s had been built: 34,780 T-34 tanks in multiple variants with 76.2 mm guns in 1940–44,{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} and another 22,609 of the revised T-34-85 model in 1944–45.<ref name="auto3">''The Russian Battlefield'' [[#Reference-Russian Battlefield-2003|2003]]</ref> The single largest producer was Factory N.183 (UTZ), building 28,952 T-34s and T-34-85s from 1941 to 1945. The second-largest was [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory]] N.112 in Gorky, with 12,604 in the same period.<ref>[[T-34#References|Michulec & Zientarzewski 2006:220]]</ref>
\n
\nAt the start of the German-Soviet war, T-34s comprised about four percent of the Soviet tank arsenal, but by the end it made up at least 55% of tank production (based on figures from;<ref>Zaloga 1984:125–6, 225</ref> [[#Reference-Zheltov-2001|Zheltov 2001]] lists even larger numbers).
\n
\nFollowing the end of the war, a further 2,701 T-34s were built prior to the end of Soviet production. Under licence, production was restarted in [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] (1951–55) and [[Czechoslovakia]] (1951–58), where 1,380 and 3,185 T-34-85s were made, respectively, by 1956.<ref>Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (ed.) ''East Central Europe: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow.'' Hoover Press 1982:150.</ref> Altogether, as many as 84,070 T-34s are thought to have been built, plus 13,170 self-propelled guns built on T-34 chassis.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Grandsen 1996:18]]</ref> It was the most-produced tank of the Second World War, and the second most-produced tank of all time, after its successor, the [[T-54/55]] series.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
\n
\n==Design {{anchor|Design}}==
\n
\n===Overview===
\n[[File:T-34-85-Interior.jpg|thumb|300px|Interior view of T-34-85.]]
\nThe T-34 had well-sloped armour, a relatively powerful engine and wide tracks.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" /> The initial T-34 version had a powerful 76.2 mm gun, and is often called the T-34/76 (originally a World War II German designation, never used by the Red Army). In 1944, a second major version began production, the T-34-85, with a larger 85 mm gun intended to deal with newer German tanks.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:14]]</ref>
\n
\nComparisons can be drawn between the T-34 and the U.S. [[M4 Sherman]] tank. Both tanks were the backbone of the armoured units in their respective armies, both nations distributed these tanks to their allies, who also used them as the mainstay of their own armoured formations, and both were upgraded extensively and fitted with more powerful guns. Both were designed for mobility and ease of manufacture and maintenance, sacrificing some performance for these goals. Both chassis were used as the foundation for a variety of support vehicles, such as armour recovery vehicles, [[tank destroyer]]s, and self-propelled artillery. Both were an approximately even match for the standard German medium tank, the [[Panzer IV]], though each of these three tanks had particular advantages and weaknesses compared with the other two. Neither the T-34 nor the M4 was a match for Germany's heavier tanks, the [[Panther tank|Panther]] (technically a medium tank) or the [[Tiger I]]; the Soviets used the [[IS-2 heavy tank]] and the U.S. used the [[M26 Pershing]] as the heavy tanks of their forces instead.<ref>Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:37</ref>
\n
\n{| class="wikitable" summary="Characteristics and production cost of the main models of T-34, T-34-85 and T-44"
\n|+ Soviet medium tank models of World War II<ref name="Zaloga 2006">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen (1984:113, 184)]], [[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison (2002:181)]], [[#Reference-KMDB-2006|KMDB (2006)]].</ref>
\n|-
\n! Model
\n! T-34 Model 1940
\n! T-34 Model 1941
\n! T-34 Model 1942
\n! T-34 Model 1943
\n! [[T-43 medium tank|T-43]] prototype
\n! T-34-85
\n! [[T-44]]
\n|-
\n! Weight
\n| {{cvt|26|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|26.5|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|28.5|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|30.9|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|34|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|32|tonne}}
\n| {{cvt|31.9|tonne}}
\n|-
\n! Gun
\n| 76.2 mm L-11
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 76.2 mm F-34
\n| 85 mm ZiS-S-53
\n| 85 mm ZiS-S-53
\n|-
\n! Ammunition
\n| 76 rounds
\n| 77 rounds
\n| 77 rounds
\n| 100 rounds
\n|
\n| 60 rounds
\n| 58 rounds
\n|-
\n! Fuel (internal)
\n| {{cvt|460|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|460|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|460|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|610|litre}}
\n|
\n| {{cvt|545|litre}}
\n| {{cvt|500|litre}}
\n|-
\n! Road range
\n| {{cvt|160-250|km}}
\n| {{cvt|160-250|km}}
\n| {{cvt|160-250|km}}
\n| {{cvt|330|km}}
\n| {{cvt|240|km}}
\n| {{cvt|250-300|km}}
\n| {{cvt|250|km}}
\n|-
\n! Armour
\n| {{cvt|15|-|45|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|52|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|65|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|70|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|16|-|90|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|20|-|90|mm}}
\n| {{cvt|15|-|120|mm}}
\n|-
\n! Cost
\n|
\n| 270,000 rubles
\n| 193,000 rubles
\n| 135,000 rubles
\n|
\n| 164,000 rubles
\n|
\n|}
\n
\nDimensions, road speed and engine horsepower of the various models did not vary significantly, except for the T-43, which was slower than the T-34.
\n
\n===Armour===
\nThe heavily [[sloped armour]] design made the tank better protected than the armour thickness alone would indicate. The shape also saved weight by reducing the thickness required to achieve equal protection. A few tanks also had [[appliqué armour]] of varying thickness welded onto the hull and turret. Tanks thus modified were called ''s ekranami'' ({{lang-ru|с экранами}}, "with screens").<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" />
\n
\nThe USSR donated two combat-used Model 1941 T-34s to the United States for testing purposes in late 1942.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kavalerchik|first=Boris|date=March 2015|title=Once Again About the T-34|journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies|volume=28|pages=186–214|doi=10.1080/13518046.2015.998132|pmid=}}</ref> The examinations, performed at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], revealed problems with overall armour build quality, especially of the plate joins and welds, as well as the use of soft steel combined with shallow surface tempering. Leak issues were noted: "In a heavy rain lots of water flows through chinks/cracks, which leads to the disabling of the electrical equipment and even the ammunition".<ref name="Aberdeen" /> Earlier models of the T-34, until the Model 1942, had cast turrets whose armour was softer than that of the other parts of the tank, and offered poor resistance even to 37 mm anti-aircraft shells.
\n
\nIn addition, close examination of the T-34 at the Aberdeen Testing Ground showed that a variety of alloys were used in different portions of the armour on the T-34. "Mn-Si-Mo steels were employed for the thinner rolled armour sections, Cr-Mo steels for the thicker rolled armour sections, Mn-Si-Ni-Cr-Mo steels were employed for both rolled and cast steel components from 2" to 5" in thickness, and Ni-Cr-Mo steels were employed for some of the moderately thick cast armour sections".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/011426.pdf|title = Review of Soviet Ordnance Metallurgy by A. Hurlich|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> The armour was heat-treated in order to prevent penetration by armour-piercing shells, but this also caused it to be structurally weak, resulting in strikes by high explosive shells causing [[spall]]ing.
\n
\nDespite these deficiencies, the T-34's armour proved problematic for the Germans in the initial stages of the war on the Eastern Front. In one wartime account, a single T-34 came under heavy fire upon encountering one of the most common German anti-tank guns at that stage of the war: "Remarkably enough, one determined [[PaK 37mm|37 mm gun]] crew reported firing 23 times against a single T-34 tank, only managing to jam the tank’s turret ring."<ref name="S. Zaloga 1994, p. 12">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:12]]</ref> Similarly, a German report of May 1942 noted the ineffectiveness of their [[5 cm Pak 38|50 mm gun]] as well, noting that "Combating the T-34 with the 5 cm KwK tank gun is possible only at short ranges from the flank or rear, where it is important to achieve a hit as perpendicular to the surface as possible."<ref name=":0" /> However, a Military Commissariat Report of the 10th Tank Division, dated 2 August 1941 reported that within 300–400 m the 37 mm Pak 36's armour-piercing shot could defeat the frontal armour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/10TD1941.html|title=Technical Report from the 10th Tank Division, August 1941|publisher=Mark Conrad, 1995|accessdate=2015-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdsa.ru/documents/html/donesaugust41/410801.html|title=Original Report: БОЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ 10-й ТАНКОВОЙ ДИВИЗИИ НА ФРОНТЕ БОРЬБЫ С ГЕРМАНСКИМ ФАШИЗМОМ ЗА ПЕРИОД С 22.6 ПО 1.8.41 г.|language=Russian|accessdate=2015-02-25}}</ref> According to an examination of damaged T-34 tanks in several repair workshops in August to September 1942, collected by the People's Commissariat for Tank Industry in January 1943, 54.3% of all T-34 losses were caused by the German long-barreled [[5 cm KwK 39|50 mm KwK 39]] gun.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zaloga|first1=Steven|last2=Ness|first2=Leland|title=Red Army Handbook 1939–1945|date=2003|publisher= Sutton Publishing|isbn=978-0-7509-3209-7|page=179}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://litl-bro.livejournal.com/1700.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150225115504/http://litl-bro.livejournal.com/1700.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-02-25 |title=Original Report: Отчет ЦНИИ-48 "Изучение пробивного действия немецких трофейных снарядов по броне наших танков и разработка мер борьбы с ними" |language=Russian |accessdate=2015-02-25 }}</ref>
\n
\nAs the war went on, the T-34 gradually lost some of its initial advantages. The Germans responded to the T-34 by fielding large numbers of improved anti-tank weapons such as the [[7.5 cm Pak 40|towed 75 mm gun]], while hits from 88 mm-armed Tigers, anti-aircraft guns and [[8.8 cm Pak 43|PaK 43]] 88 mm anti-tank guns usually proved lethal.<ref name="Drabkin & Sheremet p. 43.">Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:43.</ref> A Wa Pruef 1 report estimated that, with the target angled 30° sideward, a [[Panther tank]] could penetrate the turret of a T-34-85 from the front at ranges up to 2000 m, the mantlet at 1200 m, and the frontal hull armour at 300 m.<ref name="Jentz 1995:128">Jentz 1995:128</ref> According to the ''Pantherfibel'', the T-34's glacis could be penetrated from 800 m and the mantlet from 1500 m at 30° sideward angle.<ref>[http://s14.directupload.net/images/141103/d25fktfl.jpg Pantherfibel]</ref> Ground trials by employees of NIBT Polygon in May 1943 reported that the KwK 36 88 mm gun could pierce the T-34 frontal hull from 1,500 meters at 90 degrees and cause a disastrous burst effect inside the tank. The examined hull showed cracks, spalling, and delamination due to the poor quality of the armour. It was recommended to increase and improve the quality of welds and armour.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Baryatinsky|first1= Mikhail|title= The T-34 in Combat|date=2008|publisher= Jauza, Moscow |isbn=978-5-699-26709-5|pages=29–30}}</ref>
\n
\n===Firepower===
\n[[File:T-34-76 RB6.JPG|thumb|T-34 side view, displaying the F-34 gun, with an [[ISU-122]] and [[T-54/T-55|T-54]] in background]]
\nThe [[F-34 tank gun|F-34]] {{cvt|76.2|mm|in|0}} gun, fitted on the vast majority of T-34s produced through to the beginning of 1944, was able to penetrate any early German tank's armour at normal combat ranges. When firing [[Shell (projectile)#APCR|APCR]] shells, it could pierce 92 mm of armour at 500 m.<ref>Fleischer, Wolfgang. ''Russian Tanks and Armored Vehicles 1917–1945'', 1999.</ref> The best German tanks of 1941, the [[Panzer III]] and Panzer IV, had no more than 50 or 60 mm of flat frontal armour.<ref>Jörgensen, Christen. ''Rommel's Panzers: Rommel and the Panzer Forces of the Blitzkrieg 1940–42''. Zenith Imprint 2003:38.</ref> The F-34 also fired an adequate [[high explosive]] round.
\n
\nThe gun sights and range finding for the F-34 main gun (either the [[TMFD-7]] or the [[PT4-7]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/weapons/sign_tanks.htm|title=Armchairgeneral|author=amvas|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>) were rather crude, especially compared to those of their German adversaries, affecting accuracy and the ability to engage at long ranges.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:126–27, 135]]</ref> As a result of the T-34's two-man turret, weak optics and poor vision devices, the Germans noted:
\n
\n{{quotation|T-34s operated in a disorganized fashion with little coordination or else tended to clump together like a hen with its chicks. Individual tank commanders lacked situational awareness due to the poor provision of vision devices and preoccupation with gunnery duties. A tank platoon would seldom be capable of engaging three separate targets but would tend to focus on a single target selected by the platoon leader. As a result, T-34 platoons lost the greater firepower of three independently operating tanks.<ref name="Zaloga-1994-40">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:40]]</ref>}}
\n
\nThe Germans also noted that the T-34 was very slow to find and engage targets, while their own tanks could typically get off three rounds for every one fired by the T-34.<ref name="Zaloga-1994-40" /> When new German tanks types with thicker armour began appearing in mid-1942, the T-34's 76.2 mm cannon had to fire at their flanks to assure penetration. As a result, the T-34 was upgraded to the T-34-85 model. This model, with its [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|85 mm]] (3.35 in) ZiS gun, provided greatly increased firepower compared to the previous T-34's 76.2mm gun. The 85 mm gun could penetrate the turret front of a [[Tiger I]] tank from {{cvt|500|m|yd}} and the driver's front plate from {{cvt|300|m|yd}} at the side angle of 30 degrees, and the larger turret enabled the addition of another crew member, allowing the roles of commander and gunner to be separated and increasing the rate of fire and overall effectiveness.<ref name="Jentz and Doyle 1993:19–20">Jentz and Doyle 1993:20.</ref> Against the frontal armour of the [[Panther tank|Panther]] at 30 degrees sidewards, the T-34-85 could not penetrate the non-[[Gun mantlet|mantlet]] of its turret at {{cvt|500|m|yd}},<ref name="Jentz 1995:128" /> meaning that even upgraded models of the T-34 usually needed tungsten rounds or had to flank a Panther to destroy it.<ref>Healy 2008:167–172</ref><!--sentence doesn't make sense-->{{clarify|date=April 2016}}
\n
\nThe greater length of the 85 mm gun barrel (4.645 meters) made it necessary for crews to be careful not to plow it into the ground on bumpy roads or in combat. Tank commander A.K. Rodkin commented: "the tank could have dug the ground with it in the smallest ditch [filling the barrel with dirt]. If you fired it after that, the barrel would open up at the end like the petals of a flower", destroying the barrel. Standard practice when moving the T-34-85 cross-country in non-combat situations was to fully elevate the gun, or reverse the turret.<ref>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:33]]</ref>
\n
\n===Mobility===
\n[[File:T34 engine parola 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The T-34's 12-cylinder Model V-2-34 diesel engine at the [[Parola Tank Museum|Finnish Tank Museum]] in [[Parola]]]]
\n
\nThe T-34 was powered by a [[Diesel model V-2|Model V-2-34]] 38.8 L [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Diesel engine]] of 500 hp (370 kW),<ref name="Engine-name" group="notes">The name of the T-34's engine (V-2; B-2 in Russian) is a model name, and has nothing to do with its number of cylinders.</ref> giving a top speed of 53 km/h (33 mph). It used the coil-spring [[Christie suspension]] of the earlier BT-series tanks, using a "slack track" tread system with a rear-mounted drive sprocket and no system of return rollers for the upper run of track, but dispensed with the heavy and ineffective convertible drive.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" />
\n
\nDuring the winters of 1941–42 and 1942–43, the T-34 had a marked advantage over German tanks through its ability to move over deep mud or snow—especially important in Russia's twice-annual ''[[rasputitsa]]'' mud seasons—without bogging down. In addition, its pneumatic engine starting system, fed from a compressed air cylinder mounted inside the tank's bow, remained reliable even in the coldest conditions. The Panzer IV, its closest German equivalent at that time, used narrower track which tended to sink in such conditions.<ref>Perrett 1999</ref><sup>[more specific citation needed]</sup>
\n
\n===Ergonomics===
\nThe T-34 suffered from the unsatisfactory ergonomic layout of its crew compartment. The two-man [[gun turret|turret]] crew arrangement required the commander to aim and fire the gun, an arrangement common to most Soviet tanks of the day. The two-man turret was "cramped and inefficient" {{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=63}} and was inferior to the three-man (commander, gunner, and loader) turret crews of German Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks. The Germans noted the T-34 was very slow to find and engage targets while the Panzers could typically get off three rounds for every one fired by the T-34.<ref name="Zaloga-1994-40" />
\n
\nEarly in the war, the commander fought at a further disadvantage; the forward-opening [[trapdoor|hatch]] and the lack of a turret cupola forced him to observe the battlefield through a single vision slit and traversable [[periscope]].<ref>Zaloga, p. 39</ref> German commanders liked to fight "heads-up", with their seat raised and having a full field of view – in the T-34 this was impossible.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:135–7]]</ref> Soviet veterans condemned the turret hatches of the early models. Nicknamed ''[[pirozhok]]'' (stuffed bun) because of its characteristic shape, it was heavy and hard to open. The complaints of the crews urged the design group led by Alexander Morozov to switch in August 1942<ref>http://english.battlefield.ru/t-34.html</ref> to using two hatches in the turret.<ref>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:27-28]]</ref>
\n
\nThe loader also had a difficult job due to the lack of a turret basket (a rotating floor that moves as the turret turns); the same fault was present on all German tanks prior to the Panzer IV. The floor under the T-34's turret was made up of ammunition stored in small metal boxes, covered by a rubber mat. There were nine ready rounds of ammunition stowed in racks on the sides of the fighting compartment. Once these rounds had been used, the crew had to pull additional ammunition out of the floor boxes, leaving the floor littered with open bins and matting and reducing their performance.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:137]]</ref>
\n
\n{{quotation|The main weakness [of the two-man turret of a T-34 Model 1941] is that it is very tight. The Americans couldn't understand how our tankers could fit inside during a winter when they wear sheepskin jackets. The electrical mechanism for rotating the turret is very bad. The motor is weak, very overloaded and sparks horribly, as a result of which the device regulating the speed of the rotation burns out, and the teeth of the cogwheels break into pieces. They recommend replacing it with a hydraulic or simply manual system.<ref name="Aberdeen" />}}
\n
\nThe problems created by the cramped T-34/76 turret, known before the war, were fully corrected with the provision of a bigger cast three-man turret{{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=61,63}} on the T-34-85 in 1944.
\n
\n===General reliability===
\nThe T-34's wide track and good suspension gave it excellent cross-country performance. Early in the tank's life, however, this advantage was greatly reduced by the numerous teething troubles the design displayed: a long road trip could be a lethal exercise for a T-34 tank at the start of the war. When in June 1941, the [[8th Mechanised Corps]] of [[D.I. Ryabyshev]] marched towards Dubno, the corps lost half of its vehicles. A.V. Bodnar, who was in combat in 1941–42, recalled:
\n
\n{{quotation|From the point of view of operating them, the German armored machines were almost perfect, they broke down less often. For the Germans, covering 200 km was nothing, but with T-34s something would have been lost, something would have broken down. The technological equipment of their machines was better, the combat gear was worse.<ref name=Drabkin-2006-43>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:43]]</ref>}}
\n
\nThe T-34 gearbox had four forward and one reverse gear, replaced by a five-speed box on the last of the Model 1943s.{{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=40}} The earlier transmissions were troublesome, and some tanks went into battle with a spare transmission cabled onto the engine compartment deck.{{sfn|Hughes|Mann|2002|p=34}}
\n
\nThe tracks of early models were the most frequently repaired part. A.V. Maryevski later remembered:
\n
\n{{quotation|The caterpillars used to break apart even without a bullet or shell hits. When earth got stuck between the road wheels, the caterpillar, especially during a turn – strained to such an extent that the pins and tracks themselves couldn't hold out.<ref>[[#Reference-Drabkin|Drabkin & Sheremet 2006:42]]</ref>}}
\n
\nThe USSR donated two combat-used Model 1941 T-34s to the United States for testing purposes in late 1942. The examinations, performed at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, highlighted these early faults, which were in turn acknowledged in a 1942 Soviet report on the results of the testing:
\n
\n{{quotation|The Christie's suspension was tested a long time ago by the Americans and unconditionally rejected. On our tanks, as a result of the poor steel on the springs, it very quickly [unclear word] and as a result clearance is noticeably reduced. The deficiencies in our tracks from their viewpoint result from the lightness of their construction. They can easily be damaged by small-caliber and mortar rounds. The pins are extremely poorly tempered and made of poor steel. As a result, they quickly wear and the track often breaks.<ref name="Aberdeen">{{citation |author=Major-General of Tank Armies, Khlopov, 2nd Department |publisher=Main Intelligence Department of the Red Army (n.d.) via ''The Russian Battlefield'' |url=http://english.battlefield.ru/evaluation-of-the-t-34-and-kv-dp1.html |title=Evaluation of The T-34 and KV Tanks By Engineers of the Aberdeen Proving Grounds USA |accessdate= November 23, 2011}}</ref>}}
\n
\nTesting at Aberdeen also revealed that engines could grind to a halt from dust and sand ingestion, as the original "Pomon" air filter was almost totally ineffective and had an insufficient air-inflow capacity, starving the combustion chambers of oxygen, lowering compression, and thereby restricting the engine from operating at full capacity.<ref name="Aberdeen" /> The air filter issue was later remedied by the addition of "Cyclone" filters on the Model 1943,<ref name=":0" /> and even more efficient "Multi-Cyclone" filters on the T-34-85.<ref name="auto3" />
\n
\nThe testing at Aberdeen revealed other problems as well. The turret drive also suffered from poor reliability. The use of poorly machined, low quality steel side friction clutches and the T-34's outdated and poorly manufactured transmission meant frequent mechanical failure occurred and that they "create an inhuman harshness for the driver". A lack of properly installed and shielded radios – if they existed at all – restricted their operational range to under {{cvt|16|km}}.<ref name="Aberdeen" />
\n
\n{{quotation|Judging by samples, Russians when producing tanks pay little attention to careful machining or the finishing and technology of small parts and components, which leads to the loss of the advantage what would otherwise accrue from what on the whole are well-designed tanks. Despite the advantages of the use of diesel, the good contours of the tanks, thick armor, good and reliable armaments, the successful design of the tracks etc., Russian tanks are significantly inferior to American tanks in their simplicity of driving, manoeuvrability, the strength of firing (reference to muzzle velocity), speed, the reliability of mechanical construction and the ease of keeping them running.<ref name="Aberdeen" />}}
\n
\n==Operational history==
\n
\n===Operation Barbarossa (1941) {{Anchor|Combat history|World War II}}===
\n
\n{{Main|German encounter of Soviet T-34 and KV tanks}}
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08362, Übung, Panzer-Nahbekämpfung.jpg|thumb|left|German training mockup of a T-34 built over a captured Polish [[TK-3]] [[tankette]] ]]
\n
\nGermany launched [[Operation Barbarossa]], its invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941. The existence of the T-34 and [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV]] tanks proved a psychological shock to German soldiers, who had expected to face an inferior enemy.<ref name="Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:126">Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:126</ref> The T-34 was superior to any tank the Germans then had in service. Initially, the Wehrmacht had great difficulty destroying T-34s in combat, as standard German anti-tank weaponry proved ineffective against its heavy, sloped armour. The diary of [[Alfred Jodl]] seems to express surprise at the appearance of the T-34 in [[Riga]].<ref>{{ cite book | title=Hitler's Generals | editor=Correlli Barnett | publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson | year=1989 | page=456 | isbn=0 297 79462 0 }}</ref>
\n
\nAt the start of hostilities, the Red Army had 967 T-34 tanks and 508 KV tanks<ref>Erickson 1962/2001:567.</ref> concentrated in five<ref>Zaloga 1995:9.</ref> of their [[mechanized corps (Soviet Union)|twenty-nine mechanized corps]]. In one of the first known encounters, a T-34 crushed a 37 mm [[PaK 36]], destroyed two [[Panzer II]]s, and left a {{convert|14|km|mi}}-long swathe of destruction in its wake before a howitzer destroyed it at close range.<ref>Carell, Paul. ''Hitler Moves East 1941–1943''. Bantam Books, 1966, p. 75.</ref> The Germans' standard anti-tank gun, the 37 mm PaK 36, proved ineffective against the T-34; the Germans were forced to deploy [[10 cm schwere Kanone 18|105 mm field guns]] and [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41|88 mm anti-aircraft guns]] in a [[direct fire]] role to stop them.<ref>Bailey, Jonathan B.A. ''Field Artillery and Firepower'' (Naval Institute Press, London 2003), p.337. {{ISBN|978-1591140290}}</ref>
\n
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F016221-0016, Russland, Brennender T-34.jpg|thumb|Burning T-34, Russia, 1941]]
\n
\nDespite this, the Soviet corps equipped with these new tanks lost most of them within weeks.<ref>Solonin:145, 261–262, 321.</ref> The combat statistics for 1941 show that the Soviets lost an average of over seven tanks for every German tank lost.<ref name=Fowler-2002-170>[[#Reference-Fowler-2002|Fowler & Bean 2002:170]]</ref><ref name="Zaloga-1998-181">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1998|Zaloga & Ness 1998:181, table 6.3]].</ref> The Soviets lost a total of 20,500 tanks in 1941 (approximately 2,300 of them T-34s, as well as over 900 heavy tanks, mostly KVs).<ref name=Krivosheev-1997-252>[[#Reference-Krivosheev-1997|Krivosheev & Erickson 1997:252, table 95.]]</ref> The destruction of the Soviet tank force was accomplished not only by the glaring disparity in the tactical and operational skills of the opponents but also by the mechanical defects that affected the Soviet armour pool.<ref name="Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:127">Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:127</ref> Besides the poor state of older tanks, the new T-34s and KVs suffered from initial mechanical and design problems, particularly with regard to clutches and transmissions. Mechanical breakdowns accounted for at least 50 percent of the tank losses in the summer fighting, and recovery or repair equipment was not to be found.<ref name="Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:127" /> The shortage of repair equipment and recovery vehicles led the early T-34 crews to enter combat carrying a spare transmission on the engine deck.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson 1994:24.</ref>
\n
\nOther key factors diminishing the initial impact of T-34s on the battlefield were the poor state of [[leadership]], tank [[Military tactics|tactics]], initial lack of radios in tanks, and [[Military education and training|crew training]]; these factors were partially consequences of Stalin's [[Great Purge#Purge of the army|purges]] of the Soviet officer corps in 1937, reducing the army's efficiency and morale.<ref>Bullock, Alan. ''Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives''. New York: Vintage Books 1993:489.</ref> This was aggravated as the campaign progressed by the loss of many of the properly trained personnel during the Red Army's disastrous defeats early in the invasion. Typical crews went into combat with only their basic military training plus 72 hours of classroom instruction; according to historian [[Steven Zaloga]]:
\n
\n{{quotation|The weakness of mechanized corps lay not in the design of their equipment, but rather in its poor mechanical state, the inadequate training of their crews, and the abysmal quality of Soviet military leadership in the first month of the war.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:126]]</ref>}}
\n
\n===Further action (1942–1943)===
\n{{refimprove section|date=July 2013}}
\n
\nAs the invasion progressed, German infantry began receiving increasing numbers of the [[Pak 40]] 75 mm, which were capable of penetrating the T-34's armour at long range. Larger numbers of the [[88mm flak gun|88 mm ''Flak'']] guns also arrived, which could easily defeat a T-34 at very long ranges, though their size and general unwieldiness meant that they were often difficult to move into position in the rough Russian terrain.<ref>Gander and Chamberlain, 1979:119</ref> The heavy German [[Tiger I]] tank appeared on the Eastern Front in late 1942, as a response to the T-34.
\n
\nAt the same time, the Soviets incrementally upgraded the T-34. The Model 1942 featured increased armour on the turret and many simplified components. The Model 1943 (confusingly also introduced in 1942) had yet more armour, as well as increased fuel capacity and more ammunition storage. Also added were an improved engine air filter and a new clutch mated to an improved and more reliable five-speed transmission.<ref name="Zaloga 2006" /> Finally, the Model 1943 also had a new, slightly roomier (but still two-man) turret of a distinctive hexagonal shape that was easier to manufacture, derived from the abandoned [[T-34 variants#Tanks|T-34M]] project.<ref name="auto2" />
\n
\nThe T-34 was essential in resisting the German summer offensive in 1942, and executing the double encirclement manoeuver that cut off the German Sixth Army at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in December 1942. The Sixth Army was surrounded, and eventually surrendered in February 1943, a campaign widely regarded as the turning point of the war on the Eastern Front.
\n
\nIn 1943, the Soviets formed [[Polish Armed Forces in the East|Polish]] and [[I Corps (Czechoslovakia)|Czechoslovak]] armies-in-exile, and these started to receive the T-34 Model 1943 with a hexagonal turret. Like the Soviet forces themselves, the Polish and Czechoslovak tank crews were sent into action quickly with little training, and suffered high casualties.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} The Czechoslovak crews of T-34 saw their first action in the [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|Battle of Kiev]] in November 1943. The battalion forces consisting of ten T-34, ten [[T-70]] and ten [[BA-64]] quickly captured the city center and destroyed 4 enemy tanks, 2 [[tank destroyer]]s and 7 other [[armored vehicle|armoured vehicles]] with the own losses of only three T-34s light damaged. For his performance the commander of the tank unit, [[Josef Buršík]], received the golden star [[Hero of the USSR]].<ref name="czechpatriots">{{cite web|title=Battle of Kiev (03.-06.11.1943)|url=http://www.czechpatriots.com//bri-combats.php|website=Czechoslovak military units in the USSR (1942–1945)|accessdate=29 June 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613043248/http://www.czechpatriots.com/bri-combats.php|archivedate=13 June 2016|df=}}</ref><ref name="vets">{{cite web|last1=Lukášek|first1=Michal|title=Kyjev|url=http://www.vets.cz/vpm/mista/obec/4097-kyjev/|website=vets.cz|publisher=Spolek pro vojenská pietní místa|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="vhu">{{cite book|title=Osvobození Kyjeva pod československým praporem|publisher=Vojenský historický ústav |url=http://www.mzv.cz/file/1058559/KYJEV_82x57_CESKA_VERZE_A4.pdf|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref>
\n
\nIn July 1943, the Germans launched [[Operation Citadel]], in the region around [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk]], their last major offensive on the Eastern Front in the Second World War. It was the debut of the German [[Panther tank]], although the numbers employed at Kursk were small and the brunt of the burden was carried by the [[Panzer III]], [[Sturmgeschütz III|StuG III]], and [[Panzer IV]]. The campaign featured the largest tank battles in history. The high-water mark of the battle was the massive armour engagement at [[Battle of Prokhorovka|Prokhorovka]], which began on 12 July, though the vast majority of armour losses on both sides were caused by artillery and mines, rather than tanks.<ref name="Prokhorovka Interview">{{cite web|last1=Zamulin|first1=Valeriy|title=Prokhorovka Interview|url=http://worldoftanks.ru/ru/news/pc-browser/12/prokhorovka_interview_zamulin/?|website=World of Tanks|accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> Over 6,000 fully tracked armoured vehicles, 4,000 combat aircraft, and 2 million men are believed to have participated in these battles.
\n
\nThe Soviet high command's decision to focus on one cost-effective design, cutting costs and simplifying production wherever possible while only allowing relatively minor improvements, had proven to be an astute choice for the first two years of the war. However, the battles in the summer of 1943 demonstrated that the 76.2 mm gun of the T-34 was no longer as effective as it was in 1941. Soviet tank crews struggled at longer ranges with the additional frontal armour applied to the later variants of the Panzer III and Panzer IV, and were unable to penetrate the frontal armour of the new German Panther or Tiger I tank at standard combat ranges without tungsten rounds, and had to rely on tactical skill through flanking maneuvers and combined arms.<ref name="Prokhorovka Interview" />
\n
\n===T-34-85===
\n[[File:P82-2l.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A T-34 Model 1943 (left), next to the [[T-43 medium tank|T-43]].]]
\nAfter improved German Panzer IVs with the high-velocity [[7.5 cm KwK 40|75 mm (2.95 in) gun]] were encountered in combat in 1942, a project to design an entirely new Soviet tank was begun, with the goals of increasing armour protection while adding modern features like a [[torsion-bar]] suspension and a three-man turret. This new tank, the [[T-43 medium tank|T-43]], was intended to be a universal tank to replace both the T-34 and the [[KV-1 (tank)|KV-1]] heavy tank. However, the T-43 prototype's armour, though heavier, was still not proof against German 88 mm guns, while its mobility was found to be inferior to the T-34. Finally, although the T-43 shared over 70% of its components with the T-34, manufacturing it would still have required a significant slow-down in production.<ref name="zaloga1997">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1997|Zaloga et al. 1997:5]]</ref> Consequently, the T-43 was cancelled.
\n
\nNot only were the weapons of German tanks improving, so was their armour. Soviet firing tests against a captured Tiger I heavy tank in April 1943 showed that the T-34's 76 mm gun could not penetrate the front of the Tiger I at all, and the side only at the very close range. A Soviet 85 mm anti-aircraft gun, the [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|52-K]], was found capable of doing the job, and so derivatives of it were developed for tanks.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eugene Boldyrev |url=http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/87/43/lang,en/ |title=Средний танк Т-34-85 – The Russian Battlefield |publisher=Battlefield.ru |date=2005-09-20 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref><ref>Healy 2008:167–171</ref> The resulting tank gun could penetrate the side armour of the Tiger I from a distance of 800 meters and the turret side from a distance of 600 meters. It was still not enough to match the Tiger, as a Tiger could destroy the T-34 from a distance of 1,500 to 2,000 meters,<ref name="auto4" /> but it was a noticeable improvement.
\n
\n[[File:T34-85 Heckansicht.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of a T-34-85 from Factory 174. In the center is a circular transmission access hatch, flanked by exhaust pipes, MDSh [[smoke-screen|smoke]] canisters on the hull rear, and extra fuel tanks on the hull sides.]]
\n
\nWith the T-43 canceled, the Soviet command made the decision to retool the factories to produce an improved version of the T-34. Its turret ring was enlarged from 1,425 mm (56 in) to 1,600 mm (63 in), allowing a larger turret to be fitted and thus the larger 85 mm gun. The prototype T-43's turret design was hurriedly adopted by Vyacheslav Kerichev at the [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory]] to fit the T-34.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga & Grandsen 1984:166]]</ref> This was a larger three-man turret, with radio (previously in the hull) and observation cupola in the roof. Now the tank commander needed only to command (aided by cupola and radio systems), leaving the operation of the gun to the gunner and the loader. The turret armour was much thicker, 90 mm, even if bigger and less sloped than the original T-34 turret. This made the turret, overall, a bigger target (due to the three-man crew and bigger gun), but more resistant to enemy fire. The ammunition load shrank from around 90-100 to 55-60 shells, but the projectiles were 50% heavier (9 kg) and were much better in the anti-armour role, and reasonable in a general purpose role. The resulting new tank, the T-34-85, was seen as a compromise between advocates for the T-43 and others who wanted to continue to build as many 76 mm-armed T-34s as possible without interruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=63|title=T-34/85 – Medium Tank – History, Specs and Pictures – Military Tanks, Vehicles and Artillery|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34-85 interior Parola Tank Museum.jpg|thumb|Interior of a T-34-85 viewed from the driver's hatch, showing the ammunition boxes on which the loader had to stand in the absence of a turret basket. In the foreground is the driver's seat. Levers for radiator flaps can be seen on the firewall.]]
\n
\nProduction of the T-34-85 began in February 1944, first using the 85 mm S-53 gun and then in mid-1944 the 85 mm ZiS-S-53 (the ZiS-S-53 was a modified S-53 designed by the Grabin Design Bureau in order to simplify the gun and reduce its price; the ballistics of both were the same).<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|last1=Pyatakhin|first1=Dmitry|title=The New Generation of Soviet Armor vs. Tigers|url=http://www.achtungpanzer.com/the-new-generation-of-soviet-armor-vs-tigers.htm|website=Achtung Panzer|accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Soviet Guns 85 mm calibre|url=http://amizaur.prv.pl/www.wargamer.org/GvA/weapons/soviet_guns7.html| accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref> The improved T-34-85 became the standard Soviet medium tank, with an uninterrupted production run until the end of the war. A T-34-85 initially cost about 30 percent more to produce than a Model 1943, at 164,000 [[ruble]]s; by 1945 this had been reduced to 142,000 rubles.<ref name="harrison2002">[[#Reference-Harrison-2002|Harrison 2002:181]]</ref> During the course of the [[World War II]], the cost of a T-34 tank was reduced by almost half, from 270,000 rubles in 1941,<ref name="harrison2002" /> while in the meantime its top speed remained about the same, and its main gun's armour penetration and turret frontal armour thickness both nearly doubled.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1984|Zaloga 1984:113, 184, 225]]</ref>
\n
\nThe T-34-85 gave the Red Army a tank with better armour and mobility than the German Panzer IV tank and StuG III assault gun. While it could not match the armour or weapons of the heavier Panther and Tiger tanks, its improved firepower made it much more effective than earlier models, and overall it was more cost-effective than the heaviest German tanks. In comparison with the T-34-85 program, the Germans instead chose an upgrade path based on the introduction of completely new, expensive, heavier, and more complex tanks, greatly slowing the growth of their tank production and aiding the Soviets in maintaining a substantial numerical superiority in tanks.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1983|Zaloga & Grandsen 1983:37]]</ref> By May 1944, T-34-85 production had reached 1,200 tanks per month.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1997|Zaloga et al. 1997:6]]</ref> In the entire war, production figures for all Panther types reached no more than 6,557, and for all Tiger types (including the Tiger I and Tiger II) 2,027.<ref>Tom Philo, "[http://www.taphilo.com/history/WWII/Production-Figures-WWII.shtml Selected Equipment Production Figures World War II]". at ''Tom Philo Photography'' website, retrieved on July 4, 2013</ref> Production figures for the T-34-85 alone reached 22,559.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}
\n
\n===German use of T-34s===
\n[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-277-0836-04, Russland, erbeutete russische T-34 Panzer.jpg|thumb|Captured T-34 Model 1943 tanks pressed into service with the [[Wehrmacht]], January 1944]]
\n
\nThe German army often employed as much captured [[materiel]] as possible and T-34s were not an exception. Fighting on the Eastern Front saw large numbers of T-34s captured, though few were T-34-85s. These were designated by the Germans as Panzerkampfwagen T-34 747(r). From late 1941, captured T-34s were transported to a German workshop for repairs and modification to German requirements. In 1943 a local tank factory in [[Kharkov]] was used for this purpose. These were sometimes modified to German standards by the installation of a German commander's cupola and radio equipment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}
\n
\nThe first captured T-34s entered German service during the summer of 1941. In order to prevent recognition mistakes, large-dimension crosses or even swastikas were painted on the tanks, including on top of the turret, in order to prevent strikes from [[Axis powers|Axis]] aircraft. Badly damaged tanks were either dug in as pillboxes or were used for testing and training purposes.
\n
\nThere are unconfirmed reports of [[7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|7th Panzer Division]] capturing at least one T-34-85. Reportedly the T-34-85 was fitted with a German 88mm gun ([[8.8 cm KwK 36|KwK 36]]) that was removed from a damaged [[Tiger I]] and it was used during the [[East Prussian Offensive]]. There was no picture of the vehicle and it is unknown if it was ever actually created.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
\n
\n===Manchurian campaign (August 1945)===
\n{{Main|Soviet invasion of Manchuria}}
\n
\nJust after midnight on 9 August 1945, though the terrain was believed by the Japanese to be impassable by armoured formations, the Soviet Union invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria. Red Army combined-arms forces achieved complete surprise and used a powerful, deep-penetrating attack in a classic double encirclement pattern, spearheaded by the T-34-85. The opposing Japanese forces had been reduced as elite units had been drawn off to other fronts and the remaining forces were in the middle of a redeployment. The Japanese tanks remaining to face them were all held in the rear and not used in combat; the Japanese had weak support from [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force|IJAAF]] forces, engineering, and communications. Japanese forces were overwhelmed, though some put up resistance. The Japanese emperor transmitted a surrender order on 14 August, but the Kwangtung Army was not given a formal cease-fire until 17 August.<ref name=GlobalSecurity>Marine Corps University Command and Staff College (1986) [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm "The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945."] Global Security website.</ref>
\n
\n===Korean War (1950–1953)===
\n[[File:T-34 knocked out September 1950.jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] knocked out this North Korean T-34-85 in September 1950 while American and [[United Nations]] forces [[Second Battle of Seoul|advanced on]] [[Seoul]] after their successful [[Battle of Inchon|amphibious landings at Inchon]] during the [[Korean War]]. At least two penetrating hits can be seen on the tank's front.]]
\n
\nA full [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People's Army]] (KPA) brigade equipped with about 120 Soviet-supplied T-34-85s spearheaded the [[Korean War#North Korea escalates the conflict (June 1950)|invasion of South Korea]] in June 1950.<ref>[[#Reference-Perrett-1987|Perrett 1987:134-35]]</ref> The WWII-era 2.36-inch [[bazooka]]s initially used by the American troops in Korea were useless against the KPA's T-34 tanks,<ref name="Perrett 1987:135">[[#Reference-Perrett-1987|Perrett 1987:135]]</ref> as were the 75 mm main guns of the [[M24 Chaffee]] light tank.<ref name="auto5">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:36]]</ref> However, following the introduction of heavier and more capable armour into the war by US and UN forces, such as the American [[M4 Sherman]], [[M26 Pershing]] and [[M46 Patton]] tanks, as well as the British [[Comet tank|Comet]] and [[Centurion tank|Centurion]] tanks, the KPA began to suffer more T-34 tank losses in combat from enemy armour, aside from further losses due to numerous US/UN airstrikes and increasingly-effective anti-tank firepower for US/UN infantry on the ground, such as the then-new 3.5-inch bazooka (replacing the earlier 2.36-inch model). By the time the invading North Korean troops were forced to withdraw from the south, about 239 T-34s and 74 [[SU-76]] assault guns had been lost or abandoned.<ref name="Perrett 1987:135"/> After October 1950, North Korean armour was rarely encountered. Despite China's entry into the conflict in the following month, no major armour deployments were carried out by them (with their focus being on (massed) infantry attacks rather than armour assaults). China became involved in the war with limited armour (mainly several T-34-85s and a few [[IS tank family|IS-2]] tanks), which were primarily dispersed with their infantry, thus making armoured engagements with US and UN forces rare from then on.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:33-4]]</ref>
\n
\nIn summary, a 1954 US military survey concluded that there were, in all, 119 tanks vs. tank actions involving US Army and US Marine units against North Korean and Chinese forces during the Korean War, with 97 T-34-85 tanks knocked out and another 18 considered probable.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-2010|Zaloga 2010:74-75]]</ref>
\n
\n===Angolan Civil War (1975–1988)===
\n[[File:FAPLA tank.jpg|thumb|Restored FAPLA T-34-85 at the [[South African National Museum of Military History]], [[Johannesburg]].]]
\nOne of the last modern conflicts which saw the extensive combat deployment of the T-34-85 was the [[Angolan Civil War]].<ref name=Tucker-Jones1>{{cite book|last=Tucker-Jones|first=Anthony|title=T-34: The Red Army's Legendary Medium Tank|date=2015|page=134|publisher=Pen & Sword Books, Ltd|location=Barnsley|isbn=978-1-78159-095-9}}</ref> In 1975, the Soviet Union shipped eighty T-34-85s to Angola as part of its support for the ongoing [[Cuban intervention in Angola|Cuban military intervention]] there.<ref name=Tucker-Jones1 /> Cuban crewmen instructed [[People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola|FAPLA]] personnel in their operation; other FAPLA drivers and gunners accompanied Cuban crews in an apprentice role.<ref name="Cubans">{{cite book |first=Edward |last=George |title=The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale |year=2005 |page=99 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-35015-0}}</ref>
\n
\nFAPLA began deploying T-34-85s against the [[National Union for the Total Independence of Angola|UNITA]] and [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]] forces on June 9, 1975.<ref name=Dimensions>{{cite book|last1=Fauriol|first1=Georges Alfred|last2=Loser|first2=Eva|title=Cuba: The International Dimension|date=1990|page=141|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-0-88738-324-3}}</ref>
\nThe appearance of FAPLA and Cuban tanks prompted South Africa to reinforce UNITA with a single squadron of [[Eland Mk7|Eland-90]] armoured cars.<ref name="Dupreez">{{cite book|last=Du Preez|first=Sophia|title=Avontuur in Angola: Die verhaal van Suid-Afrika se soldate in Angola 1975–1976|page=182|publisher=J.L. van Schaik|isbn=978-0-627-01691-2|year=1989}}</ref>
\n
\n===Other regions and countries===
\n
\n====The Balkans====
\n[[File:Serbisk T-34 85 trekkes tilbake.jpg|thumb|A Bosnian Serb Army T-34-85, with rubber matting added in an attempt to hide its thermal signature, near [[Doboj]] in early 1996.]]
\nIn early 1991, the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] possessed 250 T-34-85s, none of which were in active service.<ref name="Jane1991AA">{{cite book |last=Christopher F. Foss|title=Jane's Armour and Artillery|edition=1991|page=156 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd|isbn=978-0-7106-0964-9}}</ref> During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the T-34-85s were inherited by the national armies of [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], and [[Serbia and Montenegro]] and continued to see action during the [[Yugoslav Wars]].<ref name=Tucker-Jones1 /><ref name=Gow>{{cite book|last=Gow|first=James|title=The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes|date=2003|pages=91–92|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-2386-9}}</ref> Some were also acquired from Yugoslav reserve stocks by Serbian separatist armies, namely the [[Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina]] (SVK) and the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS).<ref name=Taylor1>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Scott|title=Unembedded: Two Decades of Maverick War Reporting|date=2009|page=128 |publisher=Douglas & MacIntyre, Publishers|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-1-55365-292-2}}</ref><ref name=Viney>{{cite book|last=Viney|first=Mark|title=United States Cavalry Peacekeepers in Bosnia: An Inside Account of Operation Joint Endeavor, 1996|date=2012|pages=35, 67|publisher=McFarland & Company, Publishers|location=Jefferson|isbn= 978-0-7864-6340-4}}</ref> Most of these tanks were in poor condition at the beginning of the conflict and some were soon rendered unserviceable, likely through inadequate maintenance and lack of spares.<ref name=Viney />
\n
\nOn 3 May 1995, a VRS T-34-85 attacked an [[UNPROFOR]] outpost manned by the 21st Regiment of the [[Royal Engineers]] in [[Maglaj]], Bosnia, injuring six British peacekeepers, with at least one of them sustaining a permanent disability.<ref>"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000406/walker-1.htm#prof Regina v. Ministry of Defence Ex Parte Walker]" (judgment), 6 April 2000. Retrieved November 17, 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1996/may/20/sergeant-trevor-walker|title = Sergeant Trevor Walker|accessdate = 25 June 2014|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> A number of T-34s being stored by the VRS at a base in [[Zvornik]] were temporarily confiscated by UNPROFOR as part of a local disarmament programme the following year.<ref name=Viney />
\n
\n====The Middle East====
\n[[File:Flickr - Gaspa - Cairo, museo militare (4).jpg|thumbnail|left|Egyptian Army T-34-85 in the [[Egyptian Military museum]].]]
\n[[File:T-100-latrun-2.jpg|thumbnail|Egyptian Army T-34-100 in the Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel. 2005.]]
\nCzechoslovak-produced T-34-85s were used by Egypt in the Arab-Israeli Wars of 1956 and 1967 in the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt went on to build the T-34-100, a local and unique conversion that was made up of a Soviet BS-3 100 mm heavy field-artillery gun mounted within a heavily modified turret, as well as the T-34-122 mounting the D-30 gun. In 1956, they were used as regular tanks to support Egyptian infantry, the tank was still in use by the 1973 October war.
\n
\nThe Syrian Army also received T-34-85s from the Soviet Union and they took part in the many artillery duels with Israeli tanks in November 1964 and in the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967.
\n
\n====The Warsaw Pact====
\nT-34-85s equipped many of the armies of Eastern European countries (later forming the [[Warsaw Pact]]) and the armies of other Soviet client-states elsewhere. East German, Hungarian and Soviet T-34-85s served in the suppression of the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|East German uprising]] of 17 June 1953 as well as the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].
\n
\n====Afghanistan====
\n[[File:T-34-85s outside Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Abandoned Soviet T-34-85s lined up outside [[Kandahar Airfield]] in Afghanistan]]
\nT-34-85s were sporadically available in [[Afghanistan]] but it is not known if they were used against the military forces in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|coalition troops]].
\n
\n====China====
\n[[File:PRC T-34 1950.jpg|thumb|Some of the [[China|PRC]]'s T-34-85s in the country's 1950 National Day parade.]]
\n
\nAfter the formation of the People's Republic of China (the PRC) in 1949, the Soviet Union sent many T-34s and T-34-85s to the PRC's People's Liberation Army (the PLA). The T-34s were phased out by the end of 1960, while the T-34-85 was put into production locally by the PRC and was known as the Type 58 medium tank, although the production of the Type 58 was ended soon after once the PRC received T-54 main battle tanks from the Soviet Union and began to build the Type 59 tank, which was a direct copy of the T-54.
\n
\n====Cuba====
\n[[File:Russian T-34 tank in Museo Giron.jpg|thumb|left|T-34-85 tank in Museo Giron, Cuba]]
\n
\nCuba received 150 T-34-85 tanks as military aid from the Soviet Union in 1960. The T-34-85 was the first Soviet tank to enter service with the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]] (FAR), along with the [[IS tank family|IS-2]]. Many T-34-85 tanks first saw action in April 1961 during the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] with an unknown number destroyed or knocked out during the battle.<ref name="trade">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|date=|publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org|accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> In 1975, large quantities of T-34-85s were also donated from the USSR to the FAR to support its lengthy intervention in the Angolan Civil War.<ref name=Tucker-Jones1 />
\n
\nA platoon of five Cuban T-34-85s saw combat in Angola against South African troops during the [[Battle of Cassinga]]. The tanks were based along with a company of Cuban mechanized infantry equipped with [[BTR-152]] armoured personnel carriers. In May 1978, South Africa launched a major airborne raid on [[Cassinga]] with the objective of destroying a [[South West African People's Organization|South West African People's Organisation]] (SWAPO) base there. The Cuban forces were mobilised to stop them. As they approached Cassinga they were strafed by South African aircraft, which destroyed most of the BTR-152s and three of the T-34-85s; a fourth T-34-85 was disabled by an anti-tank mine buried in the road. The remaining tank continued to engage the withdrawing South African paratroops from a [[hull down]] position until the battle was over.<ref name="Steenkamp1">{{cite book|title=Borderstrike! South Africa into Angola|last=Steenkamp|first=Willem|publisher=Butterworths Publishers|year=1983|isbn=978-0-409-10062-4|location=Durban|pages=19}}</ref>
\n
\nOver a hundred Cuban T-34-85s and their respective crews remained in Angola as of the mid 1980s. In September 1986, Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]] complained to General Konstantin Kurochkin, head of the Soviet military delegation to Angola, that his men could no longer be expected to fight South African armour with T-34s of "World War II vintage"; Castro insisted that the Soviets furbish the Cuban forces with a larger quantity of T-55s.<ref name="Gleijeses">{{cite book|title=Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991|last=Gleijeses|first=Piero|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4696-0968-3|location=Chapel Hill|page=369}}</ref> By 1987 Castro's request appeared to have been granted, as Cuban tank battalions were able to deploy substantial numbers of T-54Bs, T-55s, and T-62s; the T-34-85 was no longer in service.<ref name="Bush">{{cite book |last1=Tokarev |first1=Andrei |last2=Shubin |first2=Gennady |title=Bush War: The Road to Cuito Cuanavale : Soviet Soldiers' Accounts of the Angolan War|edition= 2011|pages=107–168 |publisher=Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd|isbn=978-1-4314-0185-7|year=2011 }}</ref>
\n
\n====Cyprus====
\n[[Cypriot National Guard]] forces equipped with some 35 T-34-85 tanks helped to support a coup by the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek junta]] against President [[Makarios III|Archbishop Makarios]] on 15 July 1974. They also saw extensive action against Turkish forces during the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion]] in July and August 1974, with two major actions at [[Kioneli]] and at [[Kyrenia]] on 20 July 1974.<ref>[[#Reference-Drousiotis-2006|Drousiotis, 2006]].</ref>
\n
\n====Namibia====
\nIn 1984, the South West African People's Organisation made a concerted attempt to establish its own conventional armoured battalion through its armed wing, the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]].<ref name="Windhoek">{{cite news|title=SWAPO strengthened by Red T-34 tanks|last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5QEAQAAIAAJ&d |work=Windhoek Advertiser|location=Windhoek, South West Africa (Namibia)|date=12 October 1984|accessdate=4 February 2017}}</ref> As part of this effort, SWAPO diplomatic representatives in Europe approached the [[German Democratic Republic]] with a request for ten T-34 tanks, which were delivered.<ref name=Schleicher>{{cite book |last1=Schleicher|first1=Hans-Georg|last2=Schleicher|first2=Ilona|title=Special flights: the GDR and liberation movements in southern Africa|date=1998|page=213|publisher=SAPES Books|location=Harare |isbn=978-1-77905-071-7}}</ref> SWAPO T-34s were never deployed during offensive operations against the South African military, being confined to the role of protecting strategic bases inside northern Angola.<ref name="Windhoek" /><ref name=Legum>{{cite book|last=Legum|first=Colin|title=The battlefronts of Southern Africa|date=1987|pages=343 |publisher=Holmes & Meier Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8419-1144-4}}</ref>
\n
\nBy 1988 most of them had been stationed near Luanda, where their crews received training from Cuban instructors. In March 1989, SWAPO inexplicably moved all its armoured units south towards the Namibian border. South Africa accused SWAPO of planning a major offensive to influence Namibia's [[Namibian parliamentary election, 1989|pending general elections]], but the tank crews remained stationary and even refrained from intervening in a series of renewed clashes later that year.<ref name="Stiff">{{cite book|title=Nine Days of War|last=Stiff|first=Peter|date=1989|publisher=Lemur Books (Pty) Ltd|isbn=978-0-620-14260-1|location=Alberton|pages=20, 89, 260}}</ref> All SWAPO T-34s were finally repatriated to Namibia at the movement's expense, following Namibian independence in 1990.<ref name="Stiff2">{{cite book|last=Stiff|first=Peter|title=Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s|date=2001|page=379|publisher=Galago Publishing Pty Ltd|location=Johannesburg|isbn=978-1-919854-01-4}}</ref> Four later entered service with the new [[Namibian Army]].<ref name="congo">{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/Scramble%20for%20the%20Congo%20Anatomy%20of%20an%20Ugly%20War.pdf |title=Scramble for the Congo – Anatomy of an Ugly War |publisher=ICG Africa |date=2000-12-20 |accessdate=2013-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201147/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/Scramble%20for%20the%20Congo%20Anatomy%20of%20an%20Ugly%20War.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref>
\n
\n====Finland====
\nThe Soviet and Finnish armies used T-34s until the 1960s; the former included the 76.2 mm-armed versions until at least 1968, when they were used in filming the sequel to the movie ''[[The Alive and the Dead]]''. The Finnish tanks were captured directly from the Soviets or purchased from Germany's captured stocks. Many of the Т-34-85s were enhanced with Finnish or Western equipment, such as improved optics.<ref name=Michulec>Michulec, Robert (2007). ''T-34: Mythical Weapon.'' Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: Air Connection.</ref>
\n
\n====Ukraine====
\nIn January 2015, video emerged of [[SU-100]] and T-34 tanks being transferred by rail, reportedly to participate in the invasion of Ukraine. It was later confirmed that these tanks were being transported to Moscow for the 2015 [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Victory Day Parade]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHhBQc-n0vo "В России готовят Танки Т34 к отправки в Украину/Russian T-34 tanks are preparing to send to Ukraine"</ref>
\n
\n====Vietnam====
\nDuring the [[Vietnam War]], the [[People's Army of Vietnam|North Vietnamese Army]] was equipped with many Chinese Type 58 tanks, a copy of T-34, and these were used in the [[Operation Lam Son 719]], the 1972 [[Easter Offensive]] and the [[1975 Spring Offensive]]. They were later used during the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea]] and the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The T-34 in Vietnam|date=January 14, 2016|url=https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2016/01/14/the-t-34-in-vietnam/|website=wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com}}{{Self-published source|date=October 2018}}</ref>
\n
\n====Yemen====
\nIn 2015, both T-34-85 Model 1969 tanks and [[SU-100]] self-propelled guns were photographed being used in [[Houthi takeover in Yemen]].<ref>http://www.uskowioniran.com/2015/04/wwii-era-soviet-armor-engaged-in-yemen.html "WWII era Soviet armor engaged in Yemen conflict"{{Self-published source|date=November 2017}}</ref>
\n
\n===Current active service===
\nIn 2010, there were eleven countries that maintained T-34s in the inventories of their national armed forces: [[Cuba]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Yemen]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mali]], [[Namibia]], [[North Korea]], [[Laos]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="IISS2010" /> Of these operators, Vietnam possessed the largest known surviving fleet of T-34 series tanks, with 45.<ref name="IISS2010" /> Bosnia-Herzegovina possessed 5, Yemen 30, Guinea 30, Guinea-Bissau 10, Mali 21, and Laos 30.<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="LaosRetired">[https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/tank-helped-russia-defeat-nazi-germany-has-finally-retired-laos-41122 The Tank That Helped Russia Defeat Nazi Germany Has Finally Retired (In Laos)]. ''The National Interest''. 10 January 2019.</ref> It was unclear how many Cuban and North Korean T-34s remained in service.<ref name="IISS2010" /> All the Congolese, Namibian and Malian tanks were believed to be in reserve storage or inoperable.<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="Jeune Afrique">{{cite news|title=Armée malienne : le difficile inventaire |trans-title=Malian Army: The difficult inventory|language=fr|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/170176/politique/arm-e-malienne-le-difficile-inventaire/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|first=Laurent |last=Touchard |date=18 June 2013}}</ref> The Laotian Army retired its T-34s in early 2019 and sold them all to Russia, where they will be used for public displays and museum exhibits.<ref name="LaosRetired"/>
\n
\n===Successors===
\nIn 1944, pre-war development of a more advanced T-34 tank was resumed, leading to the [[T-44]]. The new tank had a turret design based on the T-34-85's, but featured a new hull with [[torsion-bar suspension]] and [[transverse engine|transversely mounted engine]]; it had a lower profile than the T-34-85 and was simpler to manufacture. Between 150 and 200 of these tanks were built before the end of the war. With substantial drivetrain changes, a new turret, and 100 mm gun, it became the [[T-54]], starting production in 1947.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-2004|Zaloga & Johnson 2004:6]]</ref>
\n
\n==Operators==
\n[[File:T-34-85 in military base in Zenica.jpg|thumb|T-34-85 of the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 2014.]]
\n<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
\n
\n===Current operators===
\n* {{flag|Cuba}}: 642;<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> undisclosed number in service.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Bosnia-Herzegovina}}: 5<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}: In reserve.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Guinea}}: 45;<ref name="SIPRI" /> 30 operational.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}: 10<ref name="SIPRI" /><ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Mali}}: 30;<ref name="SIPRI" /> 21 in reserve.<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="Jeune Afrique"/>
\n* {{flag|Namibia}}: 4;<ref name="congo" /> in reserve.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|North Korea}}: 650;<ref name="SIPRI" /> undisclosed number in service.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Yemen}}: 250;<ref name=Cordesman2016>{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony|title=After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East|date=October 2016|pages=112–124, 701|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4742-9256-6}}</ref> 30 operational.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n* {{flag|Vietnam}}: 300;<ref name="SIPRI" /> 45 operational.<ref name="IISS2010" />
\n
\n===Former operators===
\n* {{flag|Afghanistan|1980}}: 175<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Algeria}}: 113<ref name=Cordesman2016 />
\n* {{flag|Albania|1946}}: 138<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Angola}}: 80<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Austria}}: 25<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Bulgaria|1971}}: 599<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|People's Republic of China}}: 2,500<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Cyprus}}: 32<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: 1,800<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Egypt}}: 380<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<ref name="Zal34">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:34]]</ref>
\n* {{flag|Ethiopia}}: 56<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Finland}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|East Germany}}: 872<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Hungary}}: 150<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: Captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beutepanzer.ru/Beutepanzer/italy/Color/Beute/color.htm|title=Italian army|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
\n* {{flag|Iraq}}: 175<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Laos}}: 30<ref name="IISS2010" /><ref name="LaosRetired"/>
\n* {{flag|Lebanon}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|Libya|1977}}: 65<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Mongolia}}: 40<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Mozambique}}: 200<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Pakistan}}: 25<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Palestine Liberation Organization}}: 24<ref>Kassis, ''30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon'' (2003), p. 73.</ref>
\n* {{flag|Poland}}: 1,000<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Romania|1965}}: 250<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Somalia}}: 120<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|Sudan}}: 20<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Syria}}: 200<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Togo}}: 7<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|title=Handbook of Major Foreign Weapons Systems Exported to the Third World: 1981–86|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88T00706R000500410003-2.pdf|location=Langley
\n|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=November 1987|accessdate=20 June 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123043011/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88T00706R000500410003-2.pdf|archivedate=23 January 2017}}</ref>
\n* {{flag|Uganda}}: 10<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flagicon image|Flag of UNITA.svg}} [[UNITA]]<ref name="UNITA">{{cite journal|last=Grilz|first=Almerigo|date=1991|title=Briefing – The War in Angola: Forces and Organisation|volume=4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wbBDAQAAIAAJ|journal=Jane's Defence Weekly|page=1087}}</ref>
\n* {{flag|North Yemen}}: 150<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|South Yemen}}: 80<ref name="SIPRI" />
\n* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref name="Zal34" />
\n* {{flag|Zimbabwe}}: 10<ref name="Nelson">{{Cite book|title=Zimbabwe, a Country Study |edition=Second |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Harold D |year=1983 |publisher=Department of the Army, [[American University]] |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Area Handbook Series |oclc=227599708 |page=316}}</ref><ref name="Keegan">{{Cite book|title=World Armies |page=683 |edition=Second |last=Keegan |first=John |publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan |location=London |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-333-34079-0}}</ref>
\n
\n==Symbolism==
\n[[File:Dukla Pass battle monument 2.jpg|thumb|One of the best-known memorials of the [[Battle of the Dukla Pass]] of 1944, near [[Ladomirová]] and [[Svidník]], on the [[Slovakia|Slovak]] side of the [[Dukla Pass]]. A Soviet [[T-34 variants|T-34-85]] (left) together with a German [[Panzer IV|Pz-IV J]] (right).]]
\n[[File:2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade 45.jpg|thumb|A [[T-34 variants|T-34-85]] during the [[2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade]].]]
\n
\nA T-34-85 tank monument in the [[East German]] city of Karl-Marx-Stadt ([[Chemnitz]]) became the target of a 1980 bomb-attack that inflicted minor damage on the vehicle and blew out nearby windows. The bomber, [[Josef Kneifel]], was sentenced to life imprisonment in [[Bautzen]], but was released after a deal with the West German government in 1987. After [[German unification]] in 1990, the tank was transferred to a museum in Ingolstadt.<ref>Honnigfort, Bernhard. "Der Panzersprenger." ''Frankfurter Rundschau'', April 15, 2005.</ref><ref>Honnigfort, Bernhard. "Der sich nicht fügen wollte." ''Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger'', April 17, 2005.</ref>
\n
\nAnother such tank, mounted atop the [[monument to Soviet tank crews]] in [[Prague]], was the focus of significant controversy. The monument (known locally as 'Saint Tank') was intended to represent Lt I.G. Goncharenko's T-34-85 (the first Soviet tank to enter Prague in May 1945), but actually bore an [[Iosif Stalin tank|IS-2M]] heavy tank. To many in Prague, the tank was also a reminder of the Soviet invasion which ended the [[Prague Spring]] of 1968. The tank was painted pink by artist [[David Černý]] in 1991. Following an official protest from the Russian government, the arrest of Černý, a coat of official green paint, public demonstrations, and a further coat of pink paint applied by fifteen parliamentary deputies, the tank was finally removed to a military museum.<ref>[[#Reference-Wright-2001|Wright 2001:379]]</ref><ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:42–43]]</ref>
\n
\n''Four Tankers and a Dog'' (''[[Czterej pancerni i pies]]''), a very successful war-themed [[Telewizja Polska|Polish television series]] of the 1960s, adapted the novel of the same name by the [[Polish literature|Polish writer]] [[Janusz Przymanowski]] (1922–1998), himself a [[People's Army of Poland]] volunteer. The series made T-34 tank number 102 an icon of [[Culture of Poland|Polish popular culture]]. It was also shown in other [[Eastern bloc|Soviet-bloc]] countries where it was also well received, surprisingly even in the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany). At the beginning of the 21st century reruns of the [[black and white]] series still manage to attract a large audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsowp.poznan.pl/muzeum/pages/eksponat12.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219094927/http://www.wsowp.poznan.pl/muzeum/pages/eksponat12.htm |archivedate=2005-02-19 |df= }}</ref>
\n
\nIn [[Budapest]] on 23 October 2006, the [[2006 protests in Hungary]] climaxed during the 50th anniversary of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. Protesters managed to start an unarmed T-34 tank which was part of a memorial exhibit, and used it in riots against police forces. The tank drove a few hundred metres, then stopped in front of the police, causing no personal injury.<ref>Scotsman.com, "[http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1571102006 Hungarian protesters seize tank]", October 23, 2006; Népszabadság Online, "[http://www.nol.hu/cikk/421872/ Elfogták az elkötött T-34-es vezetőjét]", October 23, 2006 (Hungarian language).</ref>
\n{{clear}}
\n
\n==Variants==
\n{{Main|T-34 variants}}
\n{{refimprove section|date=July 2013}}
\n[[File:T-34 Subtypes.jpg|thumb|Illustration of some selected T-34 variants including [[tank destroyers]] and [[mobile artillery]].]]
\nThere were two main production families of the T-34, each with subvariants. The identification of T-34 variants can be complicated. Turret castings, superficial details, and equipment differed between factories; new features were added in the middle of production runs, or retrofitted to older tanks; damaged tanks were rebuilt, sometimes with the addition of newer-model equipment and even new turrets.<ref name="Zaloga-1983-14" />
\n
\nThe Red Army never had a consistent policy for naming the T-34.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:19]]</ref> Since at least the 1980s, however, many academic sources (notably, [[armoured fighting vehicle|AFV]] expert [[Steven Zaloga]]) have used Soviet-style nomenclature: ''T-34'' for the models armed with 76.2 mm guns, and ''T-34-85'' for models armed with 85 mm guns, with minor models distinguished by year, as ''T-34 Model 1940''. Some Russian historians use different names: they refer to the first T-34 as the ''T-34 Model 1939'' instead of 1940, all T-34s with the original turret and F-34 gun as ''Model 1941'' instead of Models 1941 and 1942, and the [[hexagon]]al-turret T-34 as ''Model 1942'' instead of 1943.<ref>[[#Reference-Zheltov-2001|Zheltov 2001, passim]]</ref>
\n
\nGerman [[military intelligence]] in World War II referred to the two main production families as ''T-34/76'' and ''T-34/85'', with subvariants receiving letter designations such as ''T-34/76A'' — this nomenclature has been widely used in the West, especially in popular literature. When the German Wehrmacht used captured T-34s, it designated them ''Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)'', where the "r" stood for ''russisch'' ("Russian").<ref>Carruthers, Bob. ''Panzers At War, 1943–1945.'' Henley-in-Arden, UK: Coda Books Ltd., 2011.</ref> The Finns referred to the T-34 as the ''Sotka'' after the [[common goldeneye]], because the side silhouette of the tank resembled a swimming waterfowl. The T-34-85 was called ''pitkäputkinen Sotka'' ("long-barreled Sotka").<ref>"Tank Museum Tour." [http://yhdistykset.ekarjala.fi/rmkilta/tapahtumat/ihantalanihme.htm Southeast Finland Border Guard Guild], 1999.</ref>
\n
\n[[File:T-34-85-latrun-1.jpg|thumb|T-34-85 on display at [[Yad La-Shiryon]], Israel.]]
\n
\nThe '''T-34''' (German designation: T-34/76) was the original tank with a 76.2 mm gun in a two-man turret.
\n* '''Model 1940''' (T-34/76A): Early, small production run (about 400 built<ref name=":0" />) with the [[L-11 76.2 mm tank gun|L-11]] 76.2 mm [[tank gun]].
\n* '''Model 1941''' (T-34/76B): Main production with thicker [[vehicle armour|armour]] and the superior [[F-34 tank gun|F-34 76.2 mm gun]].
\n* '''Model 1942''' (T-34/76C): Thicker armour, many minor manufacturing improvements.
\n* '''Model 1943''' (T-34/76D, E, and F): Introduced May 1942 (not 1943). More ammunition and fuel, very minor armour increase.<ref name="Zaloga 2006" /> New hexagonal turret, nicknamed "[[Mickey Mouse]]" by the Germans because of its appearance with the twin, round turret-roof hatches open. Later production had a new commander's cupola.
\n
\nThe '''T-34-85''' (German designation: T-34/85) was a major improvement with an 85 mm gun in a three-man turret. All T-34-85 models are externally very similar.
\n* '''Model 1943''': Short production run of February–March 1944 with [[D-5T 85 mm gun]].
\n* '''Model 1944''': Produced from March 1944 through to the end of that year, with simpler [[ZiS-S-53 85 mm gun]], radio moved from the hull into a turret with improved layout and new gunner's sight.
\n* '''Model 1945''': Produced from 1944 to 1945, with an electrically powered turret traverse motor, an enlarged commander's cupola with a one-piece hatch, and the TDP smoke system with electrically detonated MDSh canisters.
\n* '''Model 1946''': Production model with the improved V-2-34M engine, new wheels, and other minor details.
\n* '''Model 1960''': A refurbishing program introduced a new V-2-3411 engine and other modernizations.
\n* '''Model 1969''' (also called T-34-85M): Another refurbishing program introducing night driving equipment, additional fuel, and other modernizations.
\n
\n===Other armoured fighting vehicles===
\n[[File:T-34 57.jpg|thumb|A T-34-57 in 1941.]]
\n* '''Flame-thrower tanks''': OT-34 and OT-34-85 had an internally mounted [[flamethrower]] ATO-41 (ATO-42 later) replacing the hull machine-gun.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:42]]</ref>
\n* '''PT-1''' T-34/76: '''''P'''rotivominniy '''T'''ral'' (counter-mine trawl) [[Mine roller]] tank, mostly built on T-34 Model 1943 or T-34-85 chassis.<ref>[[#Reference-Zaloga-2004|Zaloga & Johnson 2004:18-19]]; the KMT designation was adopted in the 1950s</ref>
\n* '''Self-propelled guns and tank destroyers''':
\n** [[SU-122]], a [[self-propelled howitzer]] based on T-34 Model 1943 chassis.<ref name="Zaloga 1994:45">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1994|Zaloga & Sarson 1994:45]]</ref>
\n** [[SU-85]], a tank destroyer based on T-34 Model 1943 chassis.<ref name="Zaloga 1994:45" />
\n** [[SU-100]], a tank destroyer based on T-34-85 chassis.<ref name="Zaloga 1996:14">[[#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga 1996:14]]</ref>
\n* '''T-34/57''': Fewer than 324 T-34s in 1941 and 1943–44 were fitted with the [[57-mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)|ZiS-4]] or the ZIS-4M high-velocity 57 mm gun to be used as tank hunters.<ref>[[#Reference-Wachowski-2004|Wachowski 2004]]</ref>
\n
\n==Surviving vehicles==
\nAn enormous number of T-34s and T-34-85s were produced; the Soviets used them aggressively in campaigns in Europe and Asia, and they were distributed to the Soviets' allies all over the world. Due to all three factors, there are hundreds of surviving T-34s. Examples of this tank are in the collections of most significant military museums, and hundreds more serve as war memorials. Many are in private ownership, and demilitarised working tanks change hands for U.S. $20,000–40,000. Some still may serve in a second-line capacity in a number of [[Third World]] militaries, while others may find use in a civilian capacity, primarily in film-making. In many World War II films, such as ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'',<ref name="SPROE">{{citation |url=http://www.sproe.com/t/tank-tiger.html |work=Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia |title=Sd.Kfz. 181 PzKpfw VI Tiger I Tank}}</ref> ''[[The Battle of Neretva]]'', and ''[[Kelly's Heroes]]'',<ref>{{citation |url=http://imcdb.org/vehicle_31790-Uralvagonzavod-T-34-85-1944.html |work=Internet Movie Cars Database |title=Kelly's Heroes Tiger Tank page}} Cross of Iron</ref> T-34-85 tanks were modified to resemble [[Tiger I]] tanks, due to the rarity of the latter.<ref name="SPROE" /> In [[Sydney Pollack]]'s 1969 movie ''[[Castle Keep]]'', barely modified T-34-85 tanks were used as German tanks.<ref name="CKEEP">{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GSaesy7ZIA |work=YouTube |title=Castle Keep Trailer}}</ref>
\n
\nIn 2000, a T-34 Model 1943 was recovered that had spent 56 years at the bottom of a [[bog]] in [[Estonia]].<ref>[http://www.mil.hiiumaa.ee/2000_09_14_kurtna_T-34-36/ Tanki T34-76 väljatõmbamine Kurtna järvest (WWII Trophy tank)]. ''Militaarne Hiiumaa'' web site, text republished from ''Komatsu Times'' vol 3 no 1. English and Estonian language, retrieved on February 3, 2007.</ref> The tank had been captured and used by retreating German troops, who dumped it in the swamp when it ran out of fuel. The [[anaerobic environment]] of the bog preserved the tank and ensured there were no signs of oil leakage, rust, or other significant water damage. The engine was restored to full working order.<ref>[http://www.diving.ee/articles/art035.html Подъем танка (pulling tank) T-34]. ''Otsing Club'' web site. Russian language, retrieved on February 3, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://englishrussia.com/2006/09/17/russian-tank-recovered-from-the-lake-after-50-years-been-there/|title=Russian Tank Recovered from the Lake After 50 Years Been There – English Russia|publisher=|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nOther significant surviving T-34s include a Model 1941 at the [[United States Army Ordnance Museum|U.S. Army Ordnance Museum]] in [[Aberdeen, Maryland]]—one of the oldest surviving vehicles. The French [[Musee des Blindes]] at Saumur holds two T-34s, including one in full working condition that is displayed in action at its summer "Carrousel" live tank exhibition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museedesblindes.fr/spip.php?article23 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130412201548/http://www.museedesblindes.fr/spip.php?article23 |archivedate=2013-04-12 |df= }}</ref> The [[Mandela Way T-34 Tank]], a privately owned T-34-85 named after the street in which it is sited (near [[Bermondsey]], London), is frequently repainted by artists and graffitists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bermondsey.org/mandela-way-t-34-tank/|title=Mandela Way T-34 Tank|website=bermondsey.org|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>
\n
\n==See also==
\n{{Portal|Tank}}
\n* [[List of tanks of the Soviet Union]]
\n* [[Soviet combat vehicle production during World War II]]
\n
\n===Tanks of comparable role, performance, and era===
\n{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
\n* British [[Comet tank|Comet]]
\n* British [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]]
\n* Canadian [[Grizzly I cruiser|Grizzly I]]
\n* German [[Panzer IV]]
\n* German [[Panther tank|Panther]]
\n* Hungarian [[40M Turán|Turán III]]
\n* Italian [[Carro Armato P 40]]
\n* Japanese [[Type 3 Chi-Nu]]
\n* Swedish [[Stridsvagn m/42]]
\n* United States [[M4 Sherman]]
\n{{Div col end}}
\n
\n==Notes==
\n{{reflist|group="notes"}}
\n
\n;Citations
\n{{reflist|30em}}
\n
\n==References==
\n{{refbegin|40em}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Buckley-2004 | reference = Buckley, John (2004). ''British Armour in the Normandy Campaign.'' London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|978-0415407731}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Chamberlain-1978 | reference = Chamberlain, Peter, Hilary Doyle, and Tom Jentz (1978). ''Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War II.'' London: Arms and Armour Press. {{ISBN|978-0853682028}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Chant, Christopher | reference = Chant, Christopher (1994 [1996]). ''World Encyclopedia of the Tank: An International History of the Armoured Fighting Machine,'' Somerset: Patrick Stephens (Haynes). {{ISBN|1-85260-114-0}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Cole-1965 | reference = Cole, Hugh M. ''The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge.'' Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1965. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Coox | reference = [[Alvin Coox|Coox, Alvin D.]] (1990 softcover edition, two volumes in one). ''Nomonhan, Japan Against Russia 1939.'' Berkeley, CA: [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8047-1835-0}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Drabkin | reference = Drabkin, Artem & Oleg Sheremet (2006). ''T-34 in action.'' Barnsley (S-Y): Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-243-X}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Drousiotis-2006 | reference = Drousiotis, Makarios (2006). ''Cyprus 1974: The Greek coup and the Turkish invasion.'' Bibliopolis. {{ISBN|3-933925-76-2}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Erickson | reference = Erickson, John (1962). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkSxFpKmIsC&lpg=PA596&pg=PA596#v=onepage&q&f=false The Soviet high command: a military-political history, 1918–1941]'' (3rd ed.). London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-5178-8}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Fowler-2002 | reference = Fowler, Will, and Tim Bean (2002). ''Russian Tanks of World War II — Stalin’s Armoured Might.'' London: Ian Allan Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0760313022}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Gander & Chamberlain (2002) | reference = Gander, Terry, and Peter Chamberlain. ''Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945''. New York: Doubleday, 1979 {{ISBN|0-385-15090-3}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Harrison-2002 | reference = Harrison, Mark (2002). ''Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-89424-7}}. }}
\n* {{citation |last1=Hughes |first1=Matthew |first2=Chris |last2=Mann |title=The T-34 Russian Battle Tank |location=Wisconsin |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7603-0701-4 }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = KMDB-2006 | reference = Kharkov Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau (2006). [http://www.morozov.com.ua/eng/body/tanks/t-43.php?menu=history5.php "T-43 Medium Tank"], at morozov.com.ua. URL accessed on October 5, 2006. }}
\n* Kassis, Samer, ''30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon'', Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. {{ISBN|9953-0-0705-5}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Krivosheev-1997 | reference = Krivosheev, Col.-Gen. G.F., and John Erickson (1997). ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century.'' London: Greenhill Books. {{ISBN|978-1853672804}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Liddel_Hart-1951 | reference = [[Basil Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart, Basil]] (1951 [1999]). ''The other side of the hill: Germany's generals, their rise and fall, with their own account of military events, 1939–1945.'' London: Cassell. {{ISBN|0-330-37324-2}}. }}
\n* {{cite book|last=Michulec|first=Robert|title=T-34: mythical weapon|year=2006|publisher=Armagedon & Airconnection|location=Mississauga, ON|isbn=978-0-9781091-0-3|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/T_34.html?id=M2AdLgAACAAJ|author2=Mirosław Zientarzewski }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Milsom-1971 | reference = Milsom, John (1971). ''Russian Tanks, 1900–1970: The Complete Illustrated History of Soviet Armoured Theory and Design.'' Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. {{ISBN|0-8117-1493-4}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Para-2002 | reference = Para, Carl (April 2002). "Military Heritage feature on the T-34" in ''Military Heritage'' vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 18–20, 22–23. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Perrett-1987 | reference = Perrett, Bryan (1987). ''Soviet Armour Since 1945.'' London: Blandford. {{ISBN|0-7137-1735-1}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Perrett-1999 | reference = Perrett, Bryan, and Jim Laurier (1999). ''Panzerkampfwagen IV Medium Tank, 1936–45'' (New Vanguard 28). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-843-7}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Russian_Battlefield-2000 | reference = Russian Battlefield (2000). [http://english.battlefield.ru/t-34.html "T-34 Medium Tank"] ''The Russian Battlefield'', URL accessed on July 6, 2013. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Russian_Battlefield-2003 | reference = Russian Battlefield (2003). [http://english.battlefield.ru/t-34-85.html "T-34-85 Medium Tank"] ''The Russian Battlefield'', URL accessed on July 6, 2013. }}
\n* {{cite book|first=Mark |last=Solonin|authorlink=Mark Solonin|title=22 czerwca 1941 czyli Jak zaczęła się Wielka Wojna ojczyźniana|year=2007|publisher=Dom Wydawniczy Rebis|location=Poznań, Poland|isbn=978-83-7510-130-0|edition=1|others=Translated by Tomasz Lisiecki|language=Polish}} (the only English translations of Solonin's works seem to be, as of June 2011, [http://www.solonin.org/en/books these online chapters])
\n* {{wikicite | id = Sewell-1998|reference=Sewell, Stephen 'Cookie' (1998). [https://www.knox.army.mil/center/ArmorMag/backissues/1990s/1998/ja98/4sewell98.pdf "Why Three Tanks?"] in ''Armor'' vol. 108, no. 4, p. 21. Fort Knox, KY: US Army Armor Center. ISSN 0004-2420.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Von_Mellenthin-1956 | reference = [[Friedrich von Mellenthin|Von Mellenthin, Major General F. W.]] (1956). ''Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War'', First Ballantine Books Edition, 1971. New York: Ballantine Books. {{ISBN|0-345-24440-0}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Wachowski-2004 | reference = Wachowski, Tomasz (2004). "Nieznany T-34" (The Unknown T-34) in ''Nowa Technika Wojskowa'' (''New Military Equipment'') 11/2004, p. 53. Warsaw: Magnum-X. ISSN 1230-1655. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Wright-2001 | reference = [[Patrick Wright (academic)|Wright, Patrick]] (2001). ''Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine''. Viking Adult. {{ISBN|0-670-03070-8}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1983 | reference = [[Steven Zaloga|Zaloga, Steven J.]], James Grandsen (1983). ''T-34 in Action'', Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal. {{ISBN|0-89747-112-1}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1984 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). ''Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two'', London: Arms and Armour Press. {{ISBN|0-85368-606-8}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1994 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Peter Sarson (1994). ''T-34 Medium Tank 1941–45'' (New Vanguard 9), Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-382-6}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1996 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Jim Kinnear (1996). ''T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944–94'' (New Vanguard 20), Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-535-7}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1997 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Jim Kinnear, Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev (1997). ''Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941–45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks'', Hong Kong: Concord Publication. {{ISBN|962-361-615-5}}}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-1998 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Leland S. Ness (1998). ''Red Army Handbook 1939–1945.'' Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0750917407}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-2004 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J., Hugh Johnson (2004). ''T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84176-792-1}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-2007 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). ''Japanese Tanks 1939–45.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-091-8}}.}}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zaloga-2010 | reference = Zaloga, Steven J. (2010). ''T-34-85 vs. M26 Pershing, Korea 1950.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-84603-990-4}}. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zheltov-1999 | reference = Zheltov, I., M. Pavlov, I. Pavlov (1999). "Tanki BT. chast 3. Kolyosno-gusenychny tank BT-7" ("BT Tanks, part 3: BT-7 wheeled/tracked tank"), in ''Armada'' no. 17, p.13. Moscow. }}
\n* {{wikicite | id = Zheltov-2001 | reference = Zheltov, I., M. Pavlov, I. Pavlov (2001). ''Neizvestnyy T-34'' (''The Unknown T-34''). Moscow: Eksprint. {{ISBN|5-94038-013-1}} }}
\n{{refend}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n{{Commons}}
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\n* [http://www.wirtualne.muzeumbronipancernej.pl/ Full panorama of external and internal T34/85]
\n* [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/ussr/tanks-medium/t-34.asp T34] and [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/ussr/tanks-medium/t-34-85.asp T34/85] at wwiivehicles.com
\n* [http://legion-afv.narod.ru/T-34-76.html The T-34], tanks in museums and monuments.
\n* [http://legion-afv.narod.ru/T-34-85.html The T-34-85], tanks in museums and monuments.
\n* [http://www.missing-lynx.com/articles/russia/rpt34/rpt34.htm The T-34-85 in WWII: A Closer Look]—detailed examination of T-34-85 details
\n* [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r): Soviet T-34 in German Service] at Achtung Panzer!
\n* [https://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1012:2 U.S. WWII Newsmap, "Russian Armored Vehicles"], hosted by the [https://digital.library.unt.edu/ UNT Libraries Digital Collections]
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929174953/http://www.museum-t-34.ru/en/ T-34 History Museum], the world's only dedicated T-34 tank museum, located in the Moscow Region.
\n* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202903/http://www.scribd.com/doc/29617825/T-34-Tank-Field-Repair-Manual Field Repair Manual] {{ru icon}} Soviet manual covering the field repair of the T-34 Tank
\n* [http://www.operationbarbarossa.net/the-t-34-in-wwii-the-legend-vs-the-performance/ The T-34 in WWII: the Legend vs. the Performance]
\n{{WWIISovietAFVs}}
\n{{PRCAFVs}}
\n
\n{{Authority control}}
\n
\n[[Category:Medium tanks of the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:Military vehicles 1940–1944]]
\n[[Category:World War II tanks of the Soviet Union]]
\n[[Category:History of the tank]]
\n[[Category:Malyshev Factory products]]
",
"pubDate": "2019-01-29T02:53:03+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:T-34"
},
{
"title": "Sarah Blackwood (Canadian singer)",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Blackwood_(Canadian_singer)&diff=888697703",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Blackwood_(Canadian_singer)&diff=888697703",
"description": "Gregology: /* Life */ because she wasn't born at the age of 27
\n
\n{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
\n{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
\n| name = Sarah Blackwood
\n| image = WOTE - Sarah & Marshall.jpg
\n| caption = Sarah Blackwood (left) and Ryan Marshall at a concert in 2012
\n| image_size =
\n| background = solo_singer
\n| birth_name = Sarah Nicole Blackwood
\n| alias = Sarah Sin
\n| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|10|15}}
\n| birth_place = [[Burlington (Ontario)|Burlington]], [[Ontario]]
\n| instrument = Vocals, guitar, ukulele, piano
\n| years_active = 2006–present
\n| genre = [[Indie rock]]
\n| occupation = Singer, musician
\n| label =
\n| associated_acts = [[The Creepshow]], [[Walk off the Earth]]
\n| website =
\n}}
\n'''Sarah Nicole Blackwood''' (born 15 October 1980), also known as '''Sarah Sin''', is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[singer-songwriter]]. In 2006, she joined the [[indie rock]] band [[Walk off the Earth]].
\n
\n== Life ==
\nBlackwood was born in [[Burlington (Ontario)|Burlington]], [[Ontario]]. At the age of 27, Sarah first performed with the [[Psychobilly]] band, [[The Creepshow]], replacing her sister, Jennifer Blackwood, who was pregnant at the time. Originally, Jennifer was supposed to return to the band,<ref>http://www.ox-fanzine.de/web/itv/2473/interviews.212.html</ref> but when she never did, Sarah became a full band member. In 2008, Sarah published her debut album ''Way Back Home'', and her first album ''Run For Your Life'' with The Creepshow. In 2010, she followed with her solo album ''Wasting Time'' and ''They All Fall Down'' with The Creepshow. She left The Creepshow in 2012, after she gained international fame when a video was uploaded to [[YouTube]] where Blackwood, together with [[Walk off the Earth]], covered the song ''[[Somebody That I Used to Know]]'' by the Australian singer [[Gotye]].<ref>http://www.laut.de/News/Sarah-Blackwood-Youtube-Erfolg-mit-Gotye-Cover-11-01-2012-8605</ref> 2013 she released the album ''R.E.V.O.'' with Walk off the Earth.
\n
\nIn 2013, Blackwood was featured in the song "[[Lonesome Rider]]" from the Danish heavy metal band [[Volbeat]]'s fifth album ''[[Outlaw Gentlemen & Shady Ladies]]''. The band's frontman [[Michael Poulsen]] told Ultimate-Guitar.com: "We knew her from back when we wanted to bring [The] Creepshow on tour."
\n
\n==Walk off the Earth==
\nBlackwood is the singer for Canadian indie band [[Walk off the Earth]] alongside members Gianni Luminati, Ryan Marshall, and Joel Cassady. The band has been together since 2006 and was signed to [[Columbia Records]] in 2011.<ref>http://www.walkofftheearth.com/columbia-records-signs-walk-earth/</ref>
\n
\n== Discography ==
\n;as a solo artist
\n* 2008: ''Way Back Home''
\n* 2011: Album "Live at CTO" with Daniel Flamm
\n* 2010: ''Wasting Time''
\n* 2012: ''Wait It Out'' (EP)
\n
\n;with [[The Creepshow]]
\n* 2008: ''[[Run for Your Life (The Creepshow album)|Run for Your Life]]''
\n* 2010: ''[[They All Fall Down]]''
\n
\n;with [[Walk off the Earth]]
\n* 2012: ''Vol. 1''
\n* 2012: ''Vol. 2''
\n* 2013: ''R.E.V.O.''
\n* 2015: ''Sing It All Away''
\n* 2017: ''Fire In My Soul''
\n
\n== References ==
\n<references />
\n
\n== External links==
\n{{Commons category|Sarah Nicole Blackwood|Sarah Blackwood}}
\n* [https://myspace.com/sarahblackwood Sarah Blackwood] at [[Myspace]]
\n* {{Discogs artist|2101449-Sarah-Blackwood-2|Sarah Blackwood}}
\n
\n{{Authority control}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Blackwood, Sarah}}
\n[[Category:1980 births]]
\n[[Category:Living people]]
\n[[Category:Canadian singer-songwriters]]
\n[[Category:Canadian female pop singers]]
\n[[Category:Canadian female rock singers]]
\n[[Category:People from Burlington, Ontario]]
\n[[Category:21st-century Canadian singers]]
\n[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
",
"pubDate": "2019-03-20T20:10:36+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Sarah_Blackwood_(Canadian_singer)"
},
{
"title": "Ruby on Rails",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_on_Rails&diff=899409125",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_on_Rails&diff=899409125",
"description": "Gregology: /* History */ Changing 6.0 release date to TBD as it's in the past
\n
\n{{distinguish|Ruby (programming language)}}
\n{{Infobox software
\n | name = Ruby on Rails
\n | logo = Ruby On Rails Logo.svg
\n | screenshot =
\n | caption =
\n | author = [[David Heinemeier Hansson]]
\n | developer =
\n | discontinued =
\n | released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2005|12|13}}<ref name=initial10announce>{{cite web|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2005/12/13/rails-1-0-party-like-its-one-oh-oh/|website=Ruby on Rails|author=David|accessdate=2017-03-01|title=Rails 1.0: Party like it's one oh oh!}}</ref>
\n | operating system =
\n | platform =
\n | language =
\n | programming language = [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
\n | genre = [[Web application framework]]
\n | license = [[MIT License]]
\n | website = {{URL|https://rubyonrails.org}}
\n | size = 18.2 [[megabyte|MB]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Release v5.1.1 · rails/rails · GitHub|url=https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v5.1.1|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref>
\n}}
\n'''Ruby on Rails''', or '''Rails''', is a [[server-side]] [[web application framework]] written in [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] under the [[MIT License]]. Rails is a [[model–view–controller]] (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a [[database]], a [[web service]], and [[web page]]s. It encourages and facilitates the use of [[web standards]] such as [[JSON]] or [[XML]] for data transfer, [[HTML]], [[CSS]] and [[JavaScript]] for user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known [[software engineering]] [[software design pattern|patterns]] and paradigms, including [[convention over configuration]] (CoC), [[don't repeat yourself]] (DRY), and the [[active record pattern]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Started with Rails: What Is Rails?|url=http://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html#what-is-rails-questionmark|website=Ruby on Rails Guides|accessdate=10 August 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nRuby on Rails' emergence in the 2000s greatly influenced web app development, through innovative features such as seamless database table creations, migrations, and [[Scaffold (programming)|scaffolding]] of views to enable rapid application development. Ruby on Rails' influence on other web frameworks remains apparent today, with many frameworks in other languages borrowing its ideas, including [[Django (web framework)|Django]] in [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Catalyst (software)|Catalyst]] in [[Perl]], [[Laravel]] in [[PHP]], [[Phoenix (web framework)|Phoenix]] in [[Elixir (programming language)|Elixir]], and [[Sails.js]] in [[Node.js]].
\n
\n==History==
\n[[David Heinemeier Hansson]] extracted Ruby on Rails from his work on the project management tool [[Basecamp Classic|Basecamp]] at the [[web application]] company also called [[Basecamp (company)|Basecamp]].<ref name="interview-davidhh">{{cite web|first=Lenz−− |last=Grimmer |date=February 2006 |title=Interview with David Heinemeier Hansson from Ruby on Rails |url=http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/interviews/david-heinemeier-hansson-rails.html |publisher=[[MySQL AB]] |accessdate=2008-06-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225091835/http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/interviews/david-heinemeier-hansson-rails.html |archivedate=February 25, 2013 }}</ref>
\nHansson first released Rails as open source in July 2004, but did not share [[Commit (data management)|commit]] rights to the project until February 2005. {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In August 2006, the framework reached a milestone when [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard"]],<ref>{{cite web
\n | url = http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2006/8/7/ruby-on-rails-will-ship-with-os-x-10-5-leopard
\n | title = Ruby on Rails will ship with OS X 10.5 (Leopard)
\n | accessdate = 2008-06-08
\n | last = Hansson
\n | first = David
\n | date = August 7, 2006
\n}}</ref>
\nwhich was released in October 2007.
\n
\nRails version 2.3 was released on March 15, 2009, with major new developments in templates, engines, [[Rack (web server interface)|Rack]] and nested model forms. Templates enable the developer to generate a skeleton application with custom [[RubyGems|gems]] and configurations. Engines give developers the ability to reuse application pieces complete with routes, view paths and models. The Rack web server interface and Metal allow one to write optimized pieces of code that route around Action Controller.<ref name="Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!">{{cite web
\n| first = David
\n| last = Hansson
\n| date = March 16, 2009
\n| title = Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!
\n| url = http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/3/16/rails-2-3-templates-engines-rack-metal-much-more
\n}}</ref>
\n
\nOn December 23, 2008, [[Merb]], another web application framework, was launched, and Ruby on Rails announced it would work with the Merb project to bring "the best ideas of Merb" into Rails 3, ending the "unnecessary duplication" across both communities.<ref name="The day Merb joined Rails">{{cite web|date=2008-12-27|title=The day Merb joined Rails|url=http://rubyonrails.org/merb|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209055716/http://rubyonrails.org/merb|archivedate=2013-02-09|df=}}</ref> Merb was merged with Rails as part of the Rails 3.0 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/3_0_release_notes.html |title=Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes — Ruby on Rails Guides |website=Edgeguides.rubyonrails.org |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=sdtimes.com|date=2010-02-10|title=Ruby on Rails 3.0 goes modular|url=http://www.sdtimes.com/link/34122| accessdate=2010-08-06}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 3.1 was released on August 31, 2011, featuring Reversible Database Migrations, Asset Pipeline, Streaming, [[jQuery]] as default [[JavaScript]] library and newly introduced [[CoffeeScript]] and [[Sass (stylesheet language)|Sass]] into the stack.<ref name="Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes">{{cite web|date=2012-09-01|title=Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes|url=http://guides.rubyonrails.org/3_1_release_notes.html}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 3.2 was released on January 20, 2012 with a faster development mode and routing engine (also known as Journey engine), Automatic Query Explain and Tagged Logging.<ref name="Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes">{{cite web|date=2012-09-01|title=Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes|url=http://guides.rubyonrails.org/3_2_release_notes.html}}</ref> Rails 3.2.x is the last version that supports Ruby 1.8.7.<ref name="Rails/master is now 4.0.0.beta">{{cite web|date=2012-09-01|title=Rails/master is now 4.0.0.beta|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2011/12/20/rails-master-is-now-4-0-0-beta/}}</ref> Rails 3.2.12 supports Ruby 2.0.<ref>[https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9406 Rails 3.2.x is now compatible with Ruby 2.0.0 by sikachu · Pull Request #9406 · rails/rails · GitHub]. Github.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-30.</ref>
\n
\nRails 4.0 was released on June 25, 2013, introducing Russian Doll Caching, Turbolinks, Live Streaming as well as making Active Resource, Active Record Observer and other components optional by splitting them as gems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2013/6/25/Rails-4-0-final/ |title=Rails 4.0: Final version released! | Riding Rails |website=Weblog.rubyonrails.org |date=2013-06-25 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 4.1 was released on April 8, 2014, introducing Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, and secrets.yml.<ref name=41announce>{{cite web|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2014/4/8/Rails-4-1/|title=Rails 4.1.0: Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, secrets.yml|website=weblog.rubyonrails.org}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 4.2 was released on December 19, 2014, introducing Active Job, asynchronous emails, Adequate Record, Web Console, and [[foreign key]]s.<ref name=42announce>{{cite web |url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2014/12/19/Rails-4-2-final/|title=Rails 4.2: Active Job, Asynchronous Mails, Adequate Record, Web Console, Foreign Keys|website=Ruby on Rails|author=|accessdate=5 Dec 2015}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 5.0 was released on June 30, 2016, introducing Action Cable, API mode, and Turbolinks 5.<ref name=50announce>{{cite web | url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/6/30/Rails-5-0-final/|title=Rails 5.0: Action Cable, API mode, and so much more|website=Ruby on Rails|author=|accessdate=19 Nov 2016}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 5.0.0.1 was released on August 10, 2016, with Exclusive use of rails CLI over Rake and support for Ruby version 2.2.2 and above.
\n
\nRails 5.1 was released on April 27, 2017, introducing [[JavaScript]] integration changes (management of JavaScript dependencies from NPM via Yarn, optional compilation of JavaScript using [[Webpack]], and a rewrite of Rails UJS to use vanilla JavaScript instead of depending on jQuery), system tests using [[Capybara (software)|Capybara]], encrypted secrets, parameterized mailers, direct & resolved routes, and a unified form_with helper replacing the form_tag/form_for helpers.<ref name=51announce>{{cite web | url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2017/4/27/Rails-5-1-final/|title=Rails 5.1: Loving JavaScript, System Tests, Encrypted Secrets, and more|website=Ruby on Rails|author=|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 5.2 was released on April 9, 2018, introducing new features that include ActiveStorage, built-in Redis Cache Store, updated Rails Credentials and a new DSL that allows for configuring a Content Security Policy for an application.<ref name=52announce>{{cite web | url=https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2018/4/9/Rails-5-2-0-final/|title=Rails 5.2.0 FINAL: Active Storage, Redis Cache Store, HTTP/2 Early Hints, CSP, Credentials |website=Ruby on Rails|author=|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref>
\n
\nRails 5.2.2 was released on December 4, 2018, introducing numerous bug fixes and several logic improvements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2018/12/4/Rails-5-2-2-has-been-released/|title=Rails 5.2.2 has been released!|last=rafaelfranca|date=2018-12-04|website=Riding Rails|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref>
\n
\n<!-- Template:Version is for version and release history. Documentation and examples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Version -->
\n{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left;"
\n|+ Version history
\n|-
\n! Version !! Date !! Notes
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |1.0}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2005/12/13/rails-1-0-party-like-its-one-oh-oh/ "Rails 1.0: Party like it's one oh oh!"]. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2005|12|13}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |1.2}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2007/1/18/rails-1-2-rest-admiration-http-lovefest-and-utf-8-celebrations "Rails 1.2: REST admiration, HTTP lovefest, and UTF-8 celebrations"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040417/http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2007/1/18/rails-1-2-rest-admiration-http-lovefest-and-utf-8-celebrations/ |date=2012-11-02 }}. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2007|1|19}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |2.0}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2007/12/7/rails-2-0-it-s-done "Rails 2.0: It's done!"]. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2007|12|7}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |2.1}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2008/5/31/rails-2-1-time-zones-dirty-caching-gem-dependencies-caching-etc Rails 2.1: Time zones, dirty, caching, gem dependencies, caching, etc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040223/http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2008/5/31/rails-2-1-time-zones-dirty-caching-gem-dependencies-caching-etc/ |date=2012-11-02 }}. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2008|6|1}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |2.2}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2008/11/21/rails-2-2-i18n-http-validators-thread-safety-jruby-1-9-compatibility-docs "Rails 2.2: i18n, HTTP validators, thread safety, JRuby/1.9 compatibility, docs"]. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2008|11|21}} ||
\n|-
\n|{{Version |o | 2.3}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/3/16/rails-2-3-templates-engines-rack-metal-much-more "Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!"]. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2009|3|16}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |3.0}}<ref>[http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2010/8/29/rails-3-0-it-s-done "Rails 3.0: It's ready!"]. Riding Rails. Retrieved August 30, 2010.</ref> || {{dts|2010|8|29}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |3.1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/505e84599aff6abf719484636b0515e1ce2e2220|title=bumping to 3.1.0|website=Github.com}}</ref> || {{dts|2011|8|31}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |3.2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f36dcaf488b4357a52f43e3912628428956d351f|title=Preparing for 3.2.0 release|website=Github.com}}</ref> || {{dts|2012|1|20}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |4.0}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wyeworks.com/2012/10/29/rails-4-in-30-minutes/|title=Rails 4 in 30’|website=blog.wyeworks.com}}</ref> || {{dts|2013|6|25}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |4.1}}<ref name=41announce/> || {{dts|2014|4|8}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |o |4.2}}<ref name=42announce/> || {{dts|2014|12|19}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |co |5.0}}<ref name=50announce/> || {{dts|2016|06|30}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |co |5.1}}<ref name=51announce/> || {{dts|2017|05|10}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |c |5.2}}<ref name=520announce>{{cite web|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2018/4/9/Rails-5-2-0-final/|website=Ruby on Rails|author=dhh|accessdate=2018-04-10|title=Rails 5.2.0 FINAL: Active Storage, Redis Cache Store, HTTP/2 Early Hints, CSP, Credentials}}</ref> || {{dts|2018|04|09}} ||
\n|-
\n| {{Version |p |6.0}}<ref name=60announce>{{cite web|url=https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2018/12/20/timeline-for-the-release-of-Rails-6-0/|title=Timeline for the release of Rails 6.0|last=dhh|date=2018-12-20|website=Riding Rails|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref>
\n|TBD
\n|April 30, 2019 was the "aspirational...release" date
\n|-
\n| colspan="3" | {{Version |l |show=011101}}
\n|}
\n<!-- MAJOR RELEASES ONLY PLEASE -->
\n
\n{{Clear}}
\n
\n==Technical overview==
\nLike other web frameworks, Ruby on Rails uses the [[model–view–controller]] (MVC) pattern to organize application programming.
\n
\nIn a default configuration, a ''model'' in the Ruby on Rails framework maps to a table in a database and to a Ruby file. For example, a model class ''User'' will usually be defined in the file 'user.rb' in the app/models directory, and linked to the table 'users' in the database. While developers are free to ignore this convention and choose differing names for their models, files, and database table, this is not common practice and is usually discouraged in accordance with the "convention-over-configuration" philosophy.
\n
\nA ''controller'' is a server-side component of Rails that responds to external requests from the web server to the application, by determining which view file to render. The controller may also have to query one or more models for information and pass these on to the view. For example, in an airline reservation system, a controller implementing a flight-search function would need to query a model representing individual flights to find flights matching the search, and might also need to query models representing airports and airlines to find related secondary data. The controller might then pass some subset of the flight data to the corresponding view, which would contain a mixture of static HTML and logic that use the flight data to create an HTML document containing a table with one row per flight. A controller may provide one or more actions. In Ruby on Rails, an action is typically a basic unit that describes how to respond to a specific external web-browser request. Also, note that the controller/action will be accessible for external web requests only if a corresponding route is mapped to it. Rails encourages developers to use [[Representational state transfer|REST]]ful routes, which include actions such as create, new, edit, update, destroy, show, and index. These mappings of incoming requests/routes to controller actions can be easily set up in the routes.rb configuration file.
\n
\nA ''view'' in the default configuration of Rails is an [[ERB-Templating|erb]] file, which is evaluated and converted to [[HTML]] at run-time. Alternatively, many other templating systems can be used for views.
\n
\nRuby on Rails includes tools that make common development tasks easier "out-of-the-box", such as [[Scaffold (programming)|scaffolding]] that can automatically construct some of the models and views needed for a basic [[website]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sean Lynch |url=http://fairleads.blogspot.com/2007/12/rails-20-and-scaffolding-step-by-step.html |title=fairleads: Rails 2.0 and Scaffolding Step by Step |website=Fairleads.blogspot.com |date=2007-12-15 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}</ref> Also included are [[WEBrick]], a simple Ruby web server that is distributed with Ruby, and [[Rake (software)|Rake]], a build system, distributed as a [[RubyGems|gem]]. Together with Ruby on Rails, these tools provide a basic development environment.
\n
\nRuby on Rails is most commonly not connected to the Internet directly, but through some front-end [[web server]]. [[Mongrel (web server)|Mongrel]] was generally preferred{{By whom|date=February 2015}} over WEBrick in the early days,{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} but it can also run on [[Lighttpd]], [[Apache (web server)|Apache]], [[Cherokee (Webserver)|Cherokee]], [[Hiawatha (web server)|Hiawatha]], [[Nginx]] (either as a module – [[Phusion Passenger]] for example – or via [[Common Gateway Interface|CGI]], [[FastCGI]] or [[mod_ruby]]), and many others. From 2008 onward, Passenger replaced Mongrel as the most-used web server for Ruby on Rails.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rubyonrails.org/deploy |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707080544/http://rubyonrails.org/deploy |archivedate=2009-07-07 |df= }}</ref> Ruby is also supported natively on the [[IBM i]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Maxcer|first=Chris|title=PowerRuby Brings Enterprise Ruby on Rails Support to IBM i|url=http://iprodeveloper.com/application-development/powerruby-brings-enterprise-ruby-rails-support-ibm-i|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009010101/http://iprodeveloper.com/application%2Ddevelopment/powerruby%2Dbrings%2Denterprise%2Druby%2Drails%2Dsupport%2Dibm%2Di|publisher=iPro Developer|accessdate=9 May 2014|dead-url=yes|archivedate=9 October 2013}}</ref>
\n
\nRuby on Rails is also noteworthy for its extensive use of the [[JavaScript]] libraries, [[Prototype JavaScript Framework|Prototype]] and [[Script.aculo.us]], for scripting [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] actions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Js_Escape_Map |url=http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/JavaScriptHelper.html |title=ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper |website=Api.rubyonrails.org |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}</ref> Ruby on Rails initially utilized lightweight [[SOAP]] for web services; this was later replaced by RESTful [[web services]]. Ruby on Rails 3.0 uses a technique called [[Unobtrusive JavaScript]] to separate the functionality (or logic) from the structure of the web page. jQuery is fully supported as a replacement for Prototype and is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1, reflecting an industry-wide move towards jQuery. Additionally, [[CoffeeScript]] was introduced in Rails 3.1 as the default JavaScript language.
\n
\nSince version 2.0, Ruby on Rails offers both HTML and XML as standard output formats. The latter is the facility for RESTful web services.
\n
\nRails 3.1 introduced [[Sass (stylesheet language)|Sass]] as standard [[CSS]] templating.
\n
\nBy default, the server uses [[ERuby|Embedded Ruby]] in the HTML views, with files having an html.erb extension. Rails supports swapping-in alternative templating languages, such as [[HAML]] and [[Mustache (template system)|Mustache]].
\n
\nRuby on Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and [[JRuby]] 1.5.2+; earlier versions are not supported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2010/8/29/rails-3-0-it-s-done|title=Rails 3.0: It's ready!|publisher=rubyonrails.org|quote=Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+.|accessdate=2010-08-30}}</ref>
\n
\nRuby on Rails 3.2 is the last series of releases that support Ruby 1.8.7.
\n
\n===Framework structure===
\nRuby on Rails is separated into various packages, namely [[Active record pattern|ActiveRecord]] (an [[object-relational mapping]] system for database access), Active Resource (provides web services), Action Pack, Active Support and Action Mailer. Prior to version 2.0, Ruby on Rails also included the Action Web Service package that is now replaced by Active Resource. Apart from standard packages, developers can make [[Plug-in (computing)|plugins]] to extend existing packages. Earlier Rails supported plugins within their own custom framework; version 3.2 deprecates these in favor of standard Ruby "gems".<ref name="Rails 3.2.0.rc2 has been released!">{{cite web|date=2012-09-01|title=Rails 3.2.0.rc2 has been released!|url=http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/1/4/rails-3-2-0-rc2-has-been-released/|website=Weblog.rubyonrails.org}}</ref>
\n
\n===Deployment===
\nRuby on Rails is often installed using [[RubyGems]], a package manager<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rubyonrails.org/download|title=Ruby on Rails: Download|publisher=RubyonRails.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212173926/http://rubyonrails.org/download|archivedate=2009-12-12|df=}}</ref> which is included with current versions of Ruby. Many free [[Unix-like system]]s also support installation of Ruby on Rails and its dependencies through their native [[package management system]].
\n
\nRuby on Rails is typically deployed with a database server such as [[MySQL]] or [[PostgreSQL]], and a web server such as [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] running the [[Phusion Passenger]] module.
\n
\n==Philosophy and design==
\nRuby on Rails is intended to emphasize ''[[Convention over Configuration]]'' (CoC), and the ''[[Don't Repeat Yourself]]'' (DRY) principle.
\n
\n"Convention over Configuration" means a developer only needs to specify unconventional aspects of the application. For example, if there is a class ''Sale'' in the model, the corresponding table in the database is called ''sales'' by default. It is only if one deviates from this convention, such as calling the table "products sold", that the developer needs to write code regarding these names. Generally, Ruby on Rails conventions lead to less code and less repetition.<ref>
\n {{cite web
\n | url = http://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html
\n | title = Getting Started with Rails
\n | publisher = Rubyonrails.org
\n | accessdate = 2014-03-10}}</ref>
\n
\n"Don't repeat yourself" means that information is located in a single, unambiguous place. For example, using the [[Active record pattern|ActiveRecord]] module of Rails, the developer does not need to specify database column names in class definitions. Instead, Ruby on Rails can retrieve this information from the database based on the class name.
\n
\n"Fat models, skinny controllers" means that most of the application logic should be placed within the model while leaving the controller as light as possible.
\n
\n==Trademarks==
\nIn March 2007, [[David Heinemeier Hansson]] filed three Ruby on Rails-related [[trademark]] applications to the [[USPTO]]. These applications regard the phrase "RUBY ON RAILS",<ref name="Trademark 77119206">{{cite web | title = "Ruby on Rails" Trademark Status | url = http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=77119206 | publisher = [[USPTO]] | accessdate = 2007-08-01}}</ref> the word "RAILS",<ref name="Trademark 77119210">{{cite web | title = "Rails" Trademark Status | url = http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=77119210 | publisher = [[USPTO]] | accessdate = 2007-08-01}}</ref> and the official Rails logo.<ref name="Trademark 77119208">{{cite web | title = Rails Logo Trademark Status | url = http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=77119208 | publisher = [[USPTO]] | accessdate = 2007-08-01}}</ref> As a consequence, in the summer of 2007, Hansson denied permission to [[Apress]] to use the Ruby on Rails logo on the cover of a new Ruby on Rails book written by some authoritative community members. The episode gave rise to a polite protest in the Ruby on Rails community.<ref name="Community criticism">{{cite web|first=Pete |last=Forde |date=2007-07-23 |title=Beginning Rails: From Novice to Professional |url=http://rethink.unspace.ca/2007/7/23/beginning-rails-from-novice-to-professional |accessdate=2007-08-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805232643/http://rethink.unspace.ca/2007/7/23/beginning-rails-from-novice-to-professional |archivedate=August 5, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="community-criticism-2">{{cite web | first = Peter | last = Cooper | date = 2007-07-24 | title = David Heinemeier Hansson says No to Use of Rails Logo | url = http://www.rubyinside.com/david-heinemeier-hansson-says-no-to-use-of-rails-logo-567.html | accessdate = 2007-08-01}}</ref> In response to this criticism, Hansson replied:
\n<blockquote>I only grant promotional use [of the Rails logo] for products I'm directly involved with. Such as books that I've been part of the development process for or conferences where I have a say in the execution. I would most definitely seek to enforce all the trademarks of Rails.<ref name="Community criticism" /></blockquote>
\n
\n==Reception==
\n
\n===Scalability===
\nRails running on [[Ruby MRI|Matz's Ruby Interpreter]] (the ''de facto'' reference interpreter for Ruby) had been criticized for issues with scalability.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=radicalbehavior.com |date=2007-03-29 |title=5 Question Interview with Twitter Developer Alex Payne |quote=''By various metrics Twitter is the biggest Rails site on the net right now. Running on Rails has forced us to deal with scaling issues - issues that any growing site eventually contends with – far sooner than I think we would on another framework.'' |url=http://www.radicalbehavior.com/5-question-interview-with-twitter-developer-alex-payne/? |accessdate=2014-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423002030/http://www.radicalbehavior.com/5-question-interview-with-twitter-developer-alex-payne/ |archivedate=April 23, 2009 |df= }}</ref> These critics often mentioned various [[Twitter]] outages in 2007 and 2008, which spurred Twitter's partial transition to [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]] (which runs on the [[Java Virtual Machine]]) for their [[Message queue|queueing system]] and other [[middleware]].<ref>{{cite web
\n| publisher=artima.com
\n|author1=Steve Jenson |author2=Alex Payne |author3=Robey Pointer interview |last-author-amp=yes | date = 2009-04-03
\n| title = Twitter on Scala
\n| url = http://www.artima.com/scalazine/articles/twitter_on_scala.html
\n| quote=''We had a Ruby-based queuing system that we used for communicating between the Rails front ends and the daemons, and we ended up replacing that with one written in Scala. The Ruby one actually worked pretty decently in a normal steady state, but the startup time and the crash behavior were undesirable.''
\n| accessdate = 2009-07-18
\n}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
\n| publisher=theregister.co.uk
\n| date = 2009-04-01
\n| title = Twitter jilts Ruby for Scala
\n| url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/04/01/twitter_on_scala/
\n| quote=''By the end of this year, Payne said, Twitter hopes to have its entire middleware infrastructure and its APIs ported to the new language. Ruby will remain, but only on the front end. "We're still happy with Rails for building user facing features... performance-wise, it's fine for people clicking around web pages. It's the heavy lifting, asynchronous processing type of stuff that we've moved away from."''
\n| accessdate = 2009-07-18
\n}}</ref> The user interface aspects of the site continued to run Ruby on Rails<ref>{{cite web
\n| publisher=evan weaver
\n| author=ryan king
\n| date = 2009-09-25
\n| title = Twitter on Ruby
\n| url = http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2009/09/24/ree/
\n| quote=''We use Scala for a few things at Twitter, but the majority of the site is Ruby.''
\n| accessdate = 2009-09-29
\n}}</ref> until 2011 when it was replaced due to concerns over performance<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.twitter.com/2011/twitter-search-now-3x-faster | title=Twitter Search is Now 3x Faster | publisher=Twitter | accessdate=June 6, 2014}}</ref>
\n
\nIn 2011, [[Gartner|Gartner Research]] noted that despite criticisms and comparisons to Java, many high-profile consumer web firms are using Ruby on Rails to build scalable web applications. Some of the largest sites running Ruby on Rails include [[Airbnb]], [[GitHub]], [[Scribd]], [[Shopify]], [[Hulu]], and [[Basecamp Classic|Basecamp]].<ref name="bi20110511">{{cite web | url=http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-05-11/tech/30035869_1_ruby-rails-custom-software | title=Here's Why Ruby On Rails Is Hot | publisher=Business Insider | accessdate=February 10, 2012 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221011816/http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-05-11/tech/30035869_1_ruby-rails-custom-software | archivedate=December 21, 2011 | df= }}</ref> As of January 2016, it is estimated that more than 1.2 million web sites are running Ruby on Rails.<ref>{{cite web|title = Ruby on Rails Usage Statistics|url = http://trends.builtwith.com/framework/Ruby-on-Rails|website = trends.builtwith.com|accessdate = 2016-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Ruby on Rails Token Usage Statistics|url = http://trends.builtwith.com/framework/Ruby-on-Rails-Token|website = trends.builtwith.com|accessdate = 2016-01-04}}</ref>
\n
\n===Security===
\nIn March 2012, security researcher Egor Homakov discovered a "mass assignment" vulnerability that allowed certain Rails applications to be remotely exploited, and demonstrated it by non-maliciously hacking [[GitHub]] after his earlier attempts at responsible disclosure were dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Protalinski |first=Emil |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/how-github-handled-getting-hacked/ |title=How GitHub handled getting hacked |website=Zdnet.com |accessdate=2017-05-24}}</ref>
\n
\nOn September 24, 2013, a session cookie persistence security flaw was reported in Ruby on Rails. In a default configuration, the entire session hash is stored within a session cookie known as ''CookieStore'', allowing any authenticated session possessing the session cookie to log in as the target user at any time in the future. As a workaround, administrators are advised to configure cookies to be stored on the server using mechanisms such as ''ActiveRecordStore''.<ref name="Threatpost1">{{cite news |last=Brook |first=Chris |url=http://threatpost.com/security-issue-in-ruby-on-rails-could-expose-cookies/102413 |title=Security Issue in Ruby on Rails Could Expose Cookies |work=Threat Post |publisher= The Kaspersky Lab Security News Service |date=2013-09-25 |accessdate=2014-06-04 }}</ref>
\n
\nResearchers Daniel Jackson and Joseph Near developed a data debugger they called "Space" that can analyze the data access of a Rails program and determine if the program properly adheres to rules regarding access restrictions. On April 15, 2016, Near reported that an analysis of 50 popular Web applications using Space uncovered 23 previously unknown security flaws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2016/patching-web-applications-0415|title=Patching up Web applications|website=MIT News|access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref>
\n
\n==References==
\n{{Reflist|30em}}
\n
\n==Bibliography==
\n{{Refbegin}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Sam
\n| last1 = Ruby
\n| first2 = Dave
\n| last2 = Thomas
\n| first3 = David
\n| last3 = Hansson
\n| date = March 28, 2009
\n| title = Agile Web Development with Rails
\n| edition = Third
\n| publisher = [[Pragmatic Bookshelf]]
\n| page = 850
\n| isbn = 1-934356-16-6
\n| url = http://www.pragprog.com/titles/rails3/agile-web-development-with-rails-third-edition
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Simon St.
\n| last1 = Laurent
\n| first2 = Edd
\n| last2 = Dumbill
\n| date = November 28, 2008
\n| title = Learning Rails
\n| edition = First
\n| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
\n| page = 442
\n| isbn = 0-596-51877-3
\n| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596518776/
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Patrick
\n| last1 = Lenz
\n| date = May 1, 2008
\n| title = Simply Rails 2
\n| edition = Second
\n| publisher = [[SitePoint]]
\n| page = 450
\n| isbn = 0-9804552-0-0
\n| url = http://www.sitepoint.com/books/rails2/
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Bruce
\n| last1 = Tate
\n| first2 = Curt
\n| last2 = Hibbs
\n| date = August 22, 2006
\n| title = Ruby on Rails: Up and Running
\n| edition = First
\n| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
\n| page = 182
\n| isbn = 0-596-10132-5
\n| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596101329/
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Steve
\n| last1 = Holzner Ph.D.
\n| date = November 29, 2006
\n| title = Beginning Ruby on Rails
\n| edition = First
\n| publisher = [[Wrox Press|Wrox]]
\n| page = 380
\n| isbn = 0-470-06915-5
\n| url = http://www.wrox.com/WileyCDA/WroxTitle/Beginning-Ruby-on-Rails.productCd-0470069155.html
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Jeffrey
\n| last1 = Allan Hardy
\n| first2 = Cloves
\n| last2 = Carneiro Jr
\n| first3 = Hampton
\n| last3 = Catlin
\n| date = July 20, 2007
\n| title = Beginning Ruby on Rails E-Commerce: From Novice to Professional
\n| edition = First
\n| publisher = [[Wrox Press|Wrox]]
\n| page = 361
\n| isbn = 1-59059-686-2
\n| url = http://www.apress.com/book/view/9781590597361
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n*{{Cite journal
\n| first1 = Mike
\n| last1 = Clark
\n| date = May 15, 2008
\n| title = Advanced Rails Recipes
\n| edition = First
\n| publisher = Pragmatic Bookshelf
\n| page = 464
\n| isbn = 0-9787392-2-1
\n| url = http://www.pragprog.com/titles/fr_arr/advanced-rails-recipes
\n| postscript = <!--None-->
\n}}
\n{{Refend}}
\n
\n==External links==
\n<!-- Wikipedia is not a linkfarm. If you think there is an amazing reason that another link should be added, discuss it on the talk page. Otherwise it's snip snip snip! Yup, snip, snip, snip - and it might not just be your edits that get cut off ! -->
\n{{Wikibooks}}
\n*{{Official website}}
\n*[http://www.railstutorial.org/ The Rails Tutorial] – The Ruby on Rails Tutorial book and screencast series teach you how to develop and deploy Ruby on Rails apps
\n*[https://github.com/rails/rails Rails source code]
\n*[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/ Rails guides]
\n*[http://api.rubyonrails.org/ Rails API]
\n
\n{{Ruby programming language}}
\n{{Application frameworks}}
\n
\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruby On Rails}}
\n[[Category:2004 software]]
\n[[Category:Free computer libraries]]
\n[[Category:Free software programmed in Ruby]]
\n[[Category:Software using the MIT license]]
\n[[Category:Web 2.0]]
\n[[Category:Web frameworks]]
Gregology: /* Adding new acro schools */
\n
\n{{WikiProject Yoga|class=start|importance=Mid}}
\n{{oldafdfull|page=Acroyoga|date=23 May 2008|result='''no consensus'''}}
\n
\n
\n==Untitled==
\nI strongly object to the deletion of this article. Acroyoga is a recognized and valid new form of Yoga that is rapidly being recognized by advanced yoga teachers and practitioners throughout the world. Other examples of schools with wikipedia references include:
\n
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram
\n
\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusara
\n
\n--[[User:Comixboy|Comixboy]] ([[User talk:Comixboy|talk]]) 16:42, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
\n
\nI'll try to add more info when I get time - but there are two schools of acroyoga - one based in Montreal (whose use of the term slightly predates the version described here) and the one here based in San Francisco. They seem quite similar, but exist in parallel. The acroyoga.com site has a timeline. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.183.57.148|66.183.57.148]] ([[User talk:66.183.57.148|talk]]) 22:51, 23 July 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n
\nhttp://www.acroyoga.com/acroyoga-timeline/ (ACroyoga timeline) This is where the acroyoga montreal info came from. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/173.180.199.227|173.180.199.227]] ([[User talk:173.180.199.227|talk]]) 20:22, 12 May 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\n== Adding new acro schools ==
\n
\nI'm considering adding other acro schools like [http://acrorevolution.com/acro-revolution-teacher-training/summary-acro-teacher-training/ Acro Reveolutions] and [http://www.yogabeyond.com/#!acrovinyasa-information/c1b46 Acrovinyasa]. What are peoples thoughts?
\nGregology.net 08:59, 11 January 2015 (UTC) <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Gregology|Gregology]] ([[User talk:Gregology|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gregology|contribs]]) </span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\n
\nStupid idea. Wikipedia does not promote commercial enterprises. I have removed some promo content. [[User:Zezen|Zezen]] ([[User talk:Zezen|talk]]) 18:40, 29 October 2017 (UTC)
\n
\n{{reply to|Zezen}} Can you be more constructive? There is value in knowing the existing schools & history of the practice. It doesn't need to be promotional Gregology.net 21:18, 29 May 2019 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2019-05-29T21:18:19+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acroyoga"
},
{
"title": "Talk:Shrug",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Shrug&diff=989898263",
"guid": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Shrug&diff=989898263",
"description": "Gregology: /* On the internet, it is commonly representated by the emoticon ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯. */
\n
\n==Origin==
\n
\nThat picture is so random.[[User:Racetrackhiggins|Racetrackhiggins]] ([[User talk:Racetrackhiggins|talk]]) 02:15, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
\n
\nI am not convinced of the origin story that 66.68.147.145 added. To me, shrugging seems to indicate showing that you have nothing in your open palms, and that you have no idea, perhaps. Anyway, my point is that there is no reference or citation for this origin story, and it's not obvious enough that it's true, so I've added a "citation needed" tag, and I think we should get rid of it if no citation surfaces. -- [[User:ToastyKen|ToastyKen]] 03:28, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
\n
\n== Cultural Differences ==
\n
\nI'd like to know if there are different meanings for the shrug in different cultures or if it is universal.
\n[[User:Hermit9|Hermit9]] ([[User talk:Hermit9|talk]]) 22:14, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
\n
\n== "In the Arab World, the shrug is usually expressed by bouting instead." ==
\n
\nWhat is bouting? [[User:Tooironic|Tooironic]] ([[User talk:Tooironic|talk]]) 23:21, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
\nAdab? I defer? Bowing? This article is a mess.[[Special:Contributions/23.242.84.163|23.242.84.163]] ([[User talk:23.242.84.163|talk]]) 16:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
\n
\n==On the internet, it is commonly representated by the emoticon ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯.==
\nwhat. I have seen nobody ever use this. That information could be removed. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/85.157.92.178|85.157.92.178]] ([[User talk:85.157.92.178|talk]]) 00:59, 12 December 2012 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
\nTrevor Noah referenced this on 8/15/2016[[Special:Contributions/23.242.84.163|23.242.84.163]] ([[User talk:23.242.84.163|talk]]) 16:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
\nDoes [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/05/the-best-way-to-type-__/371351 this] count as an reference? [[User:Mateussf|Mateussf]] ([[User talk:Mateussf|talk]]) 13:41, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
\n
\nhi, this is the only place i ever seen it. just scrap the word "common" ,that will do[[Special:Contributions/85.149.83.125|85.149.83.125]] ([[User talk:85.149.83.125|talk]]) 00:45, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
\n
\nAscii shrugs are really common in developer circles Gregology.net 17:30, 21 November 2020 (UTC)
\n
\n== Rewrite of 2nd to last paragraph needed ==
\n
\nThe following excerpt needs a rewrite:
\n"A specific rendezvous of chronic shoulder shrugs, also misconceived, are the symptomatic tics of Tourettes syndrome.[3] Shrugging by coping with indifference and indecision, psychotherapeutic or psychoanalytic the effectuated unconditional aspect can indicate anxiety[4] and numerous psychological disorders: a solute example is schizoid personality disorder.[5]"
\nI strongly second this motion-there needs to be a warning at the top of the page. The entire paragraph is nonsensical.[[Special:Contributions/23.242.84.163|23.242.84.163]] ([[User talk:23.242.84.163|talk]]) 16:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
\nSo nonsensical, in fact, that it can't be edited because no one can decipher it. Solute? Solid? Concrete? Reified?[[Special:Contributions/23.242.84.163|23.242.84.163]] ([[User talk:23.242.84.163|talk]]) 16:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC) The para is indicative of a Tourettes with dementia praecox author.[[Special:Contributions/23.242.84.163|23.242.84.163]] ([[User talk:23.242.84.163|talk]]) 16:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
\n [[User:RainbowCanada|RainbowCanada]] ([[User talk:RainbowCanada|talk]]) 16:30, 11 July 2016 (UTC)
\nTop of page alert please.
\n
\n
\n== history plz ==
\nhi, whhats the origin off this unspoken word? Do you make your self 'smaller' in gestur(hm spelling)??? does one say "you can hang me but, my hands are empty". its very "west europe", does it come from monks or sailors?
\nmy questions are maybe imposible to answer.[[Special:Contributions/85.149.83.125|85.149.83.125]] ([[User talk:85.149.83.125|talk]]) 00:57, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
",
"pubDate": "2020-11-21T17:31:11+00:00",
"creator": "Gregology",
"comments": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Shrug"
}
]